1、Tool Holders/刀夹系统刀夹系统In the system of spindle+tool holder+cutting tool,the tool holder is the link that has the most effect on overall concentricity and balance.Dont think of it as commodity hardware.As spindle speed increases,the choice of tool holder has more impact on process effectiveness在主轴在主轴+
2、刀柄刀柄+刀具这样的一个系统中，刀具这样的一个系统中，刀柄是影响同心度和动平衡一个关键刀柄是影响同心度和动平衡一个关键环节，千万不能将它当成一般的部件环节，千万不能将它当成一般的部件来看待。随着主轴转速的增加，刀柄来看待。随着主轴转速的增加，刀柄的选择对于加工的影响将显得越来越的选择对于加工的影响将显得越来越重要。重要。Two Face Contact&HSK holders/两面接触两面接触HSK刀柄刀柄Centrifugal force from fast spindle speeds can cause the tool holder to retract when the spindl
3、e and holder touch only along the taper.Two-face contact at the spindle interface can solve this problem.HSK is a widely used tool holder design that features two-face contact 对于仅仅是锥度连接的刀夹系统来说，对于仅仅是锥度连接的刀夹系统来说，当主轴在高速旋转的情况下，因为主轴当主轴在高速旋转的情况下，因为主轴本身锥孔的膨胀，而主轴和刀柄的连接本身锥孔的膨胀，而主轴和刀柄的连接又仅仅是通过锥度面连接，此时刀柄受又仅仅是通
4、过锥度面连接，此时刀柄受到拉力的影响会有一个回缩。到拉力的影响会有一个回缩。两面接触的连接方式有助于解决该问两面接触的连接方式有助于解决该问题。题。HSK即是被广泛使用的一种两面即是被广泛使用的一种两面接触的刀夹系统。接触的刀夹系统。Two Face Contact Holders/两面接触刀柄两面接触刀柄Common tool holders leave a gap between the flange and spindle nose.Some tool holder systems close this gap to achieve two-face contact with a con
5、ventional taperTwo such systems are shown.Both designs combine special tool holders with a special or modified spindle interface.Both designs leave intact the freedom to use regular tool holders when two-face contact isnt neededThe design at upper right mates tool holders that have extra material on
6、 the flange with a spindle interface that has extra material at the spindle noseThe design at lower right uses a tool holder with a spring-like taper that stays in contact even if the spindle interface opens up.Shims attached to the spindle nose close the gap to the flange 普通的刀柄连接在主轴法兰面留有一个间隙。有一普通的刀
7、柄连接在主轴法兰面留有一个间隙。有一些的刀柄采取封闭这段间隙的方法来达到两面接触的些的刀柄采取封闭这段间隙的方法来达到两面接触的目的；目的；该种设计如图所示。这两种连接都需要有特殊的主该种设计如图所示。这两种连接都需要有特殊的主轴端面设计，在需不需要两面接触会有一定的选择自轴端面设计，在需不需要两面接触会有一定的选择自由；由；如右上图所示。在刀柄与主轴紧密配合时会因为变如右上图所示。在刀柄与主轴紧密配合时会因为变形在主轴法兰连接面之间产生材料的挤压；形在主轴法兰连接面之间产生材料的挤压；如右下图所示。使用带弹性锥面接触的刀柄。其中如右下图所示。使用带弹性锥面接触的刀柄。其中的垫片可以封闭主轴法
8、兰的间隙。的垫片可以封闭主轴法兰的间隙。Concentricity&Balance/同心度和动平衡同心度和动平衡Concentricity(Runout)determines that the cutting edges take nearly the same bite all the way around the tool.Balance determines that weight is evenly distributed,so centrifugal force does not create enough vibration to impair the process.Both a
9、re important for HSM同心度可以决定刀具在旋转一周的情同心度可以决定刀具在旋转一周的情况下各切刃部分的切削量是否均匀；况下各切刃部分的切削量是否均匀；动平衡取决于旋转体上质量的分布是动平衡取决于旋转体上质量的分布是否均匀对称。各个方向离心力均衡，否均匀对称。各个方向离心力均衡，不至于产生震动减弱刀具加工能力；不至于产生震动减弱刀具加工能力；以上两者对于高速加工都是很重要的以上两者对于高速加工都是很重要的因素。因素。Concentricity/同心度同心度Concentricity measures how closely the tool holder aligns the
10、tool to the centerline of the spindle.A concentric grip helps ensure that all cutting edges see the same depth of cut.同心度测量如右图，通同心度测量如右图，通过调整刀夹的中心轴线过调整刀夹的中心轴线与主轴的中心轴线重合与主轴的中心轴线重合来调整痛心度。来调整痛心度。好的同心度控制可以确好的同心度控制可以确保所有切削刃在各个方保所有切削刃在各个方向上有均匀的加工量向上有均匀的加工量Balance/动平衡动平衡Balance measures the distribution of
11、 weight of the tool and tool holder together.A perfectly balanced tool/tool holder combination would not generate any centrifugal force as it spins.But in reality,some part of this combined weight will be unbalanced.The unbalance will produce a vibration at a frequency equal to the spindle RPM.If th
12、e unbalance amount is small,this vibration will also be small.动平衡的测量需要将刀具和刀柄整体进行。在主轴旋转时好的动平衡刀柄和刀具结合不会产生任何的离心力。但是实际上完全的动平衡是不存在的。在主轴旋转时动不平衡将产生周期性的震动。如果动不平衡量很小，那么这种震动也会很微弱。Balance&Concentricity/动平衡和同心度动平衡和同心度Weight does not have to be symmetrical to reduce centrifugal force,just balanced.An unbalanced
13、weight can be balanced by any counterweight having the same product of mass radius.For example,the weights shown here balance one another.The masses are different,but where they are positioned makes up for this difference.旋转体上质量并不一定要均匀分布才旋转体上质量并不一定要均匀分布才能减小离心力，只要平衡就可以了。能减小离心力，只要平衡就可以了。一个不平衡的重量可以被任何的
14、方向一个不平衡的重量可以被任何的方向相反大小相等的平衡力相反大小相等的平衡力(质量质量 半径半径)抵消。比如左图的一个示例抵消。比如左图的一个示例。It is possible to imagine a tool/tool holder system that is balanced without being concentric.In this drawing,the cutting tool is off center,but the counterweight compensates for the resulting unbalance.This tool and tool hold
15、er may not cut evenly,but together they will spin without vibration from centrifugal force.可以想象同心度不好的刀具刀夹系统可以想象同心度不好的刀具刀夹系统也可以有好的动平衡。在图中，刀具也可以有好的动平衡。在图中，刀具中心偏移，但是图中的红色部位可以中心偏移，但是图中的红色部位可以补偿因此带来的动不平衡量。虽然像补偿因此带来的动不平衡量。虽然像这种刀具切削不能进行均匀的切削，这种刀具切削不能进行均匀的切削，但是不会因为动平衡离心力的影响产但是不会因为动平衡离心力的影响产生震动生震动。Balance&Co
16、ncentricity/动平衡和同心度动平衡和同心度It is also possible for a tool/tool holder system to be concentric but not balanced.A tool holder with a set screw is an example of this.Even if the tool holder holds the tool perfectly concentric,the weight of the screw itself would not be balanced.This tool holder will ca
17、use vibration when spun.同样对于同心度好的刀具也可能动平同样对于同心度好的刀具也可能动平衡不好。如图所示的带紧固螺钉的刀衡不好。如图所示的带紧固螺钉的刀柄。虽然它有很好的同心度，但是它柄。虽然它有很好的同心度，但是它在圆周上的质量分部不均匀，因此在在圆周上的质量分部不均匀，因此在高速旋转时会产生震动高速旋转时会产生震动。Balance&Concentricity/动平衡和同心度动平衡和同心度Holders for Good Concentricity/优良同心度优良同心度Though a high quality Collet Chuck can achieve tig
18、ht concentricity,there are alternatives to the Collet Chucks that can make this concentricity easier to achieve.高质量的弹簧夹的适用可以获得好的同心度，但是的刀夹高质量的弹簧夹的适用可以获得好的同心度，但是的刀夹系统也可以获得同样的效果，比如烧结式的刀柄。系统也可以获得同样的效果，比如烧结式的刀柄。Shrink Fit Holders/热缩型刀柄热缩型刀柄1-The tool holder is heated precisely at the clamping area using
19、state-of-the-art induction technology.The clamping diameter expands.2-The cold tool shank is inserted into the heated tool holder.3-The heat shrink tool holder is cooled.The clamping diameter returns to its original dimension and clamps the tool shank.4-Tool changes are carried out in seconds thanks
20、 to inductive heating.The heat shrink tool holder and the tool shank form a homogenous unit!1、应用感应加热技术加热刀柄上刀具装夹部位，使它的直径会膨胀；2、再将冷的刀杆放入热的刀柄；3、冷却刀柄装夹部位，使其直径回复至初始尺寸并夹紧刀具；4、在取出时，由于刀具和刀柄一起进行感应加热，因此不能使用与刀柄有一 样的热膨胀系数的刀具进行装夹。热缩型刀柄装夹原理热缩型刀柄装夹原理 加热取出加热取出 冷却夹紧冷却夹紧 环境温度环境温度 加热加热 装夹装夹Hydraulic Chucks/液压夹头液压夹头A-Th
21、e clamping screw is screwed in up to the stop using an Allen key.B-The clamping piston presses the hydraulic medium into the C-expansion chamber and causes a rise in pressure D-The thin-walled expansion bush is uniformly arched against the tool shank.The tool shank is centered and then clamped power
22、fully and uniformly across the entire surface during this clamping processE-Special sealing element.Ensures perfect sealing and a high service life.The result:Absolutely precise,powerful and centric clamping with excellent run out characteristics and a run-out accuracy of 0.003 mm A-锁紧螺钉，使用内六角扳手将锁紧螺
23、钉拧紧；B-锁紧活塞，将液压媒质压入膨胀室；C-膨胀室，受液体挤压产生压力；D-薄膨胀衬套，在锁紧过程中使刀具装夹杆中心定位并均匀包络。E-特殊密封件，确保理想的密封和长的使用寿命；特点：非常高的精度、锁紧力大、中心固定，具有很好的跳动值 0.003 mm Mechanical Deformation/变形夹持刀柄变形夹持刀柄The tool holder shown here features a bore that is not round,but instead has a three-lobed shape suggesting a triangle.A clamping device
24、 mechanically distorts this bore to make it round,allowing the tool to be inserted.The tool holder snaps back to the three-lobed shape when the force is released,clamping the tool without heating or cooling.这里的刀柄内径不是圆形的，而是类似这里的刀柄内径不是圆形的，而是类似三角形的叶形孔。利用一套机械夹紧变三角形的叶形孔。利用一套机械夹紧变形装置使其变为圆形，适合刀具放入。形装置使其变为圆
25、形，适合刀具放入。当锁紧装置压力解除后，刀柄变形恢复，当锁紧装置压力解除后，刀柄变形恢复，则可锁紧刀具则可锁紧刀具Balanceable Tool HoldersA balanceable tool holder is used in conjunction with a balancing machine.The machine measures the unbalance in the tool/tool holder system.The balanceable tool holder features counterweights that can be adjusted to com
26、pensate for the unbalance measured 动平衡刀柄放在平衡试验机上测量刀具或刀夹系统的动不平衡量。从而为补偿动不平衡提供依据。Comparison of Tool Holders/刀柄全面评估比对刀柄全面评估比对Runout of Tool Holders/刀夹跳动刀夹跳动Rigidity of Tool Holders/刀柄刚性刀柄刚性Balance of Tool Holders/刀柄动平衡刀柄动平衡Vibration of Tool Holders/刀柄震动刀柄震动Ease of Use of Tool Holders/使用方便性使用方便性Cost of Tool Holders/成本成本Other Types of Tool Holders/其他型式刀柄其他型式刀柄面铣刀莫氏锥度刀柄钻夹头铣刀夹头侧固式两刀片粗加工和一刀片精加工镗刀Other types of Tool Holders/其他形式的刀柄其他形式的刀柄角度头刀柄增速刀柄中心供液刀柄Overview of ToolingTHANKS常用工具常用工具
