1、2023年1月14日星期六自动化专业英语自动化专业英语电路（Theory of Circuit）模拟电子技术（Analog Electronics Technology）数字电子技术（Digital Electronics Technology）电机学（Theory of Electric Electric Motors）自动控制理论（Automatic Control Theory）现代控制理论（Modern Control Theory）微机原理（Principle of Microcomputer）计算机控制技术（Computer Control Techniques）过程控制系统（Pr
2、ocess Control System）电气工程自动控制计算机power electronics technology:电力电子技术 resultant a.（作为）结果（而产生）的、结局的、最后的be proportional to：与成比例summation n.相加、累加、求和 proportionality constant 比例常数、比例系数通读“Transistors”一至两遍。并回答以下问题：2、Please translate the second paragraph of“The Operational Amplifier”into Chinese.buck convert
3、er 降压变换器boost converter 升压变换器 steady state 稳态 filter n.滤波器 impedance n.阻抗 duration n.持续（时间）saw-tooth 锯齿（波）kilohertz n.千赫芝 dissipate vt.消耗low-pass 低通 instantaneous ad.瞬间的fluctuate v.波动、起伏force commutated 强制换流 duty ratio 占空比 B：Switch-mode DC-to AC Invertersa.n.vnTo slow down the ac motor in Fig 1-5B-1
4、,the kinetic energy associated with the inertia of the motor and its load is recovered and the ac motor acts as a generator.为了制动图1-5B-1,中的交流电动机，电动机和电动机负载的动能被转化为电能；此时电动机成为一个发电机。The energy recovered during the braking of the ac motor can be dissipated in a resistor,which can be switched in parallel wi
5、th the dc-bus capacitor for this purpose in Fig 1-5B-1.交流电动机制动过程所转换的电能可以消耗在一个电阻上。该电阻在制动过程中被接入，并且与直流母线上的电容相并联。Uninterruptible power supplies(UPS)不间断电源utility grid 公用电网malfunction n.故障line frequency 工频 substantial a.基本的、本质的cosine n.余弦distortion n.畸形、畸变resonance n.谐振utility relay 继电保护notch n.缺口prolifer
6、ation n.扩大、扩散electromagnetic interference 电磁干扰 unipolar a.单极性的 unidirectional a.单方向的 However,all power electronic converters(including those used to protect critical loads)can add to the inherent power line disturbances by distorting the utility waveform due to harmonic currents injected into the ut
7、ility grid and by producing electromagnetic interference.然而，所有的电力电子变换装置（包括那些保护关键负载的）都会由于谐波电流注入公共电网而产生波形失真或者电磁干扰而产生对电力线的干扰。The importance of the high power factor has been recognized by residential and office equipment manufacturers for their own benefit to maximize the power available from a wall ou
8、tlet.居民和办公设备制造商都已经认识到提高功率因数的重要性。他们都可以通过提高功率因数而获得最大的电能并从中获益。Unit 1a.n.n.In effect,bodies are assumed rigid and treated as point massed;sprigs are massless and electrical leads resistanceless,suitable corrections are made to the system mass or resistance;temperature are uniform;etc.在效果上，物体被假设为是刚体并且质量都
9、集中在一点上，弹簧的质量可以忽略；导线的电阻为零；或者是可以得到合适的关系式使得系统的质量、电阻和温度的分布是均匀的。transfer function 传递函数 Laplace transformation 拉普拉斯变换order n.阶次 stationary n.稳定 initial condition 初始条件polynomial n.多项式complex Laplace variable 复拉普拉斯变量denominator n.分母 numerator n.分子 characteristic function 特征函数operational mathematics 运算数学ordi
10、nary differential equation 常微分方程homogeneous solution 通解 particular solution 特解 superposition n.迭加initial value 初值final value 终值shifting theorem 平移定理piecewise a.分段的 discrete a.离散的intuitively adv.直观地excitation n.激励equilibrium n.平衡点criterion n.criteria pl.指标、尺度、准则exponential a.指数的 oscillation n.振荡quali
11、tatively a.定性地factored form 因式分解的形式real a.实（数）的Routh criterion 劳斯判据sign n.符号unit step input单位阶跃响应force solution 强迫解transient solution 瞬态解 time constant 时间常数real axis 实轴permissible overshoot 允许超调machine tool 机床 gouge vt.在某物上胡乱地或者破坏性地凿 n.A control system is designed to control the behavior(the time re
12、sponse)of a plant subject to commands or disturbances.控制系统设计就是使装置在有指令信号或者干扰时有满意的行为（时域响应）。An accuracy of a system is a measure of how well if follows commands.系统的精度是衡量其是否能够跟踪指令的一个指标。New Words:performance criteria 性能指标 Routh-Hurwitz criterion 劳斯-霍尔维茨判据 transient response 瞬态响应 characteristic equation 特
13、征方程 unfactored a.未因式分解的 depict v.描述Angle and magnitude criteria 相角与幅值准则complex conjugates 复数共轭 vector n.向量、矢量 horizontal n.水平counterclockwise a.逆时针的 odd multiple 奇数倍的 facilitate v.使容易coincide n.一致、重合 The sn term represents n poles,all equal to zero and located at the origin of the s plane.sn 表示n 个极点
14、，其值为零，位于s 平面的原点。The angles are uniformly distributed.各个角度是均匀分布的。If the part of the real axis between two o.l.poles(o.l.zeros)belongs to the loci,there must be a point of breakaway form,or arrival at,the real axis.如果实轴的一部分位于两个开环极点（或者开环零点）之间且属于轨迹，则在其间必有分离点（或者会合点）。amplitude n.幅值 thereof adv.在其中、其 anten
15、na n.天线superimpose v.添上、加上、附加上 gust n.阵风 partial fraction expansion 部分分式展开inverse transform 逆变换 undamped oscillation 无阻尼振荡 displace v.转移 radian n.弧度 polar plot 极坐标图 gain margin 增益裕量phase margin 相角裕量 The frequency response is a steady-state response.Although some information can be obtained about the
16、 transient response,it is only approximate and is subject to misinterpretation.翻译见注解。From these equations we see that a sinusoidal input to a linear stable system produces a steady state response that is also sinusoidal,having the same frequency as the input but displaced through a phase angle and h
17、aving an amplitude that may be different.根据以上方程，我们可以看到将正弦输入信号加至一个稳定的线性系统时，其输出也是一个同频率的正弦信号，但是相角和幅值会有所不同。decibel n.分贝common logarithm 常用对数 Bode plot 伯德图 minimum phase 最小相位unit n.单位 polar plot 极坐标图 interpret v.解释、口译slope n.斜率 lag n.(相位)滞后lead n.(相位)超前 asymptote n.渐进线 deviation n.偏差 decade n.十倍abrupt a.
18、陡峭的、突然的 crossover frequency 穿越频率 gain margin 增益裕量 phase margin 相角裕量 product n.乘积 advent n.（事件、时期）的出现、到来 stimulus n.刺激 realistic a.实际的、现实的 optimal control 最优控制 applicability n.适用性 bandwidth n.带宽phase-plane 相平面 describing function 描述函数 alleviate v.减轻、减小 prominently adv.显著地、突出地 numeric solution 数值解 n-d
19、imensional a.n维的 A recognition of the applicability of well-k n o w n m e t h o d s i n o t h e r f i e l d s o f knowledge.认识到其他领域的一些有名的方法的适用性。Optimal control theory often dictates that nonlinear time varying control law be used,even if the basic system is linear and time-invariant.即使系统是线性定常的，最优控制理
20、论通常给出非线性时变控制律。When nonlinearities and time variation are present,the very basis for classical techniques is removed.Some successful techniques such as phase-plane,describing function,and ad hoc methods,have been developed to alleviate this shortcoming.当系统存在非线性和时变特性时，经典方法赖以存在的基础就不存在了。一些成功的方法，如相平面法、描述
21、函数法以及一些特定的方法可以改进经典控制理论。n.nnnnnnnadv.n nnNew Word:trajectory n.轨迹 artillery shells n.炮弹simultaneous equations 联立方程retrieve v.检索 virtual reality 虚拟现实numerical control 数控 adaptive control 自适应控制 unrivalled a.无敌的 algorithm n.算法terative a.重复的、迭代 joint n.关节 civil work 土木工程manual n.手册decisive a.决定性的asynchro
22、nous a.异步的subdivision n.分支stereotype a.陈规、旧套expertise n.专门知识、专长 For example,calculating the trajectory of artillery shells requires resolving a set of simultaneous algebraic equations which may have up to hundreds of variables may take mathematicians years,but can be done by a computer program in ho
23、urs.例如计算弹道轨迹要求在数秒钟内解一组微分方程或者设计一个大坝可能有数百个变量也许要数学家数年的时间，但是计算机只要数小时的时间即可完成。Virtually computer simulation is based on mathematical models representing the nature of the object under study or examination.The mathematical model comprises a series of equations that depict the inherent process of the object
24、 in mathematical terms.A computer simulation program includes algorithms that are derived from those equations.虚拟的计算机仿真是建立在能够代表要研究或检查的对象的数学模型之上的。该数学模型包含了一组描述了对象内在过程的数学方程。一个计算机仿真程序包含了从以上方程推导出来的算法。CAD is software that can help engineering in their designs for new products building,print circuit boards
25、,civil works like bridge and airports,relieving them from the t e d i o u s,b a c k=b r e a k i n g a n d t i m e consuming jobs like drafting and drawing.CAD是这样的软件，可以帮助工程师设计新产品、建筑、印刷线路板、桥梁和机场等土木工程；使他们从绘图等繁琐、累人和费时的工作中解脱出来。optic-fiber 光纤 animation n.动画hype n.皮下注射 v.使热烈liquid crystal 液晶 megabyte n.兆位e
26、ncyclopedia n.百科全书insatiable a.不能满足的、贪得无厌的 resolution n.分辨率Internet n.因特网internet n.互连网 image n.图象video n.视频live a.现场直播的distance education(distance learning)远程教育Combined with digital television set,videodiscs can not only present films but also offer surround sound which provides theater quality-ama
27、zing reality by which the viewer may have an illusion that were at the scene and witnessed everything happening just around them.加上数字式电视，影碟不仅能够提供电影，还能提供影院效果的环绕立体声，使观众有身临其境的感觉。Abstract Guidelines完整性：complete in and of itself;that is,it should be able to serve as a stand-alone description which provid
28、es a complete picture of the resource at the selected level of specificity;可读通俗：comprehensive in its representation of the key concepts or significant content that are present in the resource;精炼准确：concise,precise,and accurate in its use of terminology;清晰紧凑客观：written in a clear,terse,non-critical sty
29、le;and 结构逻辑性：logically structured in its presentation of the selected data and information.If ambient lighting serves as illumination source,the imaging process is passive.This type of imaging is common in military applications since the position of the viewer is beyond the control of the viewer.But
30、 in industrial application,controlled illumination or active imaging can be used as freely as possible.如果周围的光作为照明源，则成像过程为被动的。这种成像通常用于军事，因为观察者很难控制自己的位置。但是在工业应用中，受控的照明或称主动成像可以尽可能自由地使用。architecture n.体系结构 interpret v.解释、翻译（口译）address n.地址addressing a.&v.寻址 location n.单元 word length 字长enable v.使能 alter
31、v.改变、改动 field n.段、域、字段opcode n.操作码 operand n.操作数 bit n.位 byte n.字节single-precision n.单精度 floating-point 浮点的erasable a.可擦除的participation n.参与、分区 flag register 标志寄存器culmination n.结果、结局、顶点、极点arguably adv.可论证的volatile a.易挥发的volume n.体积、容量emulation n.模拟、模仿 stack n.堆栈 solid state relay 固体继电器fluorescent a.
32、荧光的protocol n.协议 frame n.帧 parity n.奇偶校验 Clearly,this implies a rigorous approach to ROM code development since changes cannot be made after manufacture.显然，这就意味着ROM代码的开发必须十分精确，因为一旦生产出来就无法更改。This type of device can behave functionally as the single-chip microcomputer from which it is derived albeit w
33、ith restricted I/O and modified external circuit.这种设备从单片机上派生出来，尽管带有受限制的I/O和更改过的外部电路，在功能上表现为一个单片机。The use of these ROMless devices is common even in production circuits where t h e v o l u m e d o e s n o t j u s t i f y t h e development costs of custom on-chip ROM,there can still be a significant s
34、aving in I/O and other chips compared to a conventional microprocessor based circuit.无ROM的设备普遍使用，即使在产品电路中批量使得片内ROM开发成本过高，和基于微处理器的传统电路相比还是可以显著地节省I/O和其他芯片。Both the common asynchronous and synchronous communication schemes require protocols that provide framing(start and stop)information.This can be im
35、plemented as a hardware facility or UART relieving processor(and applications programmer)of this low-level,time-consuming,detail.异步和同步通信策略需要协议提供（启动、停止）帧信息。这种工作可以使用硬件或者UART来实现，可以将处理器或者应用程序从这种底层的、费时的和琐碎的工作解脱出来。B:PLC New Words:query v.询问、咨询mushroom v.迅速发展ladder logic 梯形逻辑flowcharting n.流程图cite v.引用inte
36、rtwine v.相互影响、缠绕 outweigh v.胜过 embrace v.包含proprietary a.专用的bandwagon n.（马戏团等吹打过闹市的）乐队彩车、宣传车broadband n.宽带disproportionate a.不相称的、太大的”One”,he says,“is where the size of the process control system thats being automated doesnt justify DCS.With the starting price tags of those products being relatively
37、 high,a programmable controller makes sense for small,low loop count applications.The second is where you have to integrate the loop closely with the sequential logic.Batch controllers are prime examples,where the sequence and maintaining the process variables are intertwined so closely that the ben
38、efits of having a programmable controller to do the sequential logic outweighs some of the disadvantages of not having a distributed control system.第一点，考虑到集散控制系统的初始价格比较高，一些要进行自动控制的过程控制系统的规模并不适合使用DCS。对于小型、底层的应用，一个可编程控制器更为合理。第二点是，人们必须将一些控制环与顺序逻辑控制更紧密地集成。批量控制器就是一个主要的例子，这里顺序量和保持过程参量稳定相互影响，使用可编程控制器做顺序逻辑控
39、制的好处胜于不使用DCS的坏处。注：fragment，形容词，意思是碎片，意指各个I/O段无法通信。slot n.槽 periphery n.圆周armature n.电枢iron core 铁芯 Laminate v.分成薄片eddy n.涡流 conductor n.导体flux n.磁通commutator n.换向器、整流子brush n.碳刷quadrature n.正交 turns n.匝rheostat n.变阻器stator n.定子 rotor n.转子The brushes are so placed that when the sides of an armature t
40、urn(or coil)pass through the middle of the region between field poles,the current though it changes direction.This makes all the conductors under one pole carry current in one direction.电刷是这样安排：当电枢绕组（或者线圈）的边通过励磁磁极区域中部时，流经其的电流就会改变方向。这样就可以保证流经导体的电流在一个磁极下的方向不变。What kinds of vocabulary do we need most?I
41、ncluding almost all and many content words function words:e.g.I,me,but content words:government,forest,production,adoption,represent2500-3000 core wordsThere are around 2,000 word families(A word family consists of a base word,its inflected forms and its closely related derived forms),consisting of
42、almost 80%of the running words.e.g.base words and their typical word familiesbase words:think(v)sure(adj)Regular inflection:thinks,thinking surer,surestirregular inflection:thoughtTransparent derivatives:thinker(n)surety(n)Unthinking(adj)assure(v)include all the words that are Not High-frequency wor
43、ds Not academic words Not technical words for a particular subjectLow-frequency words consist of technical words for other subject area Proper nouns Words that almost get into the high-frequency list Words we rarely meet in our use of the languagePLC B:Induction(Asynchronous)MachineNew Words:For exa
44、mple,suppose an induction machine is fed from a variable-frequency supply to control the speed of a drive system.To stop the drive system,the frequency of the supply is gradually reduced.In the process,the instantaneous speed of the drive system is higher than the instantaneous synchronous speed bec
45、ause of the inertia of the drive system.As a result,the generating action of the induction machine will cause the power flow to reverse and the kinetic energy of the drive system will be fed back to the supply.例如，假设给感应电动机加一个频率可变的电压以控制拖动系统的转速。为了使拖动系统停止，逐渐减小频率；此时，由于惯性的缘故拖动系统的瞬时速度比同步瞬时速度要高。结果，由于感应电动机为发
46、电机，功率流将反向，拖动系统的动能将被反馈回电网。作业：将以下中文翻译成英文composition n.成分 ensuing a.后续的 ensue vi.接着发生、结果是 注意区分：ensure vt.担保、保证fix v.牢记 heat exchanger 热交换器 condensing steam 冷凝蒸汽inlet n.入口 outlet n.出口deviate vt.使偏离 correct vt.校正thermometer n.温度计 thermistor n.热敏电阻 transmitter n.变送器final control system 执行机构As we shall see
47、 in the ensuing pages,processes are dynamic in nature.Changes are always occurring,and if actions are not taken,the important process variablesthose related to safely,product quality,and production rateswill not achieve design conditions.在后续的章节中，我们可以看到过程的特性是动态的。各种参量总是在变化，如果不采取措施，这些重要的，与安全、产量以及生产率有关的
48、过程变量将无法达到设计值。The engineer designing a control system must be sure that the action taken affects the variable to be controlled,that is,that the action taken affects the measured value.Otherwise,the system is not controlling and will probably do more harm than good.工程师在设计控制系统时，必须确保控制行为是可控的，即，控制行为所影响的变
49、量是可测量的。否则的话，系统不但是不可控的，而且还会有有害的结果。B:Fundamentals of Process ControlNew Words:flaw n.缺点、缺陷transducer n.变换器、转换器、变送器fluid flow 流体 heat transfer 热传递separation process 分离过程reaction process 反应过程 UNIT 2 A:Sensors and Transmittersn.nnnahF.F2ahF2ahF2ahhF 211PART 6 Power Supplying Technology and Intelligent Bu
50、ildingvi.a.nn.nThe use of voltage in the 35kV class is increasing for its lower electric loss.由于35kV电压等级的电能损耗小，所以其应用正在增加。To achieve this result,distribution systems are designed for a plus and minus voltage spread from the nominal voltage.This is accomplished by proper wire size for the circuits,app
