1、Practical English Translation 实用翻译教程 About Translation：An IntroductionA.read(Chinese/English)B.analyze C.imitateD.practiceE.correctF.tools中国现代学者林汉达说：“(正确的翻译)就是尽可能地按照中国语文的习惯，忠实地表达原文中所有的意义”。中国现代学者徐永煐说：“翻译是译者用一种语言(归缩语言)来表达原作者用另一种语言(出发语言)表达的思想。”中国当代学者王以铸说：“好的翻译决不是把原文的一字一句硬搬迁来，而主要的却是要传达原来文章的神韵”。前苏联文艺学派翻译
2、理论家索伯列夫说：“翻译的目的就是把一种语言中的内容和形式移植到另一种语言中去”。前苏联语言学派翻译理论家费道罗夫说：“翻译就是用一种语言把另一种语言在内容和形式不可分割的统一中业已表达出来的东西，准确而完全地表达出来。”苏联翻译理论家巴尔胡达罗夫说：“翻译是把一种语言的言语产物，在保持内容也就是意义不变的情况下，改变为另一种语言产物的过程”。Reading the textThe intention of the textText stylesThe readershipStylistics scalesAttitudeSettingThe quality of the writingCon
3、notations and dentotationsThe last reading General reading to get the gistClose reading is required of the words both out of and in context.1、一词多译、一词多译根据上下文决定词汇的确切含义。有时候尽管句中出现的是再简单不过的单词，但是在不同的上下文中却富有极其灵活的习惯表达。试以单词last为例加以说明。（张培基（张培基 1980：37）1）He is the last man to come.他是最后最后来的。2)He is the last man
4、to do it.他决不会决不会干那件事。3)He is the last person for such a job.他最不配最不配干这个工作。4)He should be the last(man)to blame.怎么也不该怎么也不该怪他。5)He is the last man to consult.根本不宜根本不宜找他商量。6)This is the last place where I expected to meet you.我怎么也没料到怎么也没料到会在这个地方见到你。1）We can make out the meaning of the word from the cont
5、ext.我们可以从上下文上下文明白这个词的意思。2)We should settle the disputes in the context of the Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence.我们应本着本着和平共处五项原则的精神精神解决争端。3)It is in this context that the tragedy of Sahara was born.就是在这种情况情况下产生了撒哈拉悲剧。4)In this context,Ive to call your attention to the fact that the peaceful tre
6、nd in the Indo-China Peninsula is essential to peace in the world.关于这一点，关于这一点，我必须提请你注意，印支半岛的和平趋势对整个世界和平是必不可少的。1)他们对这项计划提出了修改意见。They made some suggestions for the revision of the plan.2）我对这种做法很有意见。I take vigorous exception to such behavior.3）他们就在下届大选中推举谁做总统候选人的问题取得了一致意见。They have reached unanimity on
7、 who will be the presidential candidate for the next general election.4）大家对你很有意见。People have a lot of complaints about you.5）两位领导人就双边关系及共同关心的问题交换了意见。The two leaders exchanged views on bilateral relations and issues of common concern.6）党员应该虚心倾听群众的意见。A party member should listen carefully to the opini
8、ons of the masses.7）你应当听从医生的意见。You should follow the doctors advice.8）他们在会上闹起了意见。They got into disputes at the meeting.The intention of the text represents the SL writers attitude to the subject matter“That was clever of him”Ironical,openly,or implicitly?There is always a point of view in a word unf
9、ortunately,nevertheless,hopefully.I am in the book business.（选自电影Youve Got Mail）我在书生意里我是做图书生意的我是书商。短评：一是汉语不地道，观众不知所云；二是没有翻译出原文的功能：原文是介绍自己的职业，相当于“我是医生/教师”Usually,the translators intention is identical with that of the author of the SL textBut what if he is translating an advertisement,notice,a set of
10、 instructions to show his client how such matters are formulated a manual for less educated readership?Four types of text:1.Narrative:a dynamic sequence of events,where the emphasis is on the verbs e.g.He made a sudden appearance2.Description,static,with emphasis on linking verbs,adjectives,adjectiv
11、al nouns.3.Discussion,a treatment of ideas,with emphasis on abstract nouns(concepts),verbs of thought,mental activity,logical argument and connectives4.Dialogue,with emphasis on colloquialisms and phaticisms.Decide how much attention you have to pay to the TL readers:assess the level of education,th
12、e class,age and sex of the readership魔戒第二部“Return of the King”皇上回宫The average text for translation tends to be for an educated,middle-class readership in an informal,not colloquial styleThe most common variety of error in register tends to be colloquial and intimate,e.g.“more and more”for“increasing
13、ly”The other:use of formal or official register“decease”for“death”The scale of formality:Officialese:The consumption of any nutriments whatsoever is categorically prohibited in this establishment Official:the consumption of nutriments is prohibitedFormal:you are requested not to sonsume food in this
14、 establishmentNeutral:Eating is not allowed here.Slang:Lay off the nosh.Taboo:Lay off the fucking nosh.The following scale of generality or difficulty is recommended:The floor of the sea is covered with rows of big mountains and deep pitsPopularThe floor of the oceans is covered with great mountain
15、chains and deep trenchesNeutral(using basic vocabulary only)A graveyard of animal and plant remains lies buried in the earths crust Educated The latest step in vertebrate evolution was the tool-making manTechnicalCritical path analysis is an operational research technique used in management Opaquely
16、 technical(comprehensive only to an expert):Neuraminic acid in the form of its alkali-stable methoxy derivative was first isolated by Lkenk from ganliosides.Intense(profuse use of intensifiers)(hot)Absolutely wonderfulideally dark bassenormously successful WarmGentle,soft,heart-warming melodiesFactu
17、al(cool)Significant,exceptionally well judged.Assess the standards of the writer.Words like:Good,fair,average,competent,adequate,satisfactory,middling,poor excellent are his standards?Absolutely accepted in his culture?Or arbitrary?婚前，她身材玲珑浮凸。英语翻译：婚前，她身材像个可口可乐瓶子。中文：婚后，她变得像个水桶。英语翻译：婚后她变得像个可口可乐的罐子。Whe
18、re would the text be published in the TL?What is the TL equivalent of SL periodical,newspaper,textbook,journal,etc?Who is the client you are translating for?What are your clients requirements?SL readership:the three typical reader types are perhaps the expert,the educated layman,and the uniformed.Ho
19、w about in the TL?The same?The quality of the writing:to be judged in relation to the authors intention and/or the requirements of the subject-matterThe authority of the text id derived from good writing;but also independently,unconnectedly,from the status of the SL writerConnotations(内涵)Denotations
20、（外延）Two robbers were robbing a hotel.The first robber said,I hear sirens.Jump!The second one said,But were on the 13th floor!The first one screamed back,This is not time to be superstitious!这个笑话翻译成中文就是：两个盗贼在一家旅馆偷东西。第一个说：“我听到警报响了，快跳吧！”第二个说：“但是我们现在在第13层啊！”第一个尖叫着回敬他：“都什么时候了，还这么迷信！”江青回见外宾，找了一个翻译公司的翻译。要求
21、他要严格安她的意思翻，不许走样。外宾一见到江青，立马拍马屁：“Miss Jiang,you are very beautiful！”翻译公司的翻译照翻，江青心花怒放，嘴上还要谦虚一下：“哪里，哪里”。翻译公司的翻译不敢怠慢，把江青的话翻成英文：“where?where?”外宾一愣，还有这样的人，追问哪里漂亮的，干脆马屁拍到底：“every where,every where！”翻译公司的翻译：“你到处都很漂亮。”江青更高兴了，但总是要客气一下：“不见得，不见得”。翻译赶紧翻成英文：“you are not allowed to see,you are not allowed to see！”F
22、inally,note the cultural aspect of the SL text;Underline all neologisms,metaphors,cultural words and institutional terms peculiar to the SL or third language,proper names,technical terms and“untranslatable”words.翻译实践活动中，有些词汇根据上下文显然不可能采用词典中罗列的词义，要避免死译，延伸词义。譬如，1）There is a mixture of the tiger and the
23、 ape in the character of the imperialists.帝国主义者的性格既残暴残暴，又狡猾狡猾。2）Every life has its roses and thorns.每个人的生活都有甜甜有苦苦。3)He was a demanding boss,so he expected total loyalty and dedication from his employees.他是一个非常苛刻的老板，总是要求下属忠心耿耿忠心耿耿，绝对奉献绝对奉献。4)Party officials worked long hours on meager food,in cold ca
24、ves,by dim lamps.党的干部吃吃简陋的饮食，住住寒冷的窑洞，靠靠微弱的灯光，长时间的工作。5）John was eloquent and elegant-but soft.约翰有有口才，有有风度，但很软弱。二二 句子的理解句子的理解由于中英文句式结构的差异，在翻译时要求对句子作较大的改变，主要包括分句法与合句法。前者指将原文的一个简单句变成两个或两个以上的句子。后者则相反。当然，这一过程中包括了对语态、从句等问题的处理。1）There were no speeches,no foreign diplomats,no“ordinary Chinese”with paper flag
25、s and bouquets of flowers.没有发表讲话，没有各国外交官到场，也没有“普通中国人”挥舞纸旗、花束的场面。2）The crowds melted away.人群渐渐散开了。3）Flowers bloom all over the yard.朵朵鲜花盛开满园。4）Newsmen went flying off to Mexico.记者纷纷飞往墨西哥。1）May I extend my heartiest congratulations to the great Chinese people and its Communist Party,through you,for th
26、e glowing success of your tremendous revolution,which is now inspiring the world.让我通过您最衷心祝贺伟大的中国人民及其共产党，祝贺你们的巨大革命的辉煌胜利，这个胜利正在鼓舞着全世界。2）They covered the 19th century foreign intervention in China,Maos Long March in the mid-1930s,the French and American revolutions.他们谈到十九世纪外国对中国的干涉，谈到毛泽东在三十年代中期的长征，还谈到法
27、国革命和美国革命。1）They had ground him beneath their heel,they had taken the best of him,they had murdered his father,they had broken and wrecked his wife,they had crushed his whole family.他们把他踩在脚底下，压得粉碎，他们榨干了他的精髓，害死了他的父亲，摧残了他的妻子，毁了他的全家。2）We live and learn.活到老，学到老。3）There was no snow,the leaves were gone fr
28、om the trees,the grass was dead.天未下雪，但叶落草枯1）We may safely say so.我们这样说万无一失。2）This problem is above me.这问题我解决不了。3）We believe that the younger generation will prove worthy of our trust.我们相信，年轻一代将不会辜负我们的信任。4）Mr.Yang is 82,but he carries his years lightly.杨先生82岁高龄了，但并不显老。1）The Chinese seemed justifiably
29、 proud of their economic achievements.中国人似乎为他们在经济上取得的成就而自豪，这是合乎情理的。2）When we praise the Chinese leadership and the people,we are not merely being polite.我们对中国领导人和中国人民的赞扬不仅仅是出于礼貌。1）The decision to suicide is not taken lightly自杀的决定可不是轻易做得出的。2）Our foreign policy is supported by the people all over the
30、world.我们的对外政策受到全世界人民的支持。1）There will come a day when people the world over will live a happy life under the sun of socialism.全世界人民在社会主义阳光下过幸福生活的一天是会到来的。2）He liked his sister,who was warm and pleasant,but he did not like his brother,who was aloof and arrogant.他喜欢热情欢快的妹妹，而不喜欢冷漠高傲的哥哥。1）If she had long
31、lost the blue-eyed,flower-like charm,the cool slim purity of face and form,the apple-blossom colouring which had so swiftly and oddly affected Ashurst twenty-six years ago,she was still at forty-three,a comely and faithful companion,whose cheeks were faintly mottled,and whose grey-blue eyes had acqu
32、ired a certain fullness.如果说她早已失掉了那蔚蓝色眼睛的、花儿般的魅力，也失掉了她脸儿和身段的那种玉洁冰清、苗条多姿的气质和那苹果花似的颜色二十六年前这种花容月貌曾那样迅速而奇妙地影响过艾舍斯特那么在四十三岁的今天，她依旧是个好看而忠实的伴侣，不过两颊淡淡地有点儿斑驳，而灰蓝的眼睛也已经有点儿饱满了。表达是指译者在正确理解原文的基础上用另一种语言符号形式进行的内容传递。对原文理解的深度以及对译入语的驾驭程度直接决定表达的理想与否。这一过程应该尽力避免死译、硬译；应该力求文字表述的通顺、流畅、规范，符合译入语表达习惯、文化背景以及译文读者的接受能力。称职的译者必须具有良好
33、的中文水平和表达能力如何在翻译中尽力做到确切表达呢？1.联系上下文。2.注意文字表达的分寸与褒贬。3.活用词典。4.充分发挥汉语与英语的优势。例如：1)“I know I have the body of a weak and feeble woman,”she said in 1588,“but I have the heart and stomach of a king,and a king of England too.”译文1：“我知道我有一个软弱无力的女人的身子，”她在1588年说，“但是我有一个国王的心和胃，而且还是英格兰国王的。”这是英国女王伊丽莎白一世说的一句很有名的话，译文貌
34、似十分忠于原文，但读起来却很令人扫兴。错误不在于词句没有译对，而在于译得“太对”了。女王的话赤胆忠心，译文却丝毫反映不出来，关键是对几个主要词汇，比如body,heart and stomach,理解得太死，或者说，对这些单词的多义性未能驾驭，使得翻译出来的句子像解剖学的术语。译文2：“我知道我长就了一副柔弱女子的身躯，可我有一个一国之君的心胸，而且还是英格兰的君王。”这样的译文就使得女王的赤胆忠心不仅毕露无遗，而且君临天下的威仪令人仰止。这种错误多数情况下是新译手容易犯的，更是手懒的人容易犯的，因为heart and stomach的意思与汉语的同类词一样，都有转义，如“志趣”、“心胸”、“
35、胃口”等等。（苏福忠（苏福忠 2006：52-53）2）As it sometimes happens that a person departs his life,who is really deserving of the praises the stone-cutter carves over his bones;who is a good Christian,a good parent,a good child,a good wife or a good husband;who actually does have a disconsolate family to mourn his
36、loss.不过偶尔也有几个死人当得起石匠在他们朽骨上的好话。真的是虔诚的虔诚的教徒，慈爱的慈爱的父母，孝顺的孝顺的儿女，贤良的贤良的妻子，尽职的尽职的丈夫，他们家里的人也的确哀思绵绵地追悼他们。Why,at the height of desire and human pleasure-worldly,social,amorous,ambitious or even avaricious-does there mingle a certain sense of doubt and sorrow?人世俗务，交游应酬，男女爱悦，图营势位，乃至贪婪财货，人生百为，于兴最高，心最欢时，辄微觉乐趣中杂以
37、疑虑与忧伤，其何故耶。（谈艺录，钱钟书，中华书局，1984，第438页）5)Ignorance is the mother of fear as well as of admiration.无知是恐惧的根源，也是敬佩的根源。6）What are they after?They are after name,after position,and they want to cut smart figures.这种人闹什么东西呢？闹名誉，闹地位，闹出风头。7)Who knows that every grain in the bowl Is the fruit of so much pain and
38、 toil?谁知盘中餐，粒粒皆辛苦。8)In spring we sleep a sleep that knows no dawn,And everywhere the songs of birds resound.春眠不觉晓，处处闻啼鸟。9)She went to bed again,and thought and thought and thought it over and over.她又上床去，左思右想，想个不休。10)We wont retreat,we never have and never will.我们不后退，我们从来没有后退过，我们将来也决不后退。11)Theory is
39、something but practice is everything.理论固然重要，实践尤其重要。12）Modesty helps one to go forward,whereas conceit makes one lag behind.虚心使人进步，骄傲使人落后。13)The monk may run away,but the temple cant run away with him.跑了和尚跑不了庙。14)So long as green hills remain,there will never be a shortage of firewood.留得青山在，不怕没柴烧。15)
40、Three cobblers with their wits combined equal Zhuge Liang the master mind.三个臭皮匠，抵个诸葛亮。16）Showing off ones proficiency with the axe before Lu Ban the master carpenter.班门弄斧。17)These developing countries cover vast territories,encompass a large population and abound in natural resources.这些发展中国家，土地辽阔，人口众多，资源丰富。18)If you give him an inch,he will take a mile.得寸进尺。
