1、Introduction to Penetrating TraumaPhysics of Penetrating TraumaSpecific Tissue/Organ InjuriesSpecial Concerns with Penetrating Trauma38,000 Deaths in US annually due to shootings.Mechanisms of penetrating trauma Knives,Arrows,Nails,etcUnderstanding principles of energy exchange increase the Index of
2、 Suspicion associated with the MOIRecall Kinetic Energy Equation Greater the mass the greater the energy Double mass=double KE Greater the speed the greater the energy Double speed=4x increase KE2)()(2speedVelocityweightMassKE(continued)Small&Fast bullet can cause greater damage than large and slow.
3、Different bullets of different weights traveling at different speeds cause Low Energy/Low Velocity Knives and arrows Medium Energy/Medium Velocity Weapons Handguns,shotguns,low-powered rifles 250-400 mps High Energy/High Velocity Assault Rifles 600-1,000 mps(continued)Bullet spins as it travels down
4、 barrel Rifling in barrel Allows bullet to travel straight with slight yaw Bullet departs barrel,spinning with a slight wobble or yaw Weapon forced backward and absorbs energy Recoil(continued)Remainder of energy propels bullet forward at a high rate of speed.Trajectory is curved due to gravity As b
5、ullet strikes object,it slows and energy is transferred to object.Law of Conservation of Energy Study of the characteristics of projectiles in motion and effects upon objects impacted Factors affecting energy exchange between a projectile and body tissue Velocity Profile Stability Expansion&Fragment
6、ation Secondary Impacts Shape Drag:wind resistance Cavitation:formation of a partial vacuum and cavity within a semi-fluid medium Profile:Size and shape of a projectile as it contacts a target Larger the profile=greater energy exchange Expansion and fragmentation results in damage Stability Allows f
7、or straighter trajectory Decreases after striking object results in tumblingVelocity Causes Trajectory Faster=straighter trajectory Slower=more curved due to gravityProfile Portion of bullet you see as it travels towards you Larger profile=greater energy exchange Caliber Diameter of a bullet(ID of g
8、un)0.22 caliber=0.22 inches Bullets become unstable as they pass from one medium to another.Stability Bullet length increases bullet tumbling Can reduce the accuracy of the shot Reduced by Rifling in barrel(spinning)Yaw Gyroscopic effect on the center axis of the bullet that reduces tumbling Tumblin
9、g of bullet once it strikes object Reduces kinetic energy Greater tissue damageExpansion&Fragmentation Results in increased profile Mushrooming Initial impact forces may result in fragmenting Greater tissue damageSecondary Impacts Bullet striking other objects can cause yaw and tumble Body Armor(Kev
10、lar)Transmits energy throughout entire vest resulting in blunt trauma Myocardial Contusion Pulmonary Contusion Rib FracturesShape Handgun Ammunition=Blunt=Tumble Rifle Ammunition=Pointed=Piercing Handguns Small caliber,short barrel,medium-velocity Effective at close range Severity of injury based up
11、on organs damaged Rifle High-velocity,longer barrel,large caliber Increased accuracy at far distances Assault Rifles Large magazine,semi-or full-automatic Similar injury to hunting rifles Multiple woundsShotgun Slug or pellets at medium velocity 00(1/3”)to#9(pin head sized)Larger the load,the smalle
12、r the number of projectiles Deadly at close rangeKnives&Arrows Low-energy&low-velocity Damage related to depth and angle of attack Movement of the victim can increase damageProjectile Injury Process Tip impacts tissue Tissue pushed forward and to the side Tissue collides with adjacent tissue Shock w
13、ave of pressure forward and lateral Moves perpendicular to bullet path Rapid compression,crushes and tears tissue Cavity forms behind bullet pulling in debris with suction.Direct Injury Damage done as the projectile strikes tissue Pressure Shock Wave Human tissue is semi-fluid Solid and dense organs
14、 are damaged greatly Temporary Cavity Due to cavitation Permanent Cavity Due to seriously damaged tissue Zone of Injury Area that extends beyond the area of permanent injury Objects Knives,Ice-picks,Arrows Flying objects or debris Injury limited to tissue impacted Object pathway Object twisting or m
15、oved Oblique angle Attacker Characteristics Males:outward and crosswise Females:overhand and downward Density of tissue affects the efficiency of energy transmission Resiliency Strength and elasticity of an object Connective Tissue Absorbs energy and limits tissue damage Organs Solid Organs Dense an
16、d low resilience Hollow Organs Fluid filled:transmit energy=increased damage Air filled:absorbs energy=less damageLungs Air in lung absorbs energy Parenchyma is compressed and rebounds Pneumothorax or hemothorax can resultBone Resists displacement until it shatters Alters projectile path Extremities
17、 Injury limited to resiliency of tissue 60-80%of injuries with 10%mortality Abdomen(Includes Pelvis)Highly susceptible to injury and hemorrhage Bowel perforation:12-24 hrs peritoneal irritation Thorax Rib impact results in explosive energy Heart&great vessels have extensive damage due to lack of flu
18、id compression Any large chest wound compromises breathingNeck Damages Trachea and Blood Vessels Neurological problems Sucking neck woundHead Cavitational energy trapped inside skull Serious bleeding and lethal Entrance Wounds Size of bullet profile for non-deforming bullets Deforming projectiles ma
19、y cause large wounds Close Range Powder Burns(Tattooing of powder)1-2 mm circle of discoloration Localized subcutaneous emphysema Exit Wounds Appears to be“Blown”outward Pressure waveScene Size-Up Law-Enforcement DO NOT ENTER UNTIL SCENE IS SAFE!Weapons:Victim or Assailant Assailants IF A CRIME SCEN
20、E DOCUMENT DO NOT DISTURB EVIDENCE RETAIN CLOTHING,ETC LIMIT PERSONNEL INVOLVEMENTPenetrating Wound Assessment Internal Organ Injury Potential Entrance&Exit WoundsPROVIDE RAPID TRANSPORT FOR ANY GSW TO HEAD,CHEST,OR ABDOMEN.TREAT AGGRESIVELY FOR SHOCK!Penetrating Wound Care Facial Wounds Difficult i
21、ntubations Depress chest Pass ET through bubbling tissue Consider LMA and Combitube Consider Cricothyreotomy&Cricothyreostomy Chest Wounds Pneumothorax 2/3”the diameter of the trachea or larger to entrain air 3-sided occlusive dressing Needle Decompress Pericardial TamponadeImpaled Objects Low-energy Dangerous to remove DO NOT REMOVE UNLESS In Cheek Interferes with CPR:ASSESS!
