1、Introduction to American literature 1.The Colonial Period 2.The Romantic Period(the first half of 19th century)3.The Age of Realism and Naturalism 4.The Period around WWI 5.The Modern PeriodI.The Colonial Period(the early 17th and 18th century)1.Puritanism:idealism and opportunism 2.Benjamin Frankli
2、n本杰明本杰明富兰克林富兰克林:“The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin”自传 Poor Richards Almanac穷查理历书 (containing witty maxims for achieving wealth as a result of hard work and thrift)3.Philip Freneau(poem)菲利普菲利普弗伦诺弗伦诺 The Rising Glory of America蒸蒸日上的美洲蒸蒸日上的美洲 American Puritanism The early settlers founding fathers
3、 of the America nation To purify the rituals and lessen the authority of bishops escaped to the new world,create a new paradise American Puritanism was one of the most enduring shaping influences in American thought and American literature.Chapter Two American Romanticism and New England LiteratureL
4、ogic ThreadLogic ThreadAmerican RomanticismPre-romanticism1770s-1830sPost-romanticism(New EnglandTranscendentalism)Flowering time before American Civil War 1830-1860 Declining time after American Civil War 1865-1875 Representative figures of the time:d Pre-romanticism:Washington Irving,James Fenimor
5、e Cooper库珀 d Post-romanticism:Novelists:Nathaniel Hawthorne,Herman Melville Poets:Henry Wadesworth Longfellow,Edgar Allan Poe,Walt Whitman Emily Dickinson Essayists:Ralph Waldo Emerson,-Nature Henry David ThoreauAmerican Romanticism The romantic period stretches from the end of the eighteenth centur
6、y through the outbreak of the Civil War(1790-1865).1.Background(1)Political background and economic development Territorial Expansion Industrial Growth The Civil War The“newness”of Americans as a nation is in connection with American Romanticism.optimism and hope among the people There is American P
7、uritanism as a cultural heritage to consider.(2)foreign influence Romantic movement in European countries American RomanticismRomanticism was a rebellion against the objectivity of rationalism.For romantics,the feelings,intuitions and emotions were more important than reason and common sense.They st
8、ressed the close relationship between man and nature;They emphasized individualism and affirmed the inner life of the self.Washington Irving(1783-1859)华盛顿欧文早期浪漫主义小说家A History of New York纽约的历史-美国人写的第一部诙谐文学杰作；The Sketch Book见闻札记见闻札记 The Legend of Sleepy Hollow睡谷的传说-使之成为美国第一个获得国际声誉的作家 Rip Van Winkle Ja
9、mes Fenimore Cooper 1789-1851詹姆斯费尼莫尔库珀早期浪漫主义小说家“Leatherstocking Tales”皮裹腿故事集a series of five novels,that is the Pioneers拓荒者(I823)the Last of the Mohicans(1826)最后的莫希干人 The Prairie(1827)大草原 The Pathfinder(1840)探路者 The Deerslayer(1841)杀鹿者 adventure into the wilderness of the West/2.The summit of Romant
10、icism-New England Transcendentalism/1.Emerson/“Nature”2.Henry David Thoreau/“Walden”3.Whitman/“Leaves of Grass”4.Hawthorn/“The Scarlet Letter”5.Herman Meville“Moby Dick”Post-romanticism(New England Transcendentalism)What is Transcendentalism?1.Ralph Waldo Emerson(1803-1882)爱默生 The leading New Englan
11、d Transcendentalist “Nature”论自然-新英格兰超验主义者的宣言书;The American Scholar论美国学者 2.Henry David Thoreau(1817-1862)Transcendentalist Emersons friend WaldenThe major features of Transcendentalism 1.The Transcendentalists placed emphasis on spirit,or the Oversoul,as the most important thing in the universe.2.The
12、 Transcendentalists stressed the importance of the individual.To them the individual was the most important element of society.3.The Transcendentalists offered a fresh perception of nature as symbolic of the Spirit or God.Nature was,to them,not purely matter.It was alive,filled with Gods overwhelmin
13、g presence.The Development of Transcendentalism Nature(in 1836)by Ralph Waldo Emerson Natures voice pushed American Romanticism into a new phase,the phase of New England Transcendentalism,the summit of American Romanticism.Transcendentalist Club Transcendentalism was indebted to the dual heritage of
14、 American Puritanism,the religious idealism of their Puritan past.Transcendentalists emphasis on the individual was directly traceable to the Puritan principle of self-culture and self-improvement.Thus there is good reason to state that New England Transcendentalism was Romanticism on the Puritan so
15、il.New England Transcendentalism was important to American literature.It inspired a whole new generation of famous authors such as Emerson,Thoreau,Hawthorne,Melville,Whitman and Dickinson.Nathaniel Hawthorne(1804-1864)Novels:Scarlet Letter红红字字 Hester Prynne;The House of Seven Gables七个尖角阁的房子;The Blit
16、hedale Romance福谷传奇;The Marble Faun大理石神像 Short story collections:Twice-Told Tales 故事新编 Moses from an Old Manse古屋青苔Herman Melville赫尔曼梅尔维尔1819-1891 Moby Dick/The White Whale 莫比迪克/白鲸 Edgar Allan Poe埃德加爱伦坡1809-1849 The first professional writer in America The first writer of detective story in the world-
17、歌特风格；首开近代侦探小说先河，又是法国象征主义运动的源头 The Fall of the House of Usher厄舍古屋的倒塌(novel);The Raven乌鸦(poem)Tamerlane and Other Poems帖木儿和其他诗;To Hellen致海伦（以诗为诗；永为世人共赏的伟大抒情诗人-叶芝）Walt Whitman(1819-1892)沃尔特惠特曼 One of the great innovators in American Poetry Free verse Growing up in a working-class background,having litt
18、le education Leaves of Grass草叶集 Song of Myself”自我之歌 reveals a world of equality,without rank and hierarchy.poets Emily Dickinson(1830-1886)The Poems of Emily Dickinson埃米莉迪金森诗集(love,death,nature,friendship,and immortality)Henry Wadsworth Longfellow亨利沃兹沃思朗费罗1807-1882 A Psalm of Life生命礼赞（short poem）The
19、 Song of Hiawatha海华沙之歌-美国人写的第一部印第安人史诗;William Cullen Bryant 1794-1878柯伦布莱恩特 To a Waterfowl致水鸟-英语中最完美的短诗 Harriet Beecher Stowe哈丽特比彻斯托1811-1896 Uncle Toms Cabin汤姆叔叔的小屋 Chapter 3The Age of Realism and Naturalism The three strong advocates of 19th century American realism James novels“international situ
20、ation”are set against a background between America and Europe James contribution to literary criticism is immense.To him,“”.His realism was called as.He was esp.an observer of the mind rather than a recorder of the times.The American,Daisy Miller The Portrait of a Lady贵妇人画像 The Wings of the Dove鸽翼 T
21、he Ambassadors大使 Mark Twain马克吐温1.“The Adventures of Tom Sawyer”汤姆索耶历险记 2.“The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn”-his masterpiece/哈克贝利费恩历险记 The Gilded Age镀金时代 3.Famous for his localism,colloquial style,humor and bitter attacks American Naturalism:pessimistic realism 1.Naturalism came from France.2.Reaso
22、ns:civil war,social upheavals Darwins theory of evolution:the survival of the fittest”Men were conditioned dominated by social and economic forces,by heredity and environment.3.Features of naturalist writing:A.naturalist writers turned literary creation into a mechanical record of society,in a way o
23、f attempting to achieve extreme objectivity and frankness.They never made comments on the characters and their behaviors.B.The characters were often figures of low social and economic classes C.They stressed men had no free will,their lives were controlled by heredity and environment.American Natura
24、lism 4.American Naturalist writers:Stephen Crane,Frank Norris,Jack London,Henry Adams,Theodore Dreiser.Stephen Crane(1871-1900)斯蒂芬克莱恩 Maggie:A Girl of the Streets街头女郎梅姬（美国文学史上首次站在同情立场上描写受辱妇女的悲惨命运）The Red Badge of Courage红色英勇勋章 The Black Riders(his first book of poems)Theodore Dreiser(1871-1945)Dreis
25、ers works Sister Carrie 1900(A feather in wind,she is totally at the mercy of forces she cannot comprehend and control.She does not seem to possess what may be called a moral fibre in her.)Jennie Gerhardt 1911 Trilogy of Desire欲望三部曲(Financer金融家1912,The Titan巨人1914,The Stoic斯多葛1915)An American Traged
26、y美国的悲剧1925（被称为美国最伟大的小说）Frank Norris(1870-1902)弗兰克诺里斯 The Octopus 1901 章鱼 Jack London(1876-1916)杰克伦敦 Martin Edenmasterwork马丁伊登 The Call of the Wild野性的呼唤 The Sea-Wolf海狼 White Fang白獠牙 O Henry(1862-1910)欧享利 1.“The Gift of Magi”2.“The Cop and the Anthem”3.Famous for his fascinating plot,humorous touch,in
27、teresting puns,localism,and unexpected endings.American literature in the 1920s and 1930s 1.Poets:T.S.Eliot/“the Waste Land”Robert Frost 2.Novelists:Fitzgerald/“the Great Gatsby”Hemingway/“Farewell to Arms”Faulkner/wrote about the South American literature in the 1920s Poetry:T.S.Eliot The Wasteland
28、.Novel:Sinclair Lewis Main Street 1920 Theodore Dreiser An American Tragedy 1925,sister carrie F.S.Fitzgerald The Great Gatsby 1926,Ernest Hemingway,The Sun Also Rises 1926,A Farewell to Arms,1929,William Faulkner The Sound and the Fury,1929,Drama:Eurgene ONeill,The Emperor Jones,1920,Anna Christie,
29、1921,The Hairy Ape 1922,Harlem Renaissance.Jazz Age Historical Background:WWI,peace-making period/boom time.After WWI,people found that the war which cost millions of lives failed to provide an abiding solutions to the worlds problems,that the war was just the traps of political leaders.Such a disil
30、lusionment about the value of war,accompanied by the booming of American economy drove people to cynical hedonism.People experiment with new amusements.They restlessly pursued stimulus and pleasures,wallow in heavy drinking,fast driving and casual sex.By these,they hoped to seek relief from serious
31、problems.The Lost Generation迷惘的一代 a disillusionment about the value of war disgusted by the new frivolous,greedy way of life in America When the First World War broke out,many idealistic young Americans volunteered to take part in the war and test their own bravery.They discovered that modern warfar
32、e was not glorious or heroic.Disillusioned by slogans of patriotism and glory,disgusted by the new frivolous,greedy way of life in America,many of these young Americas began to write.Some writers left America and formed a community of writers and artists in Paris.They stood aside,as onlookers,and wr
33、ote about they saw.They wrote from their own experiences in the war,and their own observations.他们不再相信虚伪的道德说教，而以玩世不恭的生活态度来表示自己的消极抗议。“迷惘的一代”的代表作是海明威的太阳照样升起（1926）。The Lost Generation迷惘的一代 An American woman writer named Gertrude Stein(1874-1946),who had lived in Paris since 1903,welcomed the young Ameri
34、can writers to her apartment which was already famous as a literary salon.Gertrude Stein was the advisor,friend of some of the American artists and writers of the time.Ezra Pound joined her group for a few years in the early 1920s.Together,they encouraged and helped such young writers as the novelis
35、t Ernest Hemingway and E.E.Cummings,and F.Scott Fitzgerald.Many other writers were drawn to Gertrude Steins home.She called them“The Lost Generation”,a name which stuck to them,because they had cut themselves off from their past in America in order to create new types of writing which had never been
36、 tried before.Ernest Hemingway(1899-1961)his stories of courage in the face of tragedy Iceberg Theory The Sun Also Rises 1926 A Farewell to Arms 1929永别了，武器 For Whom the Bell Tolls 1940以西班牙内战为背景的反法西斯主义的长篇小说丧钟为谁而鸣 The Old Man and the Sea 1952老人与海塑造了以桑提亚哥为代表的“可以把他消灭，但就是打不败他”的“硬汉形象”一个人并不是生来要被打败的，你尽可以把他消
37、灭掉，可就是打不败他。Hemingway hero He is sensitive,intelligent.He is a man of action and of few words.He is alone even when with other people.He is somewhat an outsider,keeping emotion under control,stoic and self-disciplined in a dreadful place when one can not get happiness.In a world which is essentially
38、chaotic and meaningless,a Hemingway hero fights a solitary struggle against a force he does not even understand.The awareness that it must end in defeat,no matter how hard he strives,engenders a sense of despair,but Hemingway hero possesses a kind of despairing courage.It is this courage that enable
39、s a man to behave like a man,to assert his dignity in face of adversity.This is the essence of a code of honor in which all of Hemingways heroes believe.F.Scott Fitzgerald(1896-1940)The literary spokesman of Jazz Age This Side of Paradise 1920人间天堂 The Beautiful and Damned 1921漂亮冤家 The Great Gatsby 1
40、925了不起的盖茨比(The American Dream is dead)Tender Is The Night 1934夜色温柔 The Last Tycoon 1941最后的巨头William Faulkner(1897-1962)get Nobel Prize for Literature in 1930 stream-of-consciousness and multiple point of view.约克纳帕塔法世系小说（Yoknapatawpha County）The Sound and the Fury 喧嚣与骚动 As I Lay Dying 我弥留之际 Sanctuary
41、圣堂 Light in August八月之光 Absalom,Absalom!押沙龙，押沙龙 Go Down,Moses去吧，摩西 Sherwood Anderson(1876-1941)舍伍德安德森 Winesburg,Ohio 1919俄亥俄州的温斯堡 Poor White 1920穷白人 Death in the Woods 1933最后一本重要短篇集林中之死及其它（海明威和菲茨杰拉德都受过他很大影响，海明威曾说：“他是我们所有人的老师”。Sinclair Lewis辛刘易斯(1885-1951)Main Street 1920 Babbitt 1922 The first Americ
42、an writer to get Nobel Prize for Literature in 1930(美国第一个获诺贝尔奖)Babbitt:presents a documentary picture of the narrow and limited middle-class mind辛刘易斯的大街（1920）粉碎了“村镇是美好的世外桃源”的神话。他后来的作品对商业、科技、宗教界的问题都作了揭露，他所塑造的巴比特成了庸俗、浮夸、讲求实利的中产阶级的典型人物 Imagism意像派 Background：Imagism came as a reaction to the traditional
43、 English poetics to meet the need of expressing the temper of the age.(the rapid change of society)the leader:Ezra Pound (1)Direct treatment Direct treatment of the“thing”,whether subjective or objective(2)Economy of Expression To use absolutely no word that does not contribute to the presentation:(
44、3)Rhythm As regarding rhythm,to compose in the sequence of the musical phrase,not in the sequence of a metronome.Ezra Pound(1885-1972)艾兹拉艾兹拉庞德庞德 Cantos 诗章 In a Station of the Metro在巴黎地铁站Robert Frost(1874-1963)The most popular American poet of the 20th century The Road Not Taken没有走过的道路 雪夜林畔小驻 Mending
45、 Wall修墙 20th century Little Theatre movement and George Pierce Baker(47 Workshop at Harvard)experimental plays by such students as Eugene ONeill and Sidney Howard the Theatre of the Absurd(荒诞派戏剧)Eugene ONeill(1888-1953)尤金奥尼尔 The Americas greatest playwright,and the only one to receive the Nobel Priz
46、e The Emperor Jones琼斯皇 The Hairy Ape 1922毛猿 Beyond the Horizon天边外 Desire under the elms(1923)The iceman cometh(1946)Long Days Journey into night(1955);送冰的人来了;Arthur Miller(1915-)Playwright Death Of A Salesman 1949American literature in the 1930s Background:a dark decadeThe Great Depression Left-wing
47、 writing become the main stream of 1930s American literature John Dos Passos John SteibeckJohn Steinbeck(1902-1968)Awarded Nobel Prize in 1962 The Grape of Wrath 1939 Of Mice and Men(1937)Tortilla Flat煎饼坪1935 In Dubious Battle 1936胜负未决John Dos Passos1896-1970 Manhattan Transfer(1925).His USA trilogy
48、:The 42nd Parallel(1930),1919(1932)The Big Money(1936).（The USA trilogy also included what became known as newsreels）The big Time最好的岁月 The Grand Design伟大的设想VI.Modern times 1.A great variety of literary trends 2.Black literature/Alex Haley/“Roots”3.Jewish writer/Saul Bellow American literature after
49、World War II The Beat Generation垮掉的一代 In the middle of the 1950s,a group of writers in San Francisco put on a concerted and well-publicized rebellion against“official”American life and culture.The leaders were poet Allen Ginsberg and novelist Jack Kerouac.Kerouac杰克凯鲁亚克 named the group Beat.The Beat
50、Movement was a revolt against the frightened,conservative political mood created by Senator McCarthy,against the greedy,money-seeking“respectable”life of the dominant middle class but particularly against the literary formalism of American writing after the Second World War.The Beat Generation垮掉的一代
