1、安全环保部安全环保部 is a process that joins materials,usually metals or thermoplastics,by causing coalescence.This is often done by melting the work pieces and a filler material to form a pool of molten material that cools to become a strong joint,but sometimes pressure is used in conjunction or by itself,to
2、 produce the weld.焊接是通过普通金属的热聚合来连接材料的过程。一般通过溶解工件和填充材料来形成一个溶解材料填充池，通过冷却是它变成坚固的连接点，但是有时候也通过压力来造成连接，或者它自身来形成 焊缝。DEFINITION 定义定义COMMON TYPES OF WELDING COMMON TYPES OF WELDING 普通的普通的 焊接焊接Metal fusion achieved by the use of high temperature flame produced by mixture of gases.材料通过混合气体燃烧产材料通过混合气体燃烧产生的高温火焰来
3、产生连接生的高温火焰来产生连接Using flux coated electrodes which are replaced by the operator as they are consumed.No shielding medium is used in this Process.使用由操作手更换的带有外衣的可使用由操作手更换的带有外衣的可消耗的焊条，没有保护媒介物。消耗的焊条，没有保护媒介物。Using a consumable wire electrode and a supply of inert gas.使用可消耗的金属焊条和惰性气体使用可消耗的金属焊条和惰性气体Using a
4、tungsten electrode which is not consumed and a supply of inert gas.使用不可消耗的钨极焊条和惰性气体使用不可消耗的钨极焊条和惰性气体1.Electric shock 电击2.Fumes and gases 烟和气3.Welding sparks 焊渣4.Arc rays 电弧光GENRAL WELDING HAZARDS HAZARDS 焊接中的危害焊接中的危害5.Confined space 受限空间6.General work area/Falls总的工作区域/坠落7.Electric and magnetic fields
5、 电气和磁场8.Area Conditions/Fire 工作场所/火灾GENRAL WELDING HAZARDS HAZARDS 焊接中的危害焊接中的危害电弧焊电弧焊电极电极弧弧焊把线焊把线焊机焊机回流回流作业点作业点8Potential Hazards:潜在的风险lUnprotected combustible materials exposed to hot work.在动火作业区域有未保护的可燃材料lFire and explosion hazards.火灾和爆炸lFailure to recognize flammable materials such as rubber,foam
6、 insulation,wiring,deck covering,wallboard.对易燃材料错误的判断，例如橡胶、泡沫绝缘，电线、面板敷料，墙板等General Hot Works Hazards 总的动火作业风险总的动火作业风险9Potential Hazards:潜在的风险lSpark-producing devices not observed by user.未使用火花产生装置。lBurning of materials causing toxic gases or atmospheres.燃烧的材料产生有毒有害气体loxygen-deficent and oxygen enric
7、hed atmospheres while performing hot work.动火作业时氧气不足或氧气过分充足。General Hot Works Hazards 总的动火作业风险总的动火作业风险10Potential Hazards:潜在的风险lPerforming hot work in non-designated locations.在非指定区域动火作业lProtective covers that have been moved,become deteriorated,contaminated,or unsuitable for the purpose.因为破损、污损或者工作不
8、合适而移走防护罩lFuel line and oxygen hose breakage.燃料和氧气的软管破损General Hot Works Hazards 总的动火作业风险总的动火作业风险11Factors to Consider 考虑的因素考虑的因素l Wetness/Welder in or work piece/Confined space 雨天/焊工站在工件上/受限空间Precautions 预防预防l Good electrical connection,Electrode holder and cable properly insulated 良好的电气连接，焊把和电源线绝缘l
9、 All electrical connections to welders,power supply to electrode holder clamps and earthing connection must be made only with the circuit open 在电源接通的状况下，保持电源连同焊机，电力通过焊把，以及接地，形成一个回路。ELECTRIC WELDING SHOCK 电焊电焊-电击电击12l Cables and connectors to be capable of handling the maximum possible current 电缆和连接器
10、要能够承受最大的电流l The earth wire must be connected as close as possible to the element to be welded using pliers,clmaps or other systems which garantee good contact 通过接地棒、夹子和其它的系统使接地线牢固ELECTRIC WELDING SHOCK 电焊电焊-电击电击l Grounds shall not be connected to handrails,stairs,or from steel power or lighting towe
11、rs,or on any active oil,gas,steam,air,or chemical line:in live plant area ask to plant-owner for suitable ground point 不允许将接地与栏杆，阶梯，金属动力或者灯车，以及油类，气体，蒸汽，空气或者化学品管线连接，与激活的设备连接需要与设备所有者确定合适的接地点。l Ground machine frames:inspect all grounds for mechanical strength adequacy 接地设备框架：检查所有的接地是否牢固。l Insulate weld
12、er from work piece and ground,particularly from wet area 将焊机与工作场所隔离，尤其是潮湿的区域。l Wear dry,hole free gloves 佩戴干燥的没有破损的手套。l Dont touch electrically“hot”parts or electrode or electrically live parts 不要触摸电源过热的区域或者焊条以及电源流通部件l Always inspect the electrode holder before turning the welder on 在打开焊机前，检查焊把l Whe
13、n working at height,use a safety harness 高处作业使用安全带Open power switch when leaving,stopping for appreciable times,and moving machines 在离开，长时间停止作业以及移动设备的时候，关闭电源开关When not in use,remove electrodes from holders and place holders where they cannot make electrical contact with employees or conducting objec
14、ts 当不使用时，从焊把上移走焊条，不要将焊把放在金属面或与人体接触的地方。ELECTRIC WELDING SHOCK 电焊电焊 电击电击Do not dip hot holders in water for cooling 不要将热焊把放进水里冷却Report faulty equipment to supervisor 将破损的设备报告给管理人员Shield operations with screens that protect other workers 使用防护屏风ELECTRIC WELDING SHOCK 电焊电焊 电击电击Turn off the power 关闭电源Use
15、non-conducting material,such as wood,to pull the victim 使用绝缘体如木头等拉动受害者If the victim is not breathing,administer cardiopulmonary resuscitation(CPR)after breaking contact ONLY IF TRAINED TO DO SO 如果受害者没有呼吸，只有受过培训的人允许使用心肺复苏术。Call a physician and continue CPR until breathing starts or until a physician
16、arrives 呼叫医生，继续实施心肺复苏术，直到受害者有呼吸或者医生到达Treat an electrical burn as a thermal burn by applying clean,cold(iced)compresses 通过清洗，冷敷（冰）挤压等来治疗电击烧伤Prevent contamination and cover the burn with a clean,dry dressing 使用干净的，干燥的布清理和覆盖烧伤部位。2.Fumes and gasesFactors to Consider 考虑因素考虑因素Confined area.受限区域受限区域Positio
17、ning of welders head.焊机头部的位置焊机头部的位置Lack of general ventilation.缺少通风缺少通风Electrode types.焊条类型焊条类型Base metal coatings,galvanise,paint.基础金属的外衣，镀锌，和油漆基础金属的外衣，镀锌，和油漆FUMES AND GASES 烟气烟气Precautions预防预防Use ventilation or exhaust.使用通风和排气装置使用通风和排气装置Use helmet and positioning of head.使用护罩和规范焊机头部位置使用护罩和规范焊机头部位置
18、Read warnings on electrode container.阅读焊条容器上的警告阅读焊条容器上的警告Provide additional ventilation/exhaust.提供额外的通风提供额外的通风/排气排气Use special care-welding in a confined area.特别关注特别关注-受限区域的焊接受限区域的焊接Do not weld unless ventilation is adequate.在没有足够在没有足够通风通风情况下不要焊接情况下不要焊接Keep your head out of fumes.远离烟气远离烟气FUMES AND G
19、ASES 烟气烟气Formed by combination of atmospheric oxygen and nitrogen by heat of electric arc,or gas torch.由于电弧或者气焊把加热空气中的氧气和氮气形成Symptoms:Irritating cough,tightness in chest,lung irritation.症状：刺激性咳嗽，胸闷，肺部发炎Formed in small quantities in electric arc welding with coated rods and in gas welding,shielded we
20、lding.由少量的电弧焊和焊接中产生Symptoms are:-Cold,bronchitis,pneumonia.症状是：-冷，支气管炎，肺炎。FUMES AND GASES 烟气烟气Formed by the action of heat on hydrocarbons.Example insufficiently dried after degreasing.由加热烃类产生（乙炔)Symptoms are:-Like nitrogen oxide and ozone.症状：-如氮氧化物和臭氧。D.Carbon monoxide(TLV 50ppm)一氧化碳Formed when wel
21、ding is held on varnishes,paints and other carbonaceous coatings.在清漆，油漆等含碳化合物表面焊接Symptoms are:-Asphyxia,headache,nausea etc.症状是：-窒息，头痛，恶心等FUMES AND GASES 烟气烟气Identify potential toxic exposures that could result from welding or cutting and use sufficient ventilation 确认焊接和切割中潜在的有害物资，确保充足的通风Use mechani
22、cal ventilation or respiratory protection if air contaminants exceed permissible exposure limit(PEL)如果超过允许范围，使用机械通风和呼吸保护装置Do not use oxygen for ventilation,cooling,or cleaning 不要使用氧气通风、冷却和清洁Breathe Protection 呼吸保护呼吸保护Use air-line respirators if ventilation insufficient in confined spaces 在受限空间内通风不足时
23、使用空气呼吸器Use safety belts,lifelines,and attendant for confined spaces 受限空间作业使用安全带和生命绳Breathe Protection 呼吸保护呼吸保护Factors to Consider 考虑因素考虑因素Containers held with combustibles.盛易燃物的容器Flammable materials.易燃材料Fire Hazards 火灾火灾The welding heat can reach temperatures of 5000o C.火焰的温度可以达到5000o CThe spark can
24、 travel to10m 火花可以飞溅出10mWELDING SPARKS 焊接火花焊接火花Precaution预防预防Do not weld on containers having combustible materials(paints/thinner).容器上有易燃物时不要焊接（油漆/稀释剂）Remove flammable materials from welding area or shield.移走焊接区域易燃材料Keep a fire watch 安排监火员Keep a fire extinguisher in the welding area.焊接区域有灭火器Wear fi
25、re retardant clothing 穿戴防火材料制作的工作服WELDING SPARKS 焊接火花焊接火花Sparks are one of the most common fire causes in construction site,both those at ground level and particularly those falling from the upper level underneath.Factors to Consider 注意因素注意因素Gas shielded arc most severe 气体弧光是最严重的UV and INFRA red lig
26、hts 紫外线和红外线ARC RAYS 电弧射线电弧射线Precaution 预防预防Wear suitable eye protection 使用合适的眼部保护Select a filter lens.选择过滤镜片Always use helmet when welding.带安全帽Provide non-flammable shielding.使用不易燃的防护Wear clothing which protects skin.长袖衣服Use eye and skin protection to avoid ultraviolet radiation burns 使用眼部和皮肤保护避免紫外线
27、灼伤ARC RAYS 电弧射线电弧射线Metal enclosure.金属外壳Wetness.雨天Restricted entry.限制入口Heavier than air gas.比重比空气重的气体Welder inside or on work piece.在工件上面或里面焊接Welding in Confined Space 受限空间的焊接受限空间的焊接Factors to Consider注意因素注意因素Carefully evaluate adequacy of ventilation.注意通风Apply basic electric shock precaution.提供基本电击预
28、防Method of welder retrieval from outside enclosure.了解焊机接通方案General safe work practices for confined space to be apply掌握基本的安全技术Permit to work shall be apply办理许可证Always check with your welding supervisor/foreman or safety officer before to start to work in confined space工作前向管理员/工头/安全员确认Welding in Conf
29、ined Space 受限空间的焊接受限空间的焊接Precaution预防预防Execute Gas Test before to work 工作前进行气体测验Shut off gas supply at cylinders and torch valves outside confined spaces 关闭受限空间外气瓶与焊把阀门Ensure all containers contacting toxic or flammable substances are either filled with water,cleaned,vented,and tested before welding
30、,cutting,or heating 确保在焊接，切割或者加热前，所有的容器与有毒有害物资或者易燃物资接触过的充满水，清洗，通风以及测试Fire Precaution for Confined Space受限空间火灾预防受限空间火灾预防Remove torches and hoses from confined spaces at shift change and overnight 下班后，将焊把和软管从受限空间内拿出来。Prevent residue buildup.Ensure containers are vented before welding,cutting,or heatin
31、g 防止残渣残留。在焊接，切割和加热前确保容器有足够的通风CO2 fire extinguisher can not be used 受限空间灭火器不能选择二氧化碳灭火器Fire Precaution for Confined Space受限空间火灾预防受限空间火灾预防磨光机的采购要求 避免火星向上，应向一侧或向下 Avoid sending sparks upward.Where practical,direct sparks sideways or downward。检查火花可能伤及到人或财产的周围区域，确保没有可以点燃的材料 Check the surrounding area for
32、any people or property that might be hit by sparks.Make sure there are no flammables that could be ignitedGrinding machine and operation 在更换或安装砂轮及刀具前，拔掉工具的插头。Always unplug the tool before replacing or installing stones,disks,and cutters 使用电焊遮光罩或其他适合的屏障，预防火花及碎屑 Use welding screens or other suitable b
33、arriers to contain sparks and grindingsGrinding machine and operationGrinding machine and operation打磨机械的最大转速应有标注。The maximum working speed of the grinding machines shall be marked on the Machine.防护罩应最大程度的罩住砂轮，同时开口依据作业性质尽可能小。A guard shall be provided to enclose the wheel to the greatest possible exte
34、nt,with the opening as small as possible consistent with the nature of the work.GUARD防防护罩护罩Grinding machine and operation当使用打磨机械与砂轮片时，需要脸部、眼部防护。安全眼镜应佩戴。Full face eye protection shall be used when working with grinding machines and abrasive wheels and safety spectacles should be worn under the shield
35、.砂轮片的转速砂轮片的转速磨光机的转速磨光机的转速检查砂轮片与磨光机的转速是否匹配（注：磨光机转速不应大于砂轮片转速）检查砂轮片与磨光机的转速是否匹配（注：磨光机转速不应大于砂轮片转速）INSPECT THE SPEED OF THE WHEEL AGAINST MACHINE.THE SPEED OF THE MACHINE MUST NOT BE MORE THAN THE SPEED OF THE WHEEL.41The right wheel and current use of the manual grinding is fundamental for the basic safe
36、 condition of these kind of activities 正确的砂轮片和电流是使用磨光机的基本安全条件42Handling Of Wheels 砂轮的处理砂轮的处理Often wheel breakage can be attributed to careless handling and storage.Wheels damaged from these causes may appear perfect yet represent a danger to operatives.Manufacturers inspect wheels prior to packing t
37、o ensure that they are dispatched in perfect condition Over tightening”on spindles and flanges Shall be avoided as it is possible approach the ultimate crushing strength of to the wheel.通常，砂轮的损坏是由于粗心操作与储存。在打包前，厂商对砂轮进行检查，确保其在锭通常，砂轮的损坏是由于粗心操作与储存。在打包前，厂商对砂轮进行检查，确保其在锭子上紧固良好。轮缘应避免可能的过度受力。并且要注意防潮子上紧固良好。轮缘
38、应避免可能的过度受力。并且要注意防潮1.砂轮片的保存砂轮片的保存 保存方法不当往往是造成砂轮片消耗的主要原因2.打磨钨极棒时必须使用砂轮机打磨钨极棒时必须使用砂轮机 General Work Area Hazards 总的危害总的危害 Factors to Consider注意因素注意因素Cluttered area.凌乱的区域凌乱的区域Indirect work(welding ground)connection.直接的工作连接直接的工作连接Electrical equipment.电气设备电气设备Engine driven equipment.引擎设备引擎设备Gas cylinders.气
39、瓶气瓶Falls from height 高处坠落高处坠落General Work Area Hazards 总的危害总的危害 Precaution预防预防Keep cables,materials,tools neatly organised.将电缆，材料，工具保持整洁将电缆，材料，工具保持整洁Connect work cable as close as possible.使电缆尽可能近的靠近工作区域使电缆尽可能近的靠近工作区域Use only double properly grounded equipment.设备接地设备接地Always disconnect power to equi
40、pment after use.停止作业时，切断电源停止作业时，切断电源Use in only open,well ventilated areas.在敞开的通风区域作业在敞开的通风区域作业S clasp and insulation使用使用S型钩并确保绝缘隔离型钩并确保绝缘隔离General Work Area Hazards 总的危害总的危害 Precaution预防预防Refuel with engine off.加油时关闭引擎加油时关闭引擎Never touch cylinder with the electrode.不要用电极触碰气瓶不要用电极触碰气瓶Never lift a mac
41、hine with cylinder attached.不要将设备与气瓶连接不要将设备与气瓶连接Keep cylinder upright and chained to support.保持气瓶直立以及使用铁链固定保持气瓶直立以及使用铁链固定Proper safe accessibility and falls protections.安全通道和高处作业防护安全通道和高处作业防护Keep enclosure complete and guards in place.保持四周有围护和防护保持四周有围护和防护General Work Area Hazards一般工作区域的危险 Temporary
42、power lines to portable arc welding machines should be carried overhead whenever practical,or laid on the floor or ground suitably protected so that they cannot be damaged or interfere with safe passage 临时电源线或者软管需要用S型钩挂高或者埋地，绝缘隔离，避免破损If flammability is unknown,ensure that a competent person tests th
43、e environment conditions 如果不知道是否易燃，确保由合格的人员对环境条件进行测试。Move objects to designated safe location,or remove or protect fire hazards 移走物体设计安全区域，或者移走保护火灾危害品Fire prevention 火灾预防火灾预防Make suitable fire extinguishing equipment available and maintain it for instant use 放置灭火器并确保压力充足If normal precautions are ina
44、dequate,assign additional personnel to guard during and after operations,instruct them in hazards and use of firefighting equipment 如果普通的防护不足够，必须安排监火员Fire prevention 火灾预防火灾预防:is a process that reduces residual welding stresses that form in both weld metal and base metal heat affected zones.The proce
45、ss depends on the alloy,involve temperatures generally between 500C and 800C usually reached by electrical low voltage source applied to specific resistance and insulated materials.The current is a serious hazard in this process.焊后热处理：是一个降低来自于焊接金属盒基础金属加热影响区域的剩余焊接压力的过程。这个过程通过合金干涉由于低压电源通过电阻和绝缘材料来产生的温度，控制在500到800之间的温度，这个因素是最主要的风险。热处理时，每一回路必须都要有漏把，做好防电和防烫伤工作，设置隔离措施和警示标志FINAL TREATMENT 最后热处理最后热处理
