气体检测仪课件.ppt

1、气体检测仪培训教材Three basic kinds of hazards:三种基本危险三种基本危险Oxygen(deficiency and enrichment)氧气（缺乏或过量）氧气（缺乏或过量）Flammable gases and vapors易燃气体和蒸汽易燃气体和蒸汽Toxic contaminants有毒污染物有毒污染物Atmospheric Monitoring 大气检测大气检测Atmospheric Monitoring 大气检测大气检测Composition of fresh air 新鲜空气的组成成分 78%nitrogen78%氮气 20.9%oxygen20.9%氧

2、气 1.1%all other gases1.1%的其他气体 Water vapor水蒸气 CO2二氧化碳 Argon氩气 Other trace gases其他气体Air is oxygen deficient whenever concentration is less than 19.5%O2当空气中氧气浓度低于当空气中氧气浓度低于19.5%时就为氧气缺乏时就为氧气缺乏Oxygen Deficiency 氧气不足氧气不足Symptoms of Oxygen Deficiency 氧气缺乏的特征氧气缺乏的特征20.9%新鲜空气中氧气含量19.5%-12%判断力降低，脉搏和呼吸加快，疲劳，协

3、调能力降低12%-10%呼吸紊乱,循环降低,疲劳恶化和失去重要功能，在几秒钟到几分钟内出现其他症状 10%-6%恶心,呕吐,行动无力,失去直觉,直至死亡 6%-0%抽搐,呼吸急促,呼吸停止,心跳停止,在数分钟内出现失去直觉，死亡症状 Displacement惰性气体置换 Microbial action生物/细菌行为 Oxidation氧化 Combustion燃烧 Absorption吸收Causes of Oxygen Deficiency造成氧气不足的原因造成氧气不足的原因“Fuel cell”principle燃料电池原理Sensor generates electrical curr

4、ent proportional to the O2 concentration 传感器产生同氧气浓度成比例的电流Sensor used up over time(usually last one to two years)传感器长期使用将会失效（通常持续1到2年）Oxygen Sensor Detection Principle 氧气检测传感器原理氧气检测传感器原理Atmospheric Monitoring 大气检测大气检测Oxygen(O2):Oxy Ultra氧气可燃气体/蒸气仪器的读数以百分比指示“LEL”CO causes more accidental poisonings th

5、an any other chemical substance 一氧化碳比其他化学物质引起中毒事故要多Hydrogen sulfide(H2S)硫化氢4000 PPM迅速死亡Minimum concentration of a combustible gas or vapor in air which will ignite if a source of ignition is present 可燃气体或蒸气在空气中引起燃烧的最低 浓度The Toxi Ultra familyFlammability Range燃烧范围LEL Concentrations for Different Gase

6、sA silicone poisoned sensor will first loose its ability to detect methane,while not exhibiting any noticeable inhibition to detect other combustible gases 硅中毒的探头将首先失去检测甲烷的能力，One Button OperationOn/Off -Calibration -AcknowledgmentsOSHA Has Determined Asphyxiation to Be the Leading Cause of Death in

7、Confined Spaces OSHA法规确定窒息性（惰性）气体是造成 密闭空间死亡的主要原因Hydrogen cyanide(HCN)氰化氢氧气(O2):Oxy Plus3%)易燃（爆炸下限为4.Short term exposure limit(STEL)-average concentration for the most recent 15 minute period 短时间暴露极限 15分钟的平均暴露极限探头寿命:1 to 2 yearsDramatically promotes and accelerates combustion 明显加强和加速燃烧Ammonia(NH3)氨气P

8、roduced by anaerobic sulfur fixing bacteria 由缺氧硫磺和细菌混合生成氧气氧气链反应链反应燃烧物燃烧物燃烧源燃烧源Explosion Tetrahedron 爆炸机理爆炸机理Dramatically promotes and accelerates combustion 明显加强和加速燃烧Never use O2 to ventilate a confined space!禁止使用将氧气直接通过通风进入密闭空间Proportionally increases the rate of many chemical reactions 相应地增加化学品反应的

9、速率Can cause ordinary combustible materials to become flammable or explosive 可将普通可燃物变成易燃或可爆炸物Oxygen Enrichment氧气过量氧气过量 29 CFR 1910.146 specifies 23.5%is oxygen enriched 氧气含量超过23.5%为氧气过量 Other codes are more stringent 其他法规更严格 Most conservative approach is to use 22%as take action point 大部分保守观点是含量超过22%

10、Oxygen Enrichment氧气过量氧气过量 Minimum concentration of a combustible gas or vapor in air which will ignite if a source of ignition is present 可燃气体或蒸气在空气中引起燃烧的最低 浓度爆炸下限爆炸下限气体浓度气体浓度LELUEL燃烧范围燃烧范围0100%LEL气体浓度气体浓度燃烧范围燃烧范围Combustible Gas/vapor Instruments Read in“Percent LEL”可燃气体可燃气体/蒸气仪器的读数以百分比指示蒸气仪器的读数以百分比

11、指示“LEL”A combustible hazard A combustible hazard exists exists whenever readings exceed whenever readings exceed 10%LEL 10%LEL 当爆炸下限超过当爆炸下限超过10%10%时时 就会存在燃烧危险就会存在燃烧危险Combustible Hazard燃烧危害燃烧危害等同于100%LEL的气体浓度:甲烷5.0%/vol.丙烷2.2%/vol.戊烷1.8%/vol.硫化氢4.3%/vol.一氧化碳12.5%/vol.完全燃烧环境的气体浓度(100%LEL)和 爆炸下限传感器反应的比

12、率不是线性的,无论如何,顺序通常是一样的LEL Concentrations for Different Gases 不同气体的不同气体的LEL浓度浓度Combustible sensors may be poisoned Or suffer degraded performance with Prolonged exposure to:可燃传感器有可能中毒或发生性能退化由于长期暴露于：Silicones硅树脂 Tetraethyl-lead四已基-铅 Halogenated hydrocarbons卤化碳氢化和物 High concentrations of sulfides高浓度硫化物 H

13、igh concentrations of flammable gas高浓度易燃气体Poisoning中毒中毒As an LEL sensor become poisoned the sensors surface and the sensors pores will be coated with oxidized silicone 当LEL探头的表面和通道涂上氧化硅时将造成探头中毒A silicone poisoned sensor will first loose its ability to detect methane,while not exhibiting any noticeab

14、le inhibition to detect other combustible gases 硅中毒的探头将首先失去检测甲烷的能力，As poisoning progresses the the LEL sensor will eventually lose is ability to detect any combustible gases 当LEL探头中毒时将最终失去检测任何可燃气体的能力Poisoning中毒中毒Atmospheric Monitoring 大气检测Sensors calibrationCombustible Gas/vapor Instruments12%-10%呼吸

15、紊乱,循环降低,疲劳恶化和失去重要功能，在几秒钟到几分钟内出现其他症状9%oxygen20.Minimum concentration of a combustible gas or vapor in air which will ignite if a source of ignition is present 可燃气体或蒸气在空气中引起燃烧的最低 浓度Coma 昏迷氧气(O2):Oxy PlusElectrochemical Toxic SensorElectrochemical Toxic SensorExplosion TetrahedronCombustible HazardOSHA

16、 Has Determined Asphyxiation to Be the Leading Cause of Death in Confined Spaces OSHA法规确定窒息性（惰性）气体是造成 密闭空间死亡的主要原因Characteristics of Carbon MonoxideOxygen(O2)氧气Nitrogen dioxyde(NO2)二氧化氮完全燃烧环境的气体浓度(100%LEL)和 爆炸下限传感器反应的比率不是线性的,无论如何,顺序通常是一样的Lower Explosive Limit(%LEL)爆炸下限Toxic Gases and Vapors 有毒气体和蒸气Ca

17、n cause ordinary combustible materials to become flammable or explosive 可将普通可燃物变成易燃或可爆炸物 最普遍的:Carbon monoxide(CO)一氧化碳 Hydrogen sulfide(H2S)硫化氢 Combination sensors are available 可以提供复合型探头Biosystems Toxic Gas Sensors有毒气体探头有毒气体探头不常见:Sulfur dioxide(SO2)二氧化硫Chlorine(Cl2)/chlorine dioxide(ClO2)氯气/二氧化氯Ammo

18、nia(NH3)氨气Phosphine(PH3)磷化氢Nitrogen dioxide(NO2)二氧化氮Hydrogen cyanide(HCN)氰化氢Nitric oxide(NO)氧化氮Biosystems Toxic Gas Sensors有毒气体探头有毒气体探头Microbial action on material in CS密闭空间内微生物活动Products or chemicals stored in CS储藏在密闭空间内的化学产品Work being performed in CS密闭空间中间进行的工作Areas adjacent to CS紧挨密闭空间的区域Sources

19、of Toxic Contaminants有毒污染物来源有毒污染物来源Permissible exposure limits given in“parts-per-million”(PPM)concentrations 以“百万分之多少”来定义允许的暴露极限的浓度1%=10,000 ppmUnit Of Measure for Toxic Contaminants有毒污染物的度量单位有毒污染物的度量单位Time weighted average(TWA)-all measurements averaged over exactly eight hours 8小时平均暴露浓度小时平均暴露浓度Ce

20、iling峰值峰值 ceiling is the maximum concentration to which an unprotected worker may be exposed for any period of time 峰值指为保护员工可能暴露的最大浓度峰值指为保护员工可能暴露的最大浓度Short term exposure limit(STEL)-average concentration for the most recent 15 minute period 短时间暴露极限短时间暴露极限 15分钟的平均暴露极限分钟的平均暴露极限 The PEL for a particula

21、r gas may have only one,or may have all three terms PEL针对颗粒型气体可以是一种，也可是三种方式针对颗粒型气体可以是一种，也可是三种方式3 Ways to Determine Exposure Limits3种判定暴露极限的方法种判定暴露极限的方法暴露时间浓度 平均暴露浓度 4 hours 100 PPM 50 PPM 8 hours 100 PPM 100 PPM12 hours 100 PPM 150 PPMTWA Calculation平均暴露浓度计算平均暴露浓度计算Use the lowest numeric value of an

22、y applicable ceiling,STEL or TWA PEL as the default ceiling alarm level 使用最低适用的Ceiling,STEL or TWA PEL数值来作为默认报警值举例:PEL类型PEL默认报警值TWA:35 PPM35 PPMSTEL:100 PPM100 PPMCeiling:200 PPM35 PPMSimplest(And Safest)Approach to PEL最简单（安全）最简单（安全）PEL方法方法Atmospheric Monitoring 大气检测CO is the leading cause of accide

23、ntal Poisoning in America!一氧化碳造成的事故在美国排在前列CO causes more accidental poisonings than any other chemical substance 一氧化碳比其他化学物质引起中毒事故要多According to the journal of the American medical association(JAMA)at least:根据美国医疗机构的统计，至少1,500 persons killed per year 1500人每年死于一氧化碳中毒10,000 more forced to seek medical

24、 attention 10000人需要医疗Carbon Monoxide一氧化碳一氧化碳Produced as a by product of incomplete combustion 不完全燃烧产物Associated with internal combustion engine exhaust 由可燃发动机排放Vehicles交通车辆Pumps 泵Compressors压缩机Carbon Monoxide一氧化碳一氧化碳Bonds to hemoglobin in red blood cells 附着在血液中的红血球上Contaminated cells cant transport

25、O2 污染细胞而不能输送氧气Chronic exposure at even low levels harmful 低浓度状况下降造成慢性暴露Carbon Monoxide一氧化碳一氧化碳Colorless无色Odorless无味About the same weight as air同空气重量差不多Flammable(LEL is 12.5%)易燃（爆炸下限为12.5%）Toxic!有毒Characteristics of Carbon Monoxide一氧化碳特征一氧化碳特征 OSHA(1989)PEL:TWA=35 PPMceiling=200 PPM Osha(1996)pel:TWA

26、=50 ppm Niosh/acgih tlv(1996):TWA=25 ppmExposure to Carbon Monoxide暴露于一氧化碳暴露于一氧化碳Headaches 头痛Fatigue 疲劳Nausea and other“flu-like”symptoms 恶心或其他“流感”症状Loss of consciousness 失去直觉Brain damage 大脑受损Coma 昏迷Death 死亡Symptoms of Exposure to Carbon Monoxide 暴露于一氧化碳的特征暴露于一氧化碳的特征Colorless无色O2:暴露于高浓度 CO2Short ter

27、m exposure limit(STEL)-average concentration for the most recent 15 minute period 短时间暴露极限 15分钟的平均暴露极限每种气体都有 监测仪器Air is oxygen deficient whenever concentration is less than 19.12%-10%呼吸紊乱,循环降低,疲劳恶化和失去重要功能，在几秒钟到几分钟内出现其他症状Headaches 头痛Atmospheric Monitoring 大气检测300 PPM失去直觉(30 分钟.Carbon Monoxide1,500 per

28、sons killed per year 1500人每年死于一氧化碳中毒OSHA(1989)PEL:TWA=35 PPMceiling=200 PPMPhD Lite 特点Atmospheric Monitoring 大气检测Combustion燃烧Carbon monoxyde(CO)一氧化碳可燃气体/蒸气仪器的读数以百分比指示“LEL”Produced as a by product of incomplete combustion 不完全燃烧产物Death 死亡 35 PPM8 hr.平均暴露极限平均暴露极限 200 PPM峰值峰值 600 PPM头痛头痛,不舒服不舒服(1 小时小时)2

29、500 PPM失去知觉失去知觉(30 分钟分钟)4000 PPM迅速死亡迅速死亡Toxic Effects of Carbon Monoxide一氧化碳的毒性伤害一氧化碳的毒性伤害Atmospheric Monitoring 大气检测Produced by anaerobic sulfur fixing bacteria 由缺氧硫磺和细菌混合生成Especially associated with:特别同以下有关Raw sewage未处理污水Crude oil原油Marine sediments海洋沉淀污Tanneries皮革制品Pulp and paper industry纸浆和造纸工业Hy

30、drogen Sulfide硫化氢硫化氢 Colorless无色 Smells like“rotten eggs”臭鸡蛋味 (at low concentrations)（低浓度）Heavier than air比空气重 Corrosive具有腐蚀性 Flammable(LEL is 4.3%)易燃（爆炸下限为4.3%）Soluble in water可溶于水 Extremely toxic!剧毒Characteristics of Hydrogen Sulfide硫化氢特征硫化氢特征 0.1 PPM有味有味 10 PPM8小时平均暴露极限小时平均暴露极限 15 PPM15分钟短期暴露极限分钟

31、短期暴露极限 100 PPM失去嗅觉失去嗅觉 300 PPM失去直觉失去直觉(30 分钟分钟.)1000 PPM呼吸立即受阻呼吸立即受阻,失去直觉失去直觉,直至死亡直至死亡 Toxic Effects of Hydrogen Sulfide硫化氢毒性影响硫化氢毒性影响Gas diffusing into sensor reacts at surface of the sensing electrode 气体扩散进入探头在传感电极表面发生反应Sensing electrode made to catalyze a specific reaction 传感电极用来催化特殊反应Use of sele

32、ctive external filters further limits cross sensitivity 使用选择性的外部过滤起来降低交叉干扰Substance Specific Sensors特殊传感器特殊传感器外部过滤器外部过滤器毛细管毛细管传感电极传感电极电极计数器电极计数器电解液电解液参照电极参照电极Electrochemical Toxic Sensor电化学有毒气体传感器电化学有毒气体传感器CO&H2S每种气体都有每种气体都有 监测仪器监测仪器每种都有读数每种都有读数用一氧化碳和用一氧化碳和 硫化氢进行标定硫化氢进行标定 CO Plus(CO+)为过滤的为过滤的CO探头对探头

33、对 CO and H2S都有反应都有反应CO和和H2S读数都标示读数都标示 为为CO+(不能量化不能量化)价格为两种探头的一半价格为两种探头的一半要求更多的培训要求更多的培训只能用一氧化碳标定只能用一氧化碳标定Duo-Tox安装在同一地方的安装在同一地方的 两种探头两种探头显示显示 CO 和和 H2S两种读数两种读数成本低于两种单独成本低于两种单独探头探头用一氧化碳和硫化用一氧化碳和硫化氢氢 进行比松进行比松CO and H2S Sensor Choices一氧化碳和硫化氢探头一氧化碳和硫化氢探头 1 to 4 气体检测仪:PhD Lite 1 to 5 气体检测仪:PhD 5 Toxi Pl

34、us Toxi Ultra Ex-Plus 1到4个检测通道 使用便利 Rugged 结构紧凑 便宜 性能良好Carbon MonoxideProduced as a by product of incomplete combustion 不完全燃烧产物Biosystems便携式气体检测仪器Chlorine(Cl2)氯气PEL类型PEL默认报警值TWA:35 PPM35 PPMSTEL:100 PPM100 PPMCeiling:200 PPM35 PPMProduced as a by product of incomplete combustion 不完全燃烧产物Associated wi

35、th internal combustion engine exhaust 由可燃发动机排放Associated with internal combustion engine exhaust 由可燃发动机排放所有日常操作程序都由一个按钮来控制开机/关机-校准 -获取信息9%新鲜空气中氧气含量Toxi Plus family完全燃烧环境的气体浓度(100%LEL)和 爆炸下限传感器反应的比率不是线性的,无论如何,顺序通常是一样的200 PPM峰值78%nitrogen78%氮气5%-12%判断力降低，脉搏和呼吸加快，疲劳，协调能力降低Oxygen EnrichmentHydrogen sulf

36、ide(H2S)硫化氢Other codes are more stringent 其他法规更严格1000 PPM呼吸立即受阻,失去直觉,直至死亡High concentrations of flammable gas高浓度易燃气体A silicone poisoned sensor will first loose its ability to detect methane,while not exhibiting any noticeable inhibition to detect other combustible gases 硅中毒的探头将首先失去检测甲烷的能力，35 PPM8 hr

37、.所有日常操作程序都由一个按钮来控制所有日常操作程序都由一个按钮来控制开机/关机-校准 -获取信息 Navigation Keys 可选择碱性或镍氢电池可选择碱性或镍氢电池 智能型探头智能型探头 智能泵智能泵前屏显示前屏显示 防水设计防水设计 多语言显示多语言显示 数据下载数据下载(可选功能可选功能)Touch ID系统系统(可选功能可选功能)1到5个检测通道 一个按钮操作 数据下载接头 Optional“Touch ID”自动存储下载系统 信息和读数多语言显示选择 One Button OperationOn/Off -Calibration -AcknowledgmentsnNEW Ope

38、rating Logic with Navigation KeysnInterchangeable Batteries(Alkaline -NiCad)nSmart SensornRugged DesignnSmartest Pump Ever所有日常操作程序都由一个按钮来控制所有日常操作程序都由一个按钮来控制开机/关机-校准 -获取信息 可更换碱性或镍铬电池可更换碱性或镍铬电池 智能型探头智能型探头 智能泵智能泵背光式液晶显示背光式液晶显示 坚固的防水外壳坚固的防水外壳 多语言显示多语言显示 数据下载数据下载(可选功能可选功能)Touch ID系统系统(可选功能可选功能)Oxygen(O2)

39、氧气Lower Explosive Limit(%LEL)爆炸下限Carbon monoxyde(CO)一氧化碳Hydrogen sulfide(H2S)硫化氢Duo-Tox(CO&H2S)一氧化碳&硫化氢Sulfur Dioxide(SO2)二氧化硫Ammonia(NH3)氨气Chlorine(Cl2)氯气Phosphine(PH3)磷化氢Nitrogen monoxyde(NO)一氧化氮Nitrogen dioxyde(NO2)二氧化氮PhD Lite 结构设计紧凑Super Rugged价格低PhD5可更换电池顶部显示自动背光式液晶显示4 点/5 通道自动数据下载购买后可升级 ID可程序

40、化探头失效日期可程序化Atmospheric Monitoring 大气检测Proportionally increases the rate of many chemical reactions 相应地增加化学品反应的速率Electrochemical Toxic SensorHydrogen SulfideExtremely toxic!剧毒Colorless无色PEL类型PEL默认报警值TWA:35 PPM35 PPMSTEL:100 PPM100 PPMCeiling:200 PPM35 PPM用一氧化碳和 硫化氢进行标定CO Plus(CO+)Hydrogen cyanide(HCN

41、)氰化氢5%-12%判断力降低，脉搏和呼吸加快，疲劳，协调能力降低Brain damage 大脑受损Air is oxygen deficient whenever concentration is less than 19.Substance Specific Sensors可燃气体/蒸气仪器的读数以百分比指示“LEL”OSHA(1989)PEL:TWA=35 PPMceiling=200 PPMTWA CalculationProducts or chemicals stored in CS储藏在密闭空间内的化学产品等同于100%LEL的气体浓度:Oxygen(deficiency and

42、 enrichment)氧气（缺乏或过量）Phosphine(PH3)磷化氢Hydrogen sulfide(H2S)硫化氢 检测氧气和有毒气体 使用便利 Rugged 结构紧凑 好的性能和价格Toxi UltraToxi UltraOxy UltraOxy Ultra背光式液晶显示自动校准可选择的振动报警功能3种操作模式数据下载可互换探头(Toxi Ultra)Oxygen(O2):Oxy Ultra氧气Carbon monoxyde(CO)一氧化碳Hydrogen sulfide(H2S)硫化氢Sulfur dioxyde(SO2)二氧化硫Ammonia(NH3)氨气Chlorine(Cl

43、2)氯气Nitrogen monoxyde(NO)一氧化氮Nitrogen dioxyde(NO2)二氧化氮Toxi PlusToxi PlusOxy PlusOxy Plus背光式液晶显示自动校准可选择的振动报警功能3种操作模式 氧气(O2):Oxy Plus 一氧化碳(CO)硫化氢(H2S)二氧化硫(SO2)2 Versions:碱性 或 可充电 可选择的振动报警功能 高性能PhD LitePhD 5ToxiEx PlusO21 year2 year1 yearLEL1 year2 year1 year1 yearCO2 year2 year2 yearH2S2 year2 year2 y

44、earDuo-Tox2 year2 year 电池检查和充电电池检查和充电 清洗清洗 损坏部件更换损坏部件更换 探头更换探头更换(life-time:1 to 2 year)探头校准探头校准 探头寿命探头寿命:1 to 2 years 有很多原因可造成探头失效有很多原因可造成探头失效O2:暴露于高浓度暴露于高浓度 CO2 LEL:硅树脂硅树脂(润滑剂润滑剂),含铅汽油含铅汽油,高浓度可燃气体高浓度可燃气体,硫化物硫化物 Others:探头干化探头干化探头摔落探头摔落.探头寿命:1 to 2 yearsElectrochemical Toxic SensorProducts or chemica

45、ls stored in CS储藏在密闭空间内的化学产品Osha(1996)pel:TWA=50 ppmLower Explosive Limit(%LEL)爆炸下限Produced as a by product of incomplete combustion 不完全燃烧产物5%-12%判断力降低，脉搏和呼吸加快，疲劳，协调能力降低有很多原因可造成探头失效Unit Of Measure for Toxic Contaminants可燃气体/蒸气仪器的读数以百分比指示“LEL”Phosphine(PH3)磷化氢Flammability Range燃烧范围CO and H2S Sensor C

46、hoicesAir is oxygen deficient whenever concentration is less than 19.Flammability Range燃烧范围Other trace gases其他气体Ammonia(NH3)氨气Combination sensors are available 可以提供复合型探头Exposure to Carbon Monoxide当空气中氧气浓度低于19.Lower Explosive Limit(%LEL)爆炸下限CO and H2S Sensor ChoicesAssociated with internal combustion

47、 engine exhaust 由可燃发动机排放Toxic contaminants有毒污染物Sensing electrode made to catalyze a specific reaction 传感电极用来催化特殊反应用一氧化碳和 硫化氢进行标定Colorless无色78%nitrogen78%氮气所有日常操作程序都由一个按钮来控制开机/关机-校准 -获取信息Soluble in water可溶于水Air is oxygen deficient whenever concentration is less than 19.5%)易燃（爆炸下限为12.Compressors 压缩机LE

48、L Concentrations for Different GasesThree basic kinds of hazards:三种基本危险The Toxi Ultra familyTime weighted average(TWA)-all measurements averaged over exactly eight hours 8小时平均暴露浓度5%-12%判断力降低，脉搏和呼吸加快，疲劳，协调能力降低Especially associated with:特别同以下有关 如果读数误差超过10%:需要进行校准 Biosystem的产品校准(Zero and Span)都由一个按钮来进行，方便易操作