1、oreurriculum写写 作作11010UNITleft-branching sentence 左扩散句（圆周句）right-branching sentence 右扩散句（累积句）Key Termssentence interrupter 插入语Main ContentsVariation of Sentence Types Variation of Sentence Beginnings Variation of Sentence Lengths Other Techniques to Vary Sentences 2.Different way to achieve sentence
2、 variety Difficult Points1.The importance of avoiding monotonous repetition Short sentencesShort sentences are often used to emphasize a key idea and to give sharp advice.Time flies!Punctuality is the thief of time.Honesty is the best policy.Short sentencesA series of short simple sentences/syntacti
3、c structures can help build up the atmosphere of fast movement,great urgency,and continuous activities.He stepped on the starter.The engine turned over and over,and there was no bark of the motor.He choked the engine deeply.The battery turned the sodden motor there and more slowly,and there was no c
4、ough.Over and over,slower and slower.Al set the spark high.Short sentencesA series of short simple sentences/syntactic structures can help build up the atmosphere of fast movement,great urgency,and continuous activities.He felt under the seat for the crank and jumped out.The water was higher than th
5、e running board.He ran to the front end.Crank-case was under water now.Frantically he fitted the crank and twisted around and around,and his clenched hand on the crank splashed in the slowly flowing water at each turn.At last his frenzy gave out.Short sentencesA string of short sentences which begin
6、 in the same way tend to be choppy.I sit here at this keyboard.I try to think of things to say.The words are not coming very freely.I think that is probably because it is the end of a long day.It may be that I am tired.I cannot continue my writing.Free writing may help me break through the writers b
7、lock.Short sentencesWith only a few changes(transitional words and phrases,and the sentence structure),the paragraph will read better.I sit here at this keyboard trying to think of things to say,but the words arent coming very freely.Probably,they arent coming because its the end of a long day,and I
8、m tired.Whatever the reason,I cannot continue my writing.Perhaps free writing may help me break through the writers block.Long sentences Long sentences often convey a leisurely pace and establish a calm tone.Yet there is laughter in Achill.The young girls laugh as they drive the geese over the rocks
9、;they laugh as they climb the low stone walls with their baskets;they laugh as they call off the wild dogs that threaten to devour the stranger;they laugh most of all,so I am told,on evenings at dance time when the men are home from overseas and the fiddles twitter over the hills of Achill like bird
10、s under an eave.Long sentences Long sentences are frequently used for detailed description,explanation,and argument.A slender woman with a valentine face given to pensive pouts and blazing smiles,elegant in movement,precise in speech,and hair in dark brown curls to her shoulders and in bangs over da
11、rk shining eyes,wore a white dress imprinted with red flowers.Long sentences Long sentences are particularly useful for presenting a set of complex,interlocking ideas,or for building up momentum.In light of the foregoing and realization by Employee and the Company that the Companys trade secrets are
12、 valuable assets of the Company and form the foundation upon which much of the Companys success and existence depend,Employee hereby agrees that Employee willLong sentences should not be overused.Too many long sentences can be hard to follow.Remember:A sentence stands out when it differs in length f
13、rom surrounding sentences.Long sentencesCombining short sentences with long ones would make our writing flow more naturally and rhythmically.Frequent alternation in sentence length characterizes much memorable writing.Alternation of short and long sentences It is rather for us to be here dedicated t
14、o the great task remaining before usthat from these honored dead we take increased devotion to that cause for which they gave the last full measure of devotionthat we here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vainthat this nation,under God,shall have a new birth of freedomand that g
15、overnment of the people,by the people,for the people,shall not perish from the earth.Alternation of short and long sentences A famous example is Abraham Lincolns epic speech“The Gettysburg Address.”Activity 1 The Winslow family visited Canada and Alaska last summer to look for some Native American a
16、rt.In Anchorage stores they found some excellent examples of soapstone carvings.But they couldnt find a dealer selling any of the woven wall hangings they wanted.They were very disappointed when they left Anchorage empty-handed.Revise the following paragraph to add variety to the lengths of the sent
17、ences.Activity 1 The Winslow family visited Canada and Alaska last summer to look for some Native American art,such as soapstone carvings and wall hangings.Anchorage stores had many soapstone items available.Still,they were disappointed to learn that wall hangings,which they had especially wanted,we
18、re difficult to find.Sadly,they left empty-handed.Revise the following paragraph to add variety to the lengths of the sentences.Do not always write simple subject-verb sentences,and do not overuse compound or complex sentence patterns either.Too many sentences arranged in the same grammatical patter
19、n one after another would make our writing dull and tedious.Try to offer a mixture of simple,compound,complex,and compound-complex sentences.Grammatical types Passage 1:Red wine goes best with meat,and white wine goes best with fish.Red wine should be served at room temperature,and white wine should
20、 be chilled.Red wine should usually be opened for about half an hour before serving,so that the accumulated gases could be allowed to escape from the bottle.These rules are not meaningless customs,but they are proven by centuries of experience,and they improve the taste of the food as well as the wi
21、ne.Grammatical types Passage 2:Red wine goes best with meat,and white wine goes best with fish.Unlike white wine,which should be served chilled,red wine should be served at room temperature.Red wine also benefits from being opened for about half an hour before serving to allow the accumulated gases
22、to escape from the bottle.Proven by experience,these rules improve the taste of the food as well as the wine.They are not meaningless customs.Grammatical types Activity 2 Are you an“average American”?Then take heed.Here are the results of a time-management survey.You might want to budget your time d
23、ifferently.According to the survey,you spend six years of your life eating.Also,youre likely to spend two years trying to reach people by telephone,Revise the following paragraph to add variety to the grammatical structures of the sentences.Activity 2 so you should convince your friends to get answe
24、ring machines.Finally,you may be married and expect long conversations with your spouse to occur spontaneously,but youll have to make a special effort.Ordinarily,your discussions will average only four minutes a day.Revise the following paragraph to add variety to the grammatical structures of the s
25、entences.Revise the following paragraph to add variety to the grammatical structures of the sentences.Activity 2 If youre the“average American,”take heed.After you hear the results of a time-management survey,you might want to budget your time differently.According to the survey,you spend six years
26、of your life eating.Also,unless you convince your friends to get answering machines,Revise the following paragraph to add variety to the grammatical structures of the sentences.Activity 2 youre likely to spend two years trying to reach them by telephone.Finally,if youre married,you shouldnt expect l
27、ong conversations with your spouse to occur spontaneously.Unless you make a special effort,your discussions will average only four minutes a day.Functional types Questions at the beginning of a paragraph can point its direction or open a paragraph of definition.What is a civilized society?By definit
28、ion,a civilized society is one that is well organized and developed,and has fair laws and customs.Functional types Commands are mainly used to give directions,but occasionally they are useful in other contexts.Observations indicate that the different clusters of galaxies are constantly moving from o
29、ne another.To illustrate by a homely analogy,think of a raisin cake baked in an oven.Functional types An exclamation,if not overused,is a sure attention-getter that will change the flow of a paragraph momentarily.Just as I was approaching the television set,the picture on the screen disappeared,and
30、the fan gradually stopped moving.A power cut!How could it happen in such hot weather?Activity 3 I thought the course was going to be easy,but I was wrong,because after a two-week sickness early in the term I could never find time to catch up with the assignments,and I kept getting poor grades.I wish
31、ed I had had the foresight to see what had been coming and had taken the initiative either to drop the course or to ask the teacher for an incomplete,but pride or vanity kept me plugging away,and nothing did any good.Revise the following paragraph to add variety to the lengths and functional types o
32、f the sentences.Make other changes when necessary.Revise the following paragraph to add variety to the lengths and functional types of the sentences.Make other changes when necessary.Activity 3 I thought the course was going to be easy,but I was wrong.After a two-week sickness early in the term,I co
33、uld never find time to catch up with the assignments,and I kept getting poor grades.Why didnt I drop?Why didnt I ask for an incomplete?If I had known for sure what was coming,I probably would have done one or the other.Pride or vanity kept me plugging away,however,nothing did any good.Rhetorical typ
34、es A loose sentence is one whose main statement is followed by one or more free subordinate elements.Bells rang,filling the air with their clangor,startling pigeons into flight from every belfry,bringing people into the streets to hear the news.Rhetorical types However,too much modifications will we
35、aken the relationship between the main part and the modifiers.Simple:I ate the pizza.Complex:I ate the pizza that my sister baked.Confusing:I ate the pizza that my sister baked after I got home from work.Confusing:I ate the pizza that my sister baked after I got home from work which was really tough
36、.Rhetorical types To avoid the confusion caused by too much modifications,we should not overextend a sentence,and we should include an introductory modifier.Revised:After I got home from work,I ate the pizza that my sister baked.Rhetorical types A periodic sentence postpones the main idea until the
37、very end of the sentence.It is especially useful for building tension or creating a climax or a surprise ending.Early one morning,under the arc of a lamp,carefully,silently,in smock and leather gloves,Doctor Manza performed the first grafting operation.Rhetorical types The periodic sentence is also
38、effective in arousing readers interest and curiosity,and thus is frequently used in poems.Out of the bosom of the Air,Out of the cloud-folds of her garment shaken,Over the woodlands brown and bare,Over the harvest-fields forsaken,Silent and soft,and slow,Descends the snow.Activity 4 1.Sarah knows th
39、e filing system.Sarah has more experience than the rest of the team.Sarah can get into work at a moments notice.Sarah will be in charge next week.Combine each group of short sentences into one sentence.Combine each group of short sentences into one sentence.Activity 4 1.Because she knows the filing
40、system,has more experience than the rest of the team,and can get into work at a moments notice,Sarah will be in charge next week.Activity 4 2.They use irony.They blend powerful images.They re-imagine universal ideas and themes using symbolism.In this way,they rank among the great modern writers.They
41、 are Pearl S.Buck,John Steinbeck,and Toni Morrison.Combine each group of short sentences into one sentence.Combine each group of short sentences into one sentence.Activity 4 2.Through their use of irony,their blending of powerful images,their re-imagining of universal ideas and themes using symbolis
42、m,these threePearl Buck,John Steinbeck,Toni Morrisonrank among the great modern writers.Transitional expressions Transitional expressions can be useful for making a text or a speech flow well,with clear connections between ideas.In order to be alert on Friday morning in New York,I planned to take th
43、e shuttle from Washington Thursday night.On Thursday morning it began to snow in Washington and to snow even harder in New York.By mid-afternoon I decided not to risk the shuttle and caught a train to New York.Seven hours later the train completed its three-hour trip.I arrived at Penn Station to fin
44、d a city shut down by the worst blizzard since 1947.Transitional expressions Generally,a transitional expression can be an adverb,a coordinating conjunction,or a conjunctive adverb.Suddenly,she realized that she had made a mistake.However,I cannot retreat.Phrases Prepositional,verbal,absolute,and ap
45、positive phrases can also provide variety as sentence openers.In the long run,he is the only hope we have.To help me with my homework,he comes to my home every day after school.Dressed in blue jeans,a young woman appeared at the door.Subordinate clauses Subordinate clauses can be used at the beginni
46、ng of a sentence to add variety as well as coherence and supplementary information.Even though baseball is essentially the same,the strategy of play then and now is different.When you think you know nothing,then you begin to know something.If you cant take responsibility for your own well-being,you
47、will never take control over it.Sentence endings Almost all the methods of varying sentence beginnings can be used in varying sentence endings.He walked on slowly.The little boy hid in the back of the closet,trembling at the thought of being detected.Jonathan seems like a typical country boy in summ
48、erhis hair cut close,his arms and legs tanned,his face freckled.Sentence interrupters Subordinate elements and other free modifiers can appear before/after/in the middle of an independent clause.Emma and Yolanda,in spite of two years of contact,still do not understand each other.The deer,grazing pea
49、cefully in the valley,were unaware of the approaching hunters.The robot,his strength failing,reached for a can of spinach.The inverted order Any sentence element that has been taken out of its normal position and placed first gets extra attention.Over the fence jumped Oscar.In front of the temple st
50、ands a tall tree with a history of more than 1000 years.Never again will she overlook the threat of an avalanche.Cup after cup of wine he drank.Vary the sentence“Alice put on her best dress”according to the following requirements.Avoid using the same expression more than once.A sample is as follows.
