1、初中英语语法初中英语语法第十二章第十二章（1）动词不定式不定式不定式【思考】什么是【思考】什么是不定式不定式？不定式是一种无人称和数的限制,在句中起名词、形容词或副词作用的非谓语动词形式。它有两种形式两种形式：一种是带to的不定式；一种是不带to的不定式。不定式不能作句子的谓语,但它具有动词的一些特征,如可以跟宾语、可以有状语修饰等。不定式的特征不定式的特征1.1.及物动词的不定式形式可以有自己的宾语及物动词的不定式形式可以有自己的宾语I like I like to read detective storiesto read detective stories.我喜欢读侦探小说。我喜欢读侦探
2、小说。2.2.可以被状语修饰可以被状语修饰He asked me He asked me to sayto say my name my name aloudaloud.他让我大声说出我的名字。他让我大声说出我的名字。不定式的特征不定式的特征3.3.没有人称和数的变化没有人称和数的变化不定式没有人称和数的变化不定式没有人称和数的变化,即不受主语的人称和单复数的限定或影响。即不受主语的人称和单复数的限定或影响。She liked She liked to playto play the piano when she was young.the piano when she was young.她
3、在小时候就喜欢弹钢琴她在小时候就喜欢弹钢琴.We want We want to read to read the book.the book.我们想读这本书。我们想读这本书。不定式的特征不定式的特征4.4.其否定形式是在不定式符号其否定形式是在不定式符号 to to 前面加前面加 not notThe teacher has told me many times The teacher has told me many times not to comenot to come late again.late again.老师多次告诉我不要再迟到。老师多次告诉我不要再迟到。5.5.可用可用 f
4、or/of sb.for/of sb.表明它的逻辑主语表明它的逻辑主语Its important Its important for us for us to work hard.to work hard.对我们来说对我们来说,努力工作很重要。努力工作很重要。Its very nice Its very nice ofof youyou to help me with English.to help me with English.你帮助我学英语真是太好了你帮助我学英语真是太好了不定式的句法功能不定式的句法功能1.1.作作 主主 语语不定式在句中作主语不定式在句中作主语,相当于名词或代词所起的
5、作用。不定式作主语往往用形式主相当于名词或代词所起的作用。不定式作主语往往用形式主语语itit代替代替,然后将不定式置于句尾。然后将不定式置于句尾。To learn an art is very hard.To learn an art is very hard.It is very hard It is very hard to learnto learn an art.an art.学习一门艺术很难。学习一门艺术很难。ToTo master a foreign language calls for a great deal of memory work.master a foreign l
6、anguage calls for a great deal of memory work.It calls for a great deal of memory work to master a foreign languageIt calls for a great deal of memory work to master a foreign language掌握一门外语需要大量的记忆工作。掌握一门外语需要大量的记忆工作。不定式的句法功能不定式的句法功能特别提示特别提示常用常用itit代替不定式作形式主语的句式代替不定式作形式主语的句式It+bIt+be e动词动词+形容词形容词+不定式
7、不定式.Its hard to sayIts hard to say which one is better.which one is better.很难说哪一个更好些。很难说哪一个更好些。Its not necessary to get upIts not necessary to get up so carly.so carly.没有必要起那么早。没有必要起那么早。It+be It+be 动词动词+名词名词+不定式不定式.It was great fun to haveIt was great fun to have a picnic there.a picnic there.在那里野餐很
8、有意思。在那里野餐很有意思。ItIt is a great pleasuare to work is a great pleasuare to work with you.with you.和你一起工作非常偷快。和你一起工作非常偷快。不定式的句法功能不定式的句法功能2.2.作表语作表语不定式作表语不定式作表语,表示主语的职业、职责或性质等。表示主语的职业、职责或性质等。Our duty is Our duty is to helpto help the children to grow better.the children to grow better.我们的职责就是帮助孩子们更好地成长。我
9、们的职责就是帮助孩子们更好地成长。He seemed He seemed to knowto know everything about this matter.everything about this matter.他似乎了解这件事的一切。他似乎了解这件事的一切。不定式的句法功能不定式的句法功能3.3.作宾语作宾语不定式可在某些动词后作宾语不定式可在某些动词后作宾语,但一般不直接作介词的宾语但一般不直接作介词的宾语,若在介词后作宾语通若在介词后作宾语通常用常用“疑问词疑问词+不定式不定式”结构。宾语后有补足语时结构。宾语后有补足语时,常用常用itit作形式宾语而将不定式作形式宾语而将不定式
10、后置。后置。I really like I really like to watchto watch football matches.football matches.我非常喜欢看足球赛。我非常喜欢看足球赛。I am interested in I am interested in what to do but not how to dowhat to do but not how to do it.it.我对做什么感兴趣我对做什么感兴趣,而而对如何做并不感兴趣。对如何做并不感兴趣。We found it difficultWe found it difficult to learn to
11、learn French well.French well.我们发现学好法语很难。我们发现学好法语很难。不定式的句法功能不定式的句法功能常用必备常用必备常用不定式作宾语的动词常用不定式作宾语的动词ask ask 要求要求 wish wish 想要想要 dare dare 敢敢 offer offer 愿意愿意 arrange arrange 安排安排 learn learn 学会学会 want want 想要想要 decide decide 决定决定 help help 帮助帮助 hope hope 希望希望 plan plan 打算打算 refuse refuse 拒绝拒绝agree agr
12、ee 赞成赞成 pretend pretend 假装假装 long long 渴望渴望 promise promise 答应答应expect expect 预计预计 manage manage 设法做成设法做成 afford afford 承担得起承担得起 prepare prepare 准备准备不定式的句法功能不定式的句法功能4.4.作补足语作补足语有的动词需要用带有的动词需要用带toto的不定式作宾语补足语的不定式作宾语补足语,有的动词则需要用不带有的动词则需要用不带 to to的不的不作宾语补足语。作宾语补足语。.I told Jeff.I told Jeff to jointo joi
13、n the club.the club.我告诉杰夫加人俱乐部。我告诉杰夫加人俱乐部。These pictures made me These pictures made me thinkthink of my childhood.of my childhood.这些照片使我想起了我的童这些照片使我想起了我的童年。年。不定式的句法功能不定式的句法功能高频考点高频考点不定式作补足语在非谓语动词考查中经常涉及不定式作补足语在非谓语动词考查中经常涉及,解题的关键在于哪些动词后可以跟解题的关键在于哪些动词后可以跟不定式作宾语补足语不定式作宾语补足语,这要认真归纳并牢记这要认真归纳并牢记The polic
14、eman told the children_The policeman told the children_in the river.Its too dangerous!in the river.Its too dangerous!A.to not swim B.not to swim C.not swim D.not swimming A.to not swim B.not to swim C.not swim D.not swimming【答案】【答案】B B 不定式的句法功能不定式的句法功能5.5.作定语作定语不定式作定语不定式作定语,须放在被修饰词的后面。须放在被修饰词的后面。（1
15、1）不定式和它所修饰的词之间是动宾关系。不定式和它所修饰的词之间是动宾关系。Have you got Have you got anything to doanything to do this evening?this evening?今晚你有什么事要做吗今晚你有什么事要做吗?(2)(2)被修饰词是不定式的逻辑主语。被修饰词是不定式的逻辑主语。The nextThe next person to speak person to speak was a foreigner.was a foreigner.下一个要发言的人是个外国人。下一个要发言的人是个外国人。不定式的句法功能不定式的句法功能特
16、别提示特别提示如果不定式是不及物动词如果不定式是不及物动词,作定语时其后应有必要的介词。作定语时其后应有必要的介词。a pen to write a pen to write withwith 一支用来书写的钢笔一支用来书写的钢笔 a child to look a child to look afterafter 一个需要照顾的孩子一个需要照顾的孩子如果不定式修饰的名词是如果不定式修饰的名词是 time time、placeplace、wayway等等,不定式的动词后的介词习惯上省略。不定式的动词后的介词习惯上省略。We are looking for a We are looking fo
17、r a place to lie(in)place to lie(in)，我们在找能躺下的地方。，我们在找能躺下的地方。This is the best This is the best way to make friends(with)way to make friends(with)，这就是交朋友的最好方法。，这就是交朋友的最好方法。不定式的句法功能不定式的句法功能6.6.作状语作状语不定式作状语往往表示目的、结果、原因或条件等。不定式作状语往往表示目的、结果、原因或条件等。(1)(1)目的状语目的状语作目的状语的不定式可置于句首作目的状语的不定式可置于句首,也可置于句末也可置于句末;可与
18、可与 in order to do in order to do 相互替换。相互替换。He came here He came here to borrowto borrow my bike.my bike.他到这里来借我的自行车。他到这里来借我的自行车。ToTo catchcatch up with others,he works hard day and night.up with others,he works hard day and night.为了能赶上其他人为了能赶上其他人,他日夜辛苦地工作。他日夜辛苦地工作。He got up very early(in order)He go
19、t up very early(in order)to catchto catch the first bus.the first bus.为了赶上第一班公为了赶上第一班公共汽车共汽车,他很早就起床了。他很早就起床了。不定式的句法功能不定式的句法功能6.6.作状语作状语不定式作状语往往表示目的、结果、原因或条件等。不定式作状语往往表示目的、结果、原因或条件等。(2)(2)结果状语结果状语不定式作结果状语时常侧重出乎意料的情况不定式作结果状语时常侧重出乎意料的情况,还见于还见于too.to.too.to.、enough to.enough to.用法中。用法中。He woke up and lo
20、oked out of the window He woke up and looked out of the window to findto find the world outside the world outside greatly changed.greatly changed.他醒了他醒了,向窗外看了看向窗外看了看,发现外面的世界发生了很大变化。发现外面的世界发生了很大变化。He was too ill He was too ill to travelto travel.他病得太重以至于不能出行。他病得太重以至于不能出行。The room is large enough The
21、room is large enough to taketo take a third bed.a third bed.这个房间足够大这个房间足够大,可以再放一可以再放一张床。张床。不定式的句法功能不定式的句法功能6.6.作状语作状语不定式作状语往往表示目的、结果、原因或条件等。不定式作状语往往表示目的、结果、原因或条件等。(3)(3)原因状语。原因状语。不定式作原因状语时往往跟在表示不定式作原因状语时往往跟在表示“高兴、愉快、生气、荣耀、遗憾高兴、愉快、生气、荣耀、遗憾”等情感形容等情感形容词之后词之后,说明产生这种情感的原因。说明产生这种情感的原因。Im pleasedIm pleased
22、 to be invited to be invited to talk here.to talk here.我很高兴受邀在这里讲话。我很高兴受邀在这里讲话。Im sorry Im sorry to have troubledto have troubled you so much.you so much.我很抱歉给你添了这么多麻烦。我很抱歉给你添了这么多麻烦。不定式的句法功能不定式的句法功能高频考点高频考点不定式作状语主要考查的是不定式作目的状语的用法。不定式作状语主要考查的是不定式作目的状语的用法。Dont worry.We will meet next Monday Dont worry
23、.We will meet next Monday _the project again.the project again.A.discuss B.discussed C.discussing D.to discuss A.discuss B.discussed C.discussing D.to discuss【答案】【答案】D D不定式的句法功能不定式的句法功能高频考点高频考点During the 16th century.Europe saw rich developments in scienee.During the 16th century.Europe saw rich dev
24、elopments in scienee.medicine and the arts.People had toinvent words_ new ideas.medicine and the arts.People had toinvent words_ new ideas.A.to express B.expresses C.express A.to express B.expresses C.express【答案】【答案】A A不定式的逻辑主语不定式的逻辑主语不定式的逻辑主语有时是句子中某个名词或代词不定式的逻辑主语有时是句子中某个名词或代词,有时用有时用 for/of sb.for/o
25、f sb.表明表明,带有带有 for/of sb.for/of sb.形式的逻辑主语的不定式被称为不定式的复合结构。形式的逻辑主语的不定式被称为不定式的复合结构。Its necessaryIts necessary for us to get for us to get timely help around.timely help around.得到周围人及时的帮助对于我们来说是很有必要的。得到周围人及时的帮助对于我们来说是很有必要的。Its kind Its kind of you to helpof you to help us.us.你能帮助我们真是太好了。你能帮助我们真是太好了。Tha
26、ts Thats for you to decidefor you to decide.那个由你决定。那个由你决定。Its time Its time for people to protectfor people to protect all the living things in the sea.all the living things in the sea.到了人们保护所有海洋生物的时候了。到了人们保护所有海洋生物的时候了。不定式的逻辑主语不定式的逻辑主语特别提示特别提示 当形容词表示客观情况当形容词表示客观情况,描述不定式的特征、性质时描述不定式的特征、性质时,常用常用 for f
27、or 引出不定式的逻引出不定式的逻辑主语。此类形容词常用的有辑主语。此类形容词常用的有easy(easy(简单的简单的)、difficult(difficult(困难的困难的)、important(important(重重要的要的)、necessary(necessary(必要的必要的)、possible(possible(可能的可能的)等。等。当形容词表示主观情感或态度当形容词表示主观情感或态度,描述主语的性质、特征时描述主语的性质、特征时,常用常用ofof引出不定式的逻引出不定式的逻辑主语。此类形容词常用的有辑主语。此类形容词常用的有kind/nice/good(kind/nice/goo
28、d(好的好的)、polite(polite(有礼貌的有礼貌的)、rude(rude(粗鲁的粗鲁的)、patient(patient(有耐心的有耐心的)、careful(careful(细心的细心的 careless(careless(粗心的粗心的)、wise(wise(明智的明智的)、clever(clever(聪明的聪明的)等。等。与疑问词连用的不定式与疑问词连用的不定式这种结构在句中相当于名词的作用这种结构在句中相当于名词的作用,常在句中作主常在句中作主语、宾语、表语等。语、宾语、表语等。How to getHow to get the information is a big probl
29、em.the information is a big problem.如何获取信息是一个大问题。如何获取信息是一个大问题。(作主语作主语)I I hardly know hardly know what to saywhat to say before you.before you.在你面前在你面前,我几乎不知道该说什么。我几乎不知道该说什么。(作宾语作宾语)The problem is The problem is which to choosewhich to choose.问题是选哪个。问题是选哪个。(作表语作表语)不带不带toto的不定式的不定式1.1.有些动词后作宾语补足语的不定式
30、不带符号有些动词后作宾语补足语的不定式不带符号 to to，这类动词有，这类动词有 see see、hearhear、watchwatch、noticenotice、feelfeel、makemake、havehave、letlet等等Isaw him Isaw him leaveleave a few minutes ago.a few minutes ago.我看见他几分钟前离开了。我看见他几分钟前离开了。She felt his armsShe felt his arms go go around her.around her.她感到他搂住了自己。她感到他搂住了自己。Will you p
31、lease have Tom Will you please have Tom come come over this weekend?over this weekend?这个周末你能让汤姆来吗这个周末你能让汤姆来吗?不带不带toto的不定式的不定式2.2.常用的含不带常用的含不带 to to 的不定式的结构的不定式的结构had better do sth.had better do sth.最好做某事最好做某事 cannot but do sth.cannot but do sth.不得不做某事不得不做某事do nothing but do sth.do nothing but do sth
32、.只好做某事只好做某事have nothing to do but do sth.have nothing to do but do sth.只能做某事只能做某事cant/couldnt help but do sth.cant/couldnt help but do sth.不得不做某事不得不做某事不带不带toto的不定式的不定式高频考点高频考点不带不带 to to的不定式的考查以使役动词、感官动词后作补足语居多。例如的不定式的考查以使役动词、感官动词后作补足语居多。例如 let sb.do let sb.do sth.“sth.“让某人做某事让某人做某事”、see sb.do sth.“s
33、ee sb.do sth.“看见某人傲某事看见某人傲某事”、hear sb.do hear sb.do sth.“sth.“听见某人做某事听见某人做某事”等。等。The socialistThe socialist newnew countryside(countryside(社会主义新农村社会主义新农村)makes farmers_ their)makes farmers_ their living conditionsliving conditionsA.to improve B.improve C.improving A.to improve B.improve C.improving【
34、答案】【答案】B B不带不带toto的不定式的不定式高频考点高频考点-Lets_ to the movies!-Lets_ to the movies!-Im sorry.I must _ my homework first.Im sorry.I must _ my homework first.A.going;do B.go;doing C.go;do D.going;doing A.going;do B.go;doing C.go;do D.going;doing【答答案】案】C CEvery morningEvery morning，Tim often sees some groups
35、of middle-aged women _ in the Tim often sees some groups of middle-aged women _ in the square.square.A.danceA.dance B.to danceB.to dance C.dances D.danced C.dances D.danced【答案答案】A A省略动词只保留省略动词只保留toto的不定式的不定式为了避免与前面已出现的动词重复为了避免与前面已出现的动词重复,通常可以省略不定式中的动词通常可以省略不定式中的动词,只保留不定式符只保留不定式符号号 to to。I shall go i
36、f you wish me I shall go if you wish me toto.如果你想让我去如果你想让我去,我就去。我就去。Why didnt you come at six?You were told Why didnt you come at six?You were told toto.你六点的时候怎么不到你六点的时候怎么不到?告诉你要那时来的。告诉你要那时来的。.-Will you join us in a walk?.-Will you join us in a walk?你和我们一块儿散步好吗你和我们一块儿散步好吗?-Ill be glad-Ill be glad to to.我很乐意。我很乐意。thanksTHANK YOU WATCHING THIS ONE
