1、1-1Manure and Odor Management Systems for Swine OperationsAgricultural Engineer1-2Environmental Impact of Swine Manure1-3Environmental Benefits of Manure N leaching potential soil erosion&runoff soil carbon.crop productivity Replace energy intensive N fertilizer&limited resource P fertilizer20-4 Sum
2、mary of potential manure contaminants of water quality,the associated environmental risk,and most common pathway to water.Potential PollutantEnvironmental risk Most common pathway to waterNitrate-N Ammonia-N Phosphorous-PPathogensOrganic solidsBlue baby syndromeFish kills EutrophicationHuman health
3、riskReduced oxygen level in water body-fish killsLeaching to groundwaterSurface water runoffErosion and surface water runoffSurface water runoffSurface water runoff1.Surface runoff Unsaturated ZoneWater Table地下水位地下水位Sand&Gravel AquiferBedrock2.Leaching to groundwater3.Well casingsPrivateWell1222344.
4、Ammonia deposition55.Macropore flow1-5What are the Pathways by which Manure Contaminates Water?30-6Planning and Evaluation of Manure Storage20-720-8Why Do We Store Manure?To reduce the need for frequent hauling and land spreading To allow land spreading at a time when soil and climatic conditions ar
5、e suitableTo allow nutrient application at or near the crops growing season20-9Manure Storage Types20-10Commonly UsedManure Storage FacilitiesBased primarily on type and consistency of manure Solid Slurry Liquid 30-11系统类型系统类型带圈舍的敞开式牧场舍饲稀释固体物径流处理和储存固体物多于15%粪浆415%固体物厌氧发酵池04%固体物土质储粪池02%固体物农田施肥施肥机植被过滤抽吸
6、灌溉设备真空罐或重型泵槽车去除固体物20-12Under-floor Deep Pit Manure Storage 地下储粪坑地下储粪坑真空抽吸口真空抽吸口20-13Totally Slatted Deep Pit(3 meters deep)Finishing Barn20-14Shallow Gutter Manure Storage18 meters18米米(两端出口两端出口)(一端出口一端出口)Slurry Manure Storage Outside Tanks Usually concrete or glass-lined steel tanks.Manure may be pu
7、mped or flow into tank by gravity.Agitation is necessary.Tanks may be covered for odor control.20-1520-16Slurry Manure Storage Earthen BasinsUsually less costly than tanksCan accommodate some lot runoff Requires soils investigation and seal constructionMowing and berm maintenance required护道区的植被护道区的植
8、被Slurry Manure Storage Earthen Basins(continued)(续续)Some basins are fully or partially lined with concrete.Constructed ramps provide access with loading and hauling equipment.Basins may be emptied with mechanical loading equipment.20-1720-18Advantages of Slurry Manure StorageLess volume(higher solid
9、s content)than lagoons.Adaptable to tank storage,either underfloor or aboveground.Tanks may becovered for odor control.Less nutrient loss than lagoons.Manure may be handled hydraulically.20-19Disadvantages of Slurry Manure StorageMay be higher odor potential than lagoons or solid manure.Gases from p
10、oorly ventilated underfloor pits may affect animals.Toxic or combustible gases can accumulate in enclosed areas.20-20Hauling many loads of manure may be time consuming and labor intensive.Potential for odor and/or runoff if slurry is surface spread without injection or incorporation.Disadvantages of
11、 Slurry Manure Storage(continued)(续续)20-21Liquid Manure Storage LagoonsCommonly used when some treatment needed for handling or reduced odorsContain a permanent treatment volume for bacteriaEarthen structures larger than slurry facilitiesLiquid Manure Storage Lagoons(continued)(续续)Site and soils inv
12、estigation required.Properly constructed seal is necessary to control seepage.Designed on basis of temperature as well as manure volume.Perform better in warmer climates.20-2220-23Liquid Manure Storage Lagoons(continued)(续续)Source of dilution water facilitates prefilling lagoon at startupHelps maint
13、ain treatment volume during periods of dry weatherReduces effects of salt buildup in lagoons20-24Advantages of Liquid Manure Storage LagoonsMay be least cost per unit of storageAbility to store large amounts of manure and/or lot runoff Provides some treatment of manure,reducing odors and degrading s
14、olidsEnables handling of manure with pumping and spreading equipment20-25 Nitrogen lost and retained in various types of manure handling and storage systems.SystemNitrogen Lost,%Nitrogen Retained,%Daily scrape and haulManure pack Under floor pit Aboveground tank Holding pond Anaerobic lagoon 20-3520
15、-4015-3010-3020-4070-8565-8060-8070-8570-9060-8015-3020-26Cost and Economics of Manure Storage FacilitiesCost should be integrated into an economic analysis of the complete manure management system.A complete economic analysis may not support selection of the lowest cost manure storage facility.20-2
16、7 Comparison of costs of different types of manure storage facilities.Storage TypeApproximate Cost$/cubic meter(US)Relative CostNaturally lined earthen basin Clay-lined earthen basin using clay onsiteClay-lined earthen basin using clay from off-farm borrow siteEarthen basin with plastic liner Earthe
17、n basin lined with concrete Aboveground precast concrete tank Circular aboveground concrete tank poured in placeAboveground glass-lined steel tank 9182220223641501.02.02.42.22.44.04.65.620-28Sizing Manure Storages20-29Manure Storage SizeDetermined by volume of manure produced,rainfall,runoff,wash wa
18、ter,and fresh water used for flushing Storage period needed Short Term Mid Term Long Term 1-30Table 8.Manure Characteristics(pigs).Livestock StagesManure prod.kg/yr.Total N kg/kl()NH3-N kg/kl()P2O5 kg/kl()Grow/Fin.(deep pit)1,600 6.0 4.0 5.0Grow/Fin.(wet/dry feeder)1,150 9.0 6.0 6.5Grow/Fin.(earthen
19、 pit)1,600 3.8 2.9 2.630-31Evaluate Total RainfallTotal rainfall for Kunming equals 950 mmOther locations 1900 mm昆明昆明降雨量降雨量(毫米毫米)温度温度()1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12月份 右图中：右图中：柱状代表降雨柱状代表降雨曲线代表温度曲线代表温度1-32Water:source of trouble?The wetter the waste,the more difficult it is to manage.Transport,storage,an
20、d treatment become more expensive.Feces are 30%dry matter.30%Lagoon waste is 1%-2%dry matter.20-33 Typical water usage rates for cleaning swine production areas.Production AreaTypical Water UsageSwine breeding/gestationSwine farrowingSwine nurserySwine grow/finish0.4 liters per head per day3.8 liter
21、s per head per day0.2 liters per head per day0.4 liters per head per day1-34Water waste can be reduced.Design water-independent waste collection system.Place special water nipples or cups under nipples.Use wt-dry or liquid feeders.Fix water leaks and use low-water cleaning methods Prevent rain water
22、 from entering waste stream.Water:source of trouble?(continued)()Livestock and Poultry Environmental Stewardship25-36Natural Systems Vegetative filter strips Overland flow Constructed wetlands25-37Constructed WetlandsTypes include surface flow,subsurface flow,reciprocating,and wetland pond30-38Solid
23、s Separation30-39Solids SeparationGravity or MechanicalReduce organic loading to storage or treatment unitReduce liquid manure volume and N content30-40Solid Separation Flexibility in application Odor reduction Compost or direct applicationValue-added products 30-41Gravity Separation Land and slope
24、requirement many farms have limited space between barns and lagoon/basins Modify plumbing to collect manure from all housesRequires loader to remove solids30-42穿孔管道出口穿孔管道出口孔孔=14英寸英寸水泥沉降池水泥沉降池池高池高12英尺英尺1英寸英寸/英尺的斜坡英尺的斜坡池长池长池宽池宽9号，号，3/4英寸英寸展延金属丝网，展延金属丝网，与墙壁斜度与墙壁斜度18度。度。4英尺可英尺可取下取下30-432-cell concrete s
25、ettling basin2室水泥沉降池室水泥沉降池InletOutletOutlet出口出口出口出口进口进口30-4430-4530-4630-47Is This Manure Handling System Properly Sized?此粪便处理系统的大小合适吗？此粪便处理系统的大小合适吗？30-48Gravity Screen Separation30-49Gravity Screen with Roller Press重力筛重力筛+辊筒压榨辊筒压榨30-50Screw Press Separators入口入口固体物固体物液体出口液体出口筛筛30-51CompostingAerobic
26、 biological process to treat organic wastes C:N and%Moisture Volume,odor and nutrient reduction Land application,soil amendment Marketing and quality control are limiting factors for off-farm use Static Pile w/Forced Aeration30-52SafetySignage and Fencing Toxic Gases When stored manure is agitated H
27、ydrogen Sulfide Provide maximum ventilation 30-53Safety“Do not allow anyone to enter a manure tank without a self-contained breathing apparatus and use the buddy system”.1-54Keeping an Eye on Water QualityTake time to walk your operationMonitor water quality Observe minimum setbacksDevelop a nutrien
28、t management plan30-55All nutrients(not just N),pathogens,andother biologically sensitive materials in manure must be considered to use it in the most economical,environmentally safe manner.30-56Airborne Emissions from Animal Facilities:Big Concern来自饲养设施的气源散发：巨大的担忧来自饲养设施的气源散发：巨大的担忧30-57Air Emission
29、Concerns担忧气源散发担忧气源散发Who 谁在担忧谁在担忧 Communities and neighbors 社区和邻居社区和邻居 Producers 生产者生产者 Government agencies 政府部门政府部门担忧什么担忧什么 Odor臭味臭味 Property value 财产价值财产价值 Health健康健康 Cost成本成本 Other其他其他30-58Health Impacts 对健康的危害对健康的危害Psychological response 生理上的反应生理上的反应 Greater anger,depression,fatigue 愤怒，沮丧和疲劳愤怒，沮丧
30、和疲劳Physiological response 生理反应生理反应 Allergic reactions to dust/bacteria 对尘埃对尘埃/细菌的变态反应细菌的变态反应 Reports of nausea,vomiting,headache 恶心，呕吐和头痛恶心，呕吐和头痛 Health risks are poorly documented.已经证明了对健康造成威胁已经证明了对健康造成威胁30-59Airborne Emission Sources 臭气来源臭气来源2.Storage 储粪池储粪池1.Housing 猪舍猪舍3.Land Application 田间施肥田间施
31、肥40-5930-60Baseline Emission Levels基础散发水平基础散发水平Building emissions,along with emissions from the manure storage,form a baseline emission level for a production site.来自畜舍、粪便储存设施的散来自畜舍、粪便储存设施的散发物，以及来自生产场所的基发物，以及来自生产场所的基础水平散发物。础水平散发物。30-61Anaerobic Conditions Create Most Odor Compounds厌氧条件会产生最多的臭气物质厌氧条件
32、会产生最多的臭气物质ComplexorganicCompounds复杂的有机化合物复杂的有机化合物VolatileodorousCompounds可挥发的臭气化合物可挥发的臭气化合物Odor-producingBacteria产生臭气的细菌产生臭气的细菌30-62Key Points 关关 键键 点点Air quality concerns arise from three sources:buildings,manure storage,and land application.空气质量问题来自三个方面：畜舍，储粪池和粪肥的空气质量问题来自三个方面：畜舍，储粪池和粪肥的田间施用田间施用Emi
33、ssions include dust,odors,and gases.散发物散发物包括灰尘，臭气和各种有毒气体包括灰尘，臭气和各种有毒气体Of the three,odors are the most difficult to quantify.以上以上3种中，臭气最难加以量化。种中，臭气最难加以量化。Odors are gas mixtures at extremely low concentrations 臭气是最小浓度的多种气体的混合物臭气是最小浓度的多种气体的混合物30-63Reducing Odor Generation 减少臭气产生减少臭气产生30-64Dietary Manip
34、ulations to Reduce Odor Generation通过日粮调控减少臭气产生通过日粮调控减少臭气产生Balancing animal performance with reductions in odor generation 在动物生产性能和减少臭气产生之间求得平衡在动物生产性能和减少臭气产生之间求得平衡30-65Strategies for Swine 解决猪场臭气问题的策略解决猪场臭气问题的策略1.Feed low protein diets 饲喂低蛋白日粮饲喂低蛋白日粮2.Phase feeding 分阶段饲喂分阶段饲喂3.Low sulfur diets 降低日粮中硫
35、水平降低日粮中硫水平4.Addition of fermentable carbohydrates 添加可发酵的碳水化合物添加可发酵的碳水化合物30-66Additives 添加剂添加剂Many additives are available to add to pits,lagoons,or animal feed.They work in different ways:现有很多添加剂可以添加到粪坑，发酵池或现有很多添加剂可以添加到粪坑，发酵池或者动物饲料中。它们有多种作用方式：者动物饲料中。它们有多种作用方式：chemical,化学制品化学制品 -disinfectants,消毒剂消毒剂
36、microbial,微生物微生物 -deodorants,除臭剂除臭剂 enzymatic,酶酶 -Adsorbents 吸附剂吸附剂 others.其他其他Some work;some do not.有些添加剂起作用；有些则无用有些添加剂起作用；有些则无用30-67Reducing Odor Generation减少臭气产生减少臭气产生Summary 小结小结Nutritionally,we can control the level of nutrient excretion 从营养学角度说，我们能够控制养分的排泄水平从营养学角度说，我们能够控制养分的排泄水平Must be economi
37、cal for the producer 对于养殖者来说，必须是经济的对于养殖者来说，必须是经济的Additives vary in effectiveness 添加剂的作用效果千差万别添加剂的作用效果千差万别Operations vary in effectiveness of the same additive 同样一种添加剂在不同猪场的效果亦不相同同样一种添加剂在不同猪场的效果亦不相同30-68Reducing Odor Emission from Building Sources减少从畜舍散发的臭气减少从畜舍散发的臭气Manure Storages粪池粪池41-6830-69Two A
38、pproaches to Minimizing Odor Emissions from Buildings 减少畜舍臭气的两种方法减少畜舍臭气的两种方法Minimize the odor generated in the building 将从畜舍产生的臭气降低到最少将从畜舍产生的臭气降低到最少Capture and treat odor as it is emitted from the building(s)将从畜舍产生的臭气将从畜舍产生的臭气加以阻挡和处理加以阻挡和处理30-70What is Biofiltration?何谓生物过滤何谓生物过滤？Biofiltration of Air
39、 空气的生物过滤空气的生物过滤 The use of microorganisms to oxidize volatile organic compounds and oxidizable inorganic gases and vapors.用微生物氧化挥发的有机化合物以及可用微生物氧化挥发的有机化合物以及可被氧化的无机气体和蒸汽被氧化的无机气体和蒸汽30-71Biofilter Configuration 生物滤器的结构生物滤器的结构Exhaust FanMechanically Ventilated BuildingReduced Odor Air Air DuctPit Beneath
40、 Barn Odorous AirMedia SupportAir Plenum BiofilterMediaDust Impactor机械通风的猪舍机械通风的猪舍臭味空气臭味空气猪舍地下粪池猪舍地下粪池排风扇排风扇灰尘冲击器灰尘冲击器臭气减少了的空气臭气减少了的空气生物滤材生物滤材滤材支撑滤材支撑压力气体压力气体气体管道气体管道30-72Gestation Farrowing Biofilters妊娠妊娠-分娩舍的生物滤器分娩舍的生物滤器Biofilters生物滤器生物滤器30-73ODOR REDUCTION SWINE臭气减少臭气减少-猪猪050010001500200025003000
41、Dec-97Apr-98Aug-98Dec-98Apr-99Aug-99Dec-99Apr-00Aug-00DateOdor UnitsInlet into biofilterExhaust from biofilter臭臭气气单单位位生物过滤器入口处气体生物过滤器入口处气体从生物过滤器排出的气体从生物过滤器排出的气体日期97年12月98-4月98年8月98年12月99年4月99年8月99年12月00-4月00-8月30-74Placing Media on Pallets在草垫上放置生物滤材在草垫上放置生物滤材30-75Farrowing Biofilter分娩舍的生物滤器分娩舍的生物滤器3
42、0-76Synthetic Covers 人造覆盖物人造覆盖物Rigid(wooden or concrete)or flexible(plastic)covers hold gases and odors inside tank.坚硬的（木制或者水泥坚硬的（木制或者水泥）或柔软的（塑料）覆）或柔软的（塑料）覆盖物防止粪池中气体和盖物防止粪池中气体和臭气挥发出来臭气挥发出来Most flexible covers float on the liquid surface.大多数柔软的覆盖物漂大多数柔软的覆盖物漂浮在液体表面浮在液体表面30-77Bio or Straw Covers生物或者稻草盖
43、子生物或者稻草盖子Blowing straw on earthen storage将碎秸杆吹入土质粪池将碎秸杆吹入土质粪池 Thin biocover on storage after 1 week一周后在粪池表面加一周后在粪池表面加上薄层生物覆盖上薄层生物覆盖30-78Swine Facility with Two-Stage Lagoon 猪场：两阶段发酵池猪场：两阶段发酵池30-79Factors Affecting Odor Release and Dispersion影响臭气释放和传播的因素影响臭气释放和传播的因素3.Source concentration 气体浓度气体浓度2.Ar
44、ea 面积面积1.Wind speed 风速风速1.Temperature 温度温度2.Wind speed 风速风速3.Topography 地形地形30-80Landscaping Improves Appearance and Hides Storage.绿化美化粪池表面并将其掩盖绿化美化粪池表面并将其掩盖Perception is Reality!感觉就是现实感觉就是现实！30-81Liquid/Solid Separation液体液体/固体分离固体分离30-82Settling Basin 沉淀池沉淀池30-83Anaerobic Treatment 厌氧处理厌氧处理Anaerobi
45、c treatment takes place in the absence of oxygen;the most common type is the anaerobic lagoon.厌氧处理在厌氧处理在无氧环境下进行；最常见的类型是建立厌氧发酵池。无氧环境下进行；最常见的类型是建立厌氧发酵池。Anaerobic digesters are similar but provide more intense treatment.厌氧消化器与此类似，但有更强的处理能力厌氧消化器与此类似，但有更强的处理能力Digesters are heated and the manure is thicke
46、r than lagoons.消化器可被加热，粪便比发酵池中的更为浓稠消化器可被加热，粪便比发酵池中的更为浓稠 Gas production potential is greater for anaerobic than for aerobic systems.厌氧环境下产生的气体多于有氧系统下厌氧环境下产生的气体多于有氧系统下产生的气体。产生的气体。An overloaded condition can cause intense odors and gases.超载的结果会产生强烈烈的臭气和气体超载的结果会产生强烈烈的臭气和气体30-84Odor Summary臭气总结臭气总结Odor c
47、an be measured 臭气可以测量臭气可以测量Technologies exist to reduce odor 已有可减少臭气产生的技术已有可减少臭气产生的技术Being a Good Neighbor is important for Community Relations 在社区内，做一个好邻居很重要在社区内，做一个好邻居很重要Odor movement can be modeled 臭气的移动可以被定型臭气的移动可以被定型30-85This material is based upon work supported by the Cooperative State Resear
48、ch,Education,and Extension Service,U.S.Department of Agriculture;the U.S.Environmental Protection Agency,the National Agriculture Assistance Center;and the University of Nebraska Cooperative Extension,University of Nebraska-Lincoln,under Cooperative Agreement Number 97-EXCA-3-0642.97-EXCA-3-0642Fund
49、ing30-86Thank you 1-874C0z)w&s!pYmUjRfOcL9H6E3B+y(u%r#oWlTiQeNbJ8G5D1A-x*t$qYnVkSgPdMaI7F3C0z)v&s!pXmUjRfOcK9H6E2B+y(u%rZoWlThQeNbJ8G4D1A-w*t$qYnVjSgPdLaI7F3C0y)v&s#pXmUiRfNcK9H5E2B+x(u$rZoWkThQeMbJ7G4D1z-w*t!qYnVjSgOdLaI6F3C0y)v%s#pXlUiRfNG4D1A-w*t$qYnVjSgPdLaI7F3C0y)v&s#pXmUiRfNcK9H5E2B+x(u%rZoWkT
50、hQeMbJ8G4D1z-w*t!qYnVjSgOdLaI6F3C0y)v%s#pXlUiRfNcK8H5E2A+x(u$rZnWkThPeMbJ7G4C1z-w&t!qYmVjRgOdL9I6F3B0y)v%s#oXlUiQfNcK8H5D2A+x*u$rZnWkShPeMaJ7G4C1z)w&t!pYmVjRgOcL9I6E3B0y(v%r#oXlTiQfNbK8G5D2A-x*u$qZnWkShPdMaJ7F4C1z)w&s!pYmUjRgOcL9H6E3B+y(v%r#oWlTiQeNbK8G5D1A-x*t$qZnVkSgPdMaI7F4C0z)v&s!pXmUjRfOcL9H6E2
