1、English StylisticsStylistic features at the phonological level1387241656508/30/2011What is stylistic features?lThe situationally-bound features are stylistically significant featuresstylistic features.Just as language is multi-leveled,so style is multi-leveled:Stylistic features can be found at two
2、distinct phonological/graphological,lexicogrammatical levels of language.Stylistic features at the Phonological level l Onomatopoeia(sound imitation):the use of the sounds which are imitative of their senses.l Sound Patterning:referring to the matching of identical or similar sound(s)between two or
3、more words.English words may consist of one or more syllables.l Sound patterning is not only a source of aesthetic satisfaction,but also a phonological means of emphasis.The device is exploited in prose,particularly in newspaper headlines,advertising jingles,etc.as well as in poetry.Rhymel C V C-wea
4、l-woe (Alliteration)l C V C-cut-run (Assonance腹韵腹韵)l C V C-fits-starts (Consonance辅韵辅韵)l C V C-time-tide (Reverse Rhyme倒韵倒韵)l C V C-sing-song (Pararhyme头尾韵头尾韵)l C V C-wimp-limp (Full Rhyme韵韵)l Reverse rhyme=repetition of an initial syllabe rather than the final one which is necessary to full rhyme(a
5、s in star and starling).lSound is a strong element in the construction of sensation.Rhymes are part of our childhood experience of language,via songs,nursery rhymes and the chants that accompany plays.As well as full rhyme,though,there are other types of rhymes that can be used where full rhymes may
6、 seem too neat and tidy or childlike.AlliterationlIn poetry and prose,the use,within a line or phrase,of words beginning with the same sound,(also known as head rhyme or initial rhyme),as in Two tired toads trotting to Tewkesbury and Tongue Twisters.It was a common device in Old English literature,a
7、nd its use survives in many traditional phrases,such as dead as a doornail and pretty as a picture.Alliteration in poeml头韵在古英语的诗歌中独领风骚，如英国史诗头韵在古英语的诗歌中独领风骚，如英国史诗“Beowulf”（贝奥武夫（贝奥武夫)、“King Arthur”(亚瑟亚瑟王王)等。随着诗歌中脚韵和其他韵律的发展，头韵等。随着诗歌中脚韵和其他韵律的发展，头韵才降到了较为次要的地位。但头韵仍旧作为一种才降到了较为次要的地位。但头韵仍旧作为一种语音修辞格，频频出现在各类语篇，
8、特别是在英语音修辞格，频频出现在各类语篇，特别是在英语广告语篇中，它不仅赋予语言音韵美和节奏美，语广告语篇中，它不仅赋予语言音韵美和节奏美，同时还渲染和烘托了语篇气氛和感情，加强了语同时还渲染和烘托了语篇气氛和感情，加强了语篇主题的表现力。篇主题的表现力。l Is it a trick or a trysting place,Is it a mirage or miracle,(Philip Larkin.XXVII)Alliteration in advertisementl The Relentless Pursuit of Perfection.(Lexus automobile)l F
9、lexicare keeps you Flexible and Active Always.l Slim，stylish，silver.（扫描仪广告）（扫描仪广告）Big Bucks for Bigger Adsl Unrivalled quality,Unbeatable prices,Unreserved service.l 优良的品质优良的品质 优惠的价格优惠的价格 优质的服务（优质的服务（“三优三优”牌牌家家具具）l 这则广告的英语译文让我想起了牛津大学为再版的这则广告的英语译文让我想起了牛津大学为再版的牛津英语词典所做的广告词牛津英语词典所做的广告词：“There are only
10、two words for itunbeatable and unbelievable.”l Allied Irish Bank:Britains best business bank l Greyhound:Greyhound going great.l Fila:Functional.Fashionable.Formidable.Alliteration in newspaper headlines lTo make headlines catchy and rhythmic,journalists have borrowed alliteration from poetry.The tw
11、o headlines below,from SportingN and the official website of the 2002 Olympics,use alliteration.lCurling stone start sliding Monday Swiss sensation soars to win Alliteration in Proverbsl The proof of the pudding is the eating.欲知布丁味，就得亲口尝。l He who laughs last,laughs longest.谁笑到最后，谁笑得最好。l Time and tid
12、e wait for no man.l Remorse begets reform.l Dont make a mountain out of a molehill.l Great barkers are no biters.l Look before you leap.l Practice makes perfect.l How can I tell what I think till I see what I say?(E.M Forster)(Howards End),散文 Alliteration in speechl people also make use of the pronu
13、nciation features of language to create beauty of rhythm.For instance,the initial consonant sound like d has a implication of great force or weight.As Churchill said in his speech:l I have to declare the decision of His Majestys Governmentand I feel sure it is a decision in which the great Dominions
14、 will in due course concurfor we must speak out now at once,without a days delay.l (Churchill)l In this example,the d in declare,decision,Dominion,day,delay,makes Churchills speech persuasive and powerful.Assonance=vowel rhyme lAssonance is repetition of vowel sounds to create internal rhyming withi
15、n phrases or sentences,and together with alliteration and consonance serves as one of the building blocks of verse.Assonance is more a feature of verse than prose.lHear the mellow wedding bells.Edgar Allan Poe,The Bells lon a proud round cloud in a white high night-e.e.cummings,if a cheerrulest Elep
16、hantangelchild should sit Assonance in proverbslAssonance can also be used in forming proverbs,often a form of short poetry.lAll roads lead to Rome.One mad action is not enough to prove a mad Man.lIn this proverb,the assonance in mad,man reinforces the rhythm of language,catches readers or listeners
17、 attention,and impresses a truth in peoples memory by strong sound.CONSONANCE in poeml He took no suck when shook buds sing togetherBut he is come in cold as workhouse weather(John Short.Carol.)Those who know the least,obey the best.知道内情越多，越不在乎.(George Farquhar)英国剧作家。主要作品有:戏剧爱情与瓶子（love and a bottle）
18、。招兵官(The Recruiting Officer)Pararhymel Term coined by Edmund Blunden to describe a form of near rhyme where the consonants in two different words are exactly the same but the vowels vary.Pararhyme is particularly a feature of the poetry of Wilfred Owen.For example,in Owens unfinished poem Strange Me
19、eting we find lines ending with words such as groaned and groined and hall and Hell.Pararhyme is more commonly known as double consonance.l Pick n Pack(shop name)l Tit for tat is fair play.人不犯我，我不犯人；人若犯我，我必犯人。Pararhyme for literatureLet the boy try along this bayonet-blade(a)How cold the steel is,an
20、d keen with hunger of blood;(a)Blue with all malice,like a madmans flash;(b)And thinly drawn with famishing flesh.(b)l -from Arms and the Boy by Wilfred Owenl The para-rhyme has two effects.l It gives the poem a slightly jarring edge,throwing the reader slightly off balance-it is unexpected.l Also i
21、n this poem,it forms strong links between the blade and the blood,and the madmans flash drawn on the flesh.The connections between the items and the actions are strengthened by this use of the language.Full rhymelPerfect rhyme,also called,full rhyme,exact rhyme,and true rhyme,is when the later part
22、of the word or phrase is identical sounding to another.As the days go by I cannot help but sigh Nursery rhyme lEenie,meanie,minie,mocatch a tiger by his toeif it squeals let him goEenie,meanie,minie,mo.Full-Rhyme in advertisementslNothing Left but Theft.(rhyme between left and theft)lbeanz meanz Hei
23、nz lGo well,go Shell(Shell oil)Full-rhyme in proverbslAn apple a day keeps the doctor away.lA fall into a pit,a gain in your wit.A friend in need is a friend indeed.Better to ask the way than go astray.Birds of a feather flock together.No pains,no gains.Ninety per cent of inspiration is perspiration
24、.lOffense is the best defense.进攻是最好的防御。Rhyme in sloganl A slogan is a form of verbal logo.In a print ad,it usually appears just beneath or beside the brand name or logo.A slogan sums up what one stand for,ones specialty,the benefit,and ones marketing position,and ones commitment.One of the best tech
25、niques for bringing in the brand name is to make the slogan rhyme with it.An ad slogan is better if it reflects the brands personality.By this kind of rhyming,the brand name is highlighted.The ad slogan is thus highly purposed.It can differentiate a slogan from others by the brand name and the speci
26、al rhyming which is the identity of the slogan.l Haig Scotch:Dont be vague.Ask for Haig.l Quavers:The flavour of a Quaver is never known to waver.l Viakal:Its the Viakal fizz that does the bizz!l Jaguar:Grace,space,pace.Full rhyme in Sloganl Better dead than Red an anti-Communist slogan.l God made A
27、dam and Eve,not Adam and Steve-anti-gay slogan used by Christians who oppose homosexuality on religious grounds.l Doctors need to be preserved,not reserved.-slogan used by medical students,doctors,and lawyers in India when they protested in New Delhi against the raised quotas for lower-caste student
28、s medical colleges from 22.5 to 49.5%Sound pattern in poemsFootMeterSonnetHeroic coupletsBlank verseFoot （音步）音步是詩行中按一定規律出現的輕音節和重音節的不同組合成的韻律最小單位。liambic -rising binary.ltrochaic -falling binary.lanapaestic -rising ternary.ldactylic -falling ternary.lAnd by the number of feet in the line.ldimeter =2 t
29、rimeter =3 tetrameter =4 lpentameter =5 hexameter =6 1.抑扬格音步抑扬格音步(iambic foot,iambus)l一輕讀音節後跟一個重讀音節即構成抑揚格。它是英語本身最基本的節奏單位，也是英詩的最重要、最常用的音步。隨便說一句話，其基本音步就是抑揚格，如Its time the chil dren went to bed.這句話有四個抑揚格音步。Well learna poem by Keats,有三個抑揚格音步。一些著名英詩體都是抑揚格，如民遙體，十四行詩，雙韻體，哀歌等。2.揚抑格音步揚抑格音步(trochaic foot,troc
30、hee）由一個重讀音節後跟一個輕讀音節構成。lNever,happy,heartless,topsy-turvylWilliamMorris taught him English.lDouble,double,toil and trouble,Fire burns and cauldron bubble.-Shakespeare(1564-1616)不惮劳苦不惮烦，釜中沸沫已成烂。-莎士比亚l這種音步是十六世紀以後才出現的;後是主要在無六韻體和其他詩體中與抑揚格配合使用，使全詩韻律有所變化，表現動作的突然性，或起強調作用。在句首的揚抑格常使讀者感到突然與駭異，有振聾發聵的效果。如丁尼先生的鷹詩
31、，絕大多數音步是抑揚格，而第2行和第3行的兩個揚抑格短語“Close to”和“Ringed with”更顯得十分故出，強調了鷹居高臨下的雄偉姿態。lThe Eagle（A Fragment）by TennysonHe clasps the crag with crooked hands;Close to the sun in lonely lands,Ringed with the azure world,he stands.The wrinkled sea beneath him crawls:He watches from his mountain walls,And like a th
32、underbolt he falls.抑抑揚格抑抑揚格(anapaestic foot,anapaest)，由兩個輕音節後跟一個重音節組成。lWe will go.lIve been working in China for forty years.l Song for the Ludditesl As the Liberty lads oer the seaBought their freedom,and cheaply with blood,So we,boys,weWill die fighting,or live gree,And down with all kings but Kin
33、g Ludd!When the web that we weave is complete,And the shuttle exchanged for the sword,We will fling the winding sheetOer the despot at our feet,And dye it deep in the gore he has pourd.Though black as his heart its hue,Since his veins are corrupted to mud,Yet this is the dewWhich the tree shall rene
34、wOf Liberty,planted by Ludd!l-George Gordon Byron(1788-1824)l 盧德派之歌盧德派之歌 海外的自由的兒郎買到了自由-用鮮血我們，不自由便陣亡!除了我們的盧德王，把一切國王都消滅!等我們把布匹織出，梭子換成了利劍，就要把這塊屍布擲向腳下的獨夫，用他的腥血來染遍!他腥血和心一樣黑，血管腐爛如泥土把血水拿來當露水，澆灌盧德所栽培-我們的自由之樹!l 拜倫於1816年僑居意大利期間寫成這篇戰鬥檄文，抒發了詩人對人對自由的嚮往和對工人鬥爭的敬意。從原文上劃分的音步可以看出，這首詩以抑抑揚格為主體。這種音步朗讀時，語調有明顯的起伏。有兩個輕讀音節在
35、先，使後面的重音節自然得到強調，彷彿是一種澎湃起伏哀怨憤怒之聲，與這首詩的主題相輔承。揚抑抑揚抑抑(dactylic foot,dactyl)，由一個重音節後跟兩個輕讀音節組成。這種音步令語氣聽來像命令像宣言，多用在格言、警句、諺語中。lYesterday,happily,thoroughly,merrilyThe gathering Of The People A Storm Song l Gather ye silently,Even as the snowHeapeth the avalanche:Gather ye so!Gather ye so.In the wide glare o
36、f day,Sternly and tranquilly;Melt not a way!Flake by flake gather;Bind ye the wholeFirmly tog ether-One from and one soul!Are ye all gatherd?Welded in one?Hark to the thunder-shout!Now roll ye on!-William James Linton(1812-1899)l 暴暴風風雨之歌雨之歌悄悄集悄悄集結結吧，吧，就像那雪花，就像那雪花，積積一一場場雪崩雪崩就就這麼這麼集集結結吧！吧！就就這麼這麼集集結結吧，
37、吧，光天化日下，光天化日下，堅決堅決而沉著，而沉著，可不要融化！可不要融化！一片又一片，一片又一片，整整個團結緊個團結緊，成一成一個個形形體體，有一有一個靈個靈魂！魂！全都已全都已經經集集齊齊？結結成了整成了整體體？且且聽聽雷雷聲聲吼，吼，奮奮勇勇滾滾上去！上去！林頓是憲章派著名詩人，林頓是憲章派著名詩人，18381838年起積極參年起積極參加憲章派活動。例如是他的一首著名政加憲章派活動。例如是他的一首著名政治鼓動詩，譜成了曲在憲章派的集會上治鼓動詩，譜成了曲在憲章派的集會上唱。其中多數詩行的第一音步是揚抑抑唱。其中多數詩行的第一音步是揚抑抑格，像是在發號召，表決心，激發工人格，像是在發號召，
38、表決心，激發工人的鬥志，使人民團結起來。形成雷霆萬的鬥志，使人民團結起來。形成雷霆萬鈞之力。這種音步增強了詩句的說服力鈞之力。這種音步增強了詩句的說服力和感染力。揚抑抑格正適合說理性強的和感染力。揚抑抑格正適合說理性強的詩。詩。揚揚格揚揚格(Spondaic foot,spondee)，由連續兩個重音節組而成，表現沉重、緩慢、困難的動作或情緒也用於表現感情的突然變化或強調語氣。此音步也主要與其他音步合用，甚少有以揚揚格為主的詩 lThree men,red crossMore haste,less speed.l 亞歷山大，蒲伯的批評論中有兩行詩很能說明連續讀音節的表演力When Ajax s
39、trives some rocks vast weight to throw,The line too labours,the words move slow.當埃阿斯奮力舉起千鈞巨石砸去，詩行也變得沉重，充滿緩慢的字句。蒲伯的批評論是新古典主義的韻體文論著作。Ajax是指希臘神話中的埃阿斯(Ajax the Great)。他驍勇善戰，身材魁梧，力大無比，是特洛伊戰中的英雄。l 不同的內容要用不同的韻律也要變得費力、遲緩。第一行中的揚揚格“vast weight”表現巨石的沈重。第二行的揚揚格的著例。共八個字，九個音節。有六個皇音讀音節，都是實詞，更能表現句中格調的巍峨。這一行共有兩個揚揚格音
40、步。這樣的詩句只能用加重的語氣緩慢朗讀，想快也快不起來，因只有輕讀音節多時才能讀得快。同一首詩中接下來的兩行就是讀得快的例子，那是描寫古羅馬詩人維吉爾的史詩伊尼特(Aeneid)中的女英雄-“飛毛腿”卡米拉(Camilla)。l 為幫助記憶以上幾個主要音步，一首順口溜Iambics march from short long;Trochee trips from long to short.Slow spondee stalks,strong feet,Ever to come up with dactyl trisyllable.Meter meter(American spelling)=
41、metre(British spelling).lA line is metrical when its length(usually,counting in syllables)is controlled,loften with some variation.lIambic pentameter=10 syllables in the line(give or take one).lIn addition to control over length,a metre will usually also control other laspects of the line,most commo
42、nly either the placement of types of syllable(eg.stressed syllables)or the placement of word boundaries.lIambic pentameter=syllables carrying stress tend to be even-numbered.lAnd a metre will also sometimes specify patterns of rhyme or alliteration.l Blank verse=iambic pentameter with no rhyme.无韵诗或白
43、体无韵诗或白体诗诗 l 莎士比亚惯用的诗的形式是莎士比亚惯用的诗的形式是无韵诗无韵诗 l Heroic couplets=iambic pentameter with every pair of lines rhyming.英雄史诗式两行诗（每句有五音步十音节英雄史诗式两行诗（每句有五音步十音节,互相押韵）互相押韵）In prosody,Chaucer mostly used the ten-syllable line in rhymed couplets(later developed into the most fashionable“heroic couplet”of the 18th
44、century).英雄双韵体英雄双韵体”(Heroic Couplet),是是一种英国古典诗体一种英国古典诗体,由乔叟首创。由十音节演化而来由乔叟首创。由十音节演化而来,每行五个每行五个音步音步,每个音步有两个音节每个音步有两个音节,第一个是轻音第一个是轻音,第二个是重音第二个是重音.l Heroic Couplet is a traditional form for English poetry,commonly used for epic and narrative poetry;it refers to poems constructed from a sequence of rhymi
45、ng pairs of iambic pentameter lines.The rhyme is always masculine.Use of the heroic couplet was first pioneered by Geoffrey Chaucer in the Legend of Good Women and the Canterbury Tales.Chaucer is also widely credited with first extensive use of iambic pentameter.From the age of John Dryden through t
46、hat of Samuel Johnson,the heroic couplet was the predominant English measure for all the poetic kinds;some poets,including Alexander Pope,used it almost to the exclusion of other meters.l Free verse=no control over the number of syllables or stressed syllables in the linel 抑揚格一音步 iambic monometer揚抑格
47、二音步 trochaic dimeter抑抑揚格三音音步 anapaestic trimeter抑扬格四音步 iambic tetrameter抑扬格五音步 iambic pentameter抑扬格六音步 iambic hexameterl 上一節的第一首例詩鷹的基本是抑揚格四音步第二首例詩路德派之歌的基本節奏是抑抑揚格三音步第三首例詩人民的集結是揚抑抑格二音步。l 正如音中的2/4，3/4，6/8等節拍適於表現不同的情感和內容，英詩中的不同韻律也有各自的主要用途，如一音步、二音步、三音步的各種韻律多表現幽默諷刺的內容四音步、五音步用於各種抒情詩、敘事詩。五音步的應用範圍最廣，很多固定詩體都是
48、五音步，如無韻體、英雄雙韻體、十四行體、哀歌等都是抑揚格五步音。六音步最著名的用例是作為斯賓塞詩體(Spenserian Stanza)的最後一行。這詩體是以ababbcbc為韻式的九行詩體，上八行都是五音步，也多為抑揚格(iambic pentameter)，只有最後一行為六音步。這最後一行又稱為亞歷山大詩行(Alexandrine)。七音步(heptameter)、八音步(octameter)或更多的音步，在英詩中就罕見了。具體分析一首詩的韻律時，要首先找出佔主導地位的音步。然後統計在大多數詩行中都有多少個這樣的音步。遵循一種總的韻律，然後根據內容和感情的需要不時有所變化，是英詩的主要特徵
49、。美國華盛頓大學教授查爾斯，弗雷博士(Dr.Charles Frey)在南開大學任教期間曾對筆者lhhnudt說“A good poet works against the established meter.”(優秀詩人總是想辦法突破固定的韻律。)此言可謂精辟深刻。Sonnetl There are two main types of sonnet forms in the English literature:one is the Petrarchan,which consists of an octave rhyming abba abba followed by a sestet wh
50、ich combines two or three different rhymes;the other is the Shakespearean,organized into three quatrains and one couplet that follow the pattern abab cdcd efef gg.While Italian is a language rich in perfect rhymes,English poets find it difficult to meet the requirements of the Petrarchan rhyme syste
