1、中考英语专题讲解 专题3 阅读理解 问题问题1：中考阅读理解考什么？中考阅读理解考什么？【题型分析】【题型分析】题型方面，设题角度灵活多样，有主旨大意题、细节理解题、推理判断题、词义猜测题等。阅读理解主要考查学生根据所提供的材料综合运用所学的语言知识，从中获取文字信息的能力。题材方面，涉及社会科学、地理、历史、文化、环境保护等领域，A篇文章一般为应用文（广告、海报），B篇文章一般为科普说明文，要求考生对世界文化背景及时事有一定程度的了解。能力方面，重点考查学生的词汇量、阅读速度、理解能力、逻辑思维及推理能力、归纳总结能力等。问题问题2：阅读理解如何解题？阅读理解如何解题？一、解题技巧 平时解题
2、时，一定要有“题型分类”思想，因为不同的题型有不同的特征，不同的题型特征又对应着不同的解题技巧。根据题型的特征，阅读理解题型可分为：（1）细节理解题（2）主旨大意题（3）词义猜测题（4）推理判断题 题型一：细节理解题 在阅读理解题目中,有一大半是考查细节和事实的题目。这类题目相对容易一些。【问】什么是细节理解题？细节题主要考查考生对文章中阐述主题的细节与具体事实的把握能力。内容涉及询问事实、原因、结果、目的等。细节理解题常见的提问形式：(1)特殊疑问词提问类型 When can you go to.?Where can.?How many ways can.We can learn from
3、the last paragraph that _.You may.because.(2)True or NOT true 是非判断类型Which of the following is NOT mentioned in the passage?Which of the following is TRUE?Which of the following is NOT true?Which of the following is true EXCEPT_细节理解题的标志：when,where,why,how,which,because,TRUE/true,EXCEPT/except【问】如何判断一
4、道题是否是细节理解题？【问】细节理解题有什么特征？细节理解题有两个共同特点:1.细节理解题的题干和原文有词重合2.正确答案大都可以在阅读材料中找到对应的文字部分作为验证3.正确答案常见特征为:等价替换。等价替换的常见类型：（1）同一单词不同词性等价 behave=behavior move=movement dark=darkness safety=safe （2）不同单词同意等价form=way make a law=present a law dark=not bright（3）句式意思等价She is the writer of Healthy Eating and Fresh Food
5、 Matters=She wrote two books about eating and food The red light wavelengths is the longest among red,yellow,and blue.=The wavelengths of red light are longer than those of blue light.【结论】要想拿高分，单词量不能少！【问】如何解细节理解题？解题技巧：划-定-比1、划：划出题干关键词2、定：原文中定位关键词所在句3、比：对比原文关键词所在上下句和选项划：划出题干关键词【问】什么是关键词？定位关键词的选择原则：（1
6、）大写字母（2）数字 （3）名词（常见标志：a/an/the/many/much/some+n、n(s)）（4）动词（常见标志：ing/ed/to/s）注意：关键词数量一般2-4个最佳，以防1个词无法定位。【例】划出下列题干的关键词：It is not easy for birds to catch locusts because_.定：定位原文中定位关键词所在句【定位技巧1】题文同序原则题目出现的顺序与答案在文中出现的顺序一致。如，第1题答案常常在第1-2段，第2题答案在第1题后【定位技巧2】根据常考出题点(1)中心句(段首句，段尾句)(2)转折关系：however，but，yet(3)因果
7、关系：because，so(4)举例关系:for example，such as，like(5)敏感词(唯一性信息):最高级;序数词;only(6)特殊符号:、“”、：、（）、(7)特殊标记：加粗，斜体，划线、中文 比：对比原文关键词所在上下句和选项正确选项特征：（1）原文复现（一模一样）（2）同义替换（同义词替换）（3）信息整合（总结归纳）（4）语气委婉（may,might），无绝对化词汇（must，only，never，none，all）【例【例1】Locusts are super delicious food for birds,but it is not always an easy
8、 job for birds to catch them.It is neither because locusts are good jumpers or runners nor because they are smarter than their enemies.The reason is that the colors of locusts change with the colors of crops(庄稼).When crops are young,locusts look green.But when autumn comes,locusts change to the yell
9、ow and brown color as crops do.()1.It is not easy for birds to catch locusts because_.A.locusts are good runners B.locusts can jump very high C.locusts are smarter than birds D.locusts can change their colorD 【例【例2】Many places in China are polluted by e-waste.Guiyu in Guangdong province is one of th
10、em.This town is named as”the e-waste capital of the world”.It has to deal with 1.5mllion kilograms of e-waste each year,from which it makes 75 million years.But it comes at a cost.Many of the poison in e-waste find their way into the environment.Plastic is burned outdoors and chemical water is poure
11、d into rivers,Greenpeace,an environmental group,has found the air,the earth and the rivers in Guiyu badly polluted.()2.The town of Guiyu in Guangdong Province_.A.is the e-capital of the world B.has serious e-waste pollution C.deals with e-waste safely D.speeds much money on e-waste B 【例【例3】Other for
12、ms can also carry different messages.For example,a sign at the bus stop gives passengers on which bus to take.The flag language made by soldiers can pass different orders.Sound from the school bell tells the students and teachers when to begin or end a class.A photographer can use the photos he has
13、taken to tell others about what he thinks of the world around him.Music and films also convey the feelings and ideas of the musicians and the directors.So next time when you see a piece of art or listen to some music,take it as communication with its creator and try to get the meaning behind it.()3.
14、Through a photo we may know_.A.which bus can be taken B.what the orders mean for soldiersC.how the photographer sees the worldD.when the students should have a classC 【例【例4】People might think that with such low temperatures for most of the year,the ice would be thick and hard.However,this is not tru
15、e in the Arctic.The movement of the ocean water under the ice may often cause many different changes on the surface.Sometimes the ice breaks into two opening lanes of water called“leads”.Anyone who falls into a lead can be frozen to death in a few minutes.()4.The reason for the ice to break into two
16、 opening lanes of water is .A.That the temperature suddenly drops B.that the water under the ice is frozen C.That the ocean water under the ice moves D.that the surface is covered with lots of ice C 【例【例5】Theres much to see under the sea,but you need to remember that light behaves differently in wat
17、er than in air.The objects appear closer to you than they exactly are.You might find yourself reaching out to touch something and completely missing it.()5.You miss the object underwater when you want to touch it because_.A.your eyesight is quite poorB.you are not quick enoughC.it is not as close as
18、 it seemsD.it disappears very quicklyC 【例【例6】Sensing First of all,your robot would have to be able to sense the environment around it.Give your robot sensors(传感器)：light sensors(eyes),touch sensors(hands),chemical sensors(nose),hearing sensors(ears)and taste sensors(tongue).Movement A robot needs to
19、be able to move around its environment.It can move on wheels,walk on legs or be driven by small engines(发动机).A robot can move either the whole body or just parts of it.()6.The chemical sensors may help a robot to _.A.SeeB.catchC.hearD.smell D 题型二：主旨大意题【问】什么是主旨大意题？主旨大意题主要是测试考生对一篇文章或一段文字的深层理解程度以及在速读 中
20、准确把握文章主旨大意的能力。主旨大意题的测试内容主要侧重“概括文章大意”和“确定文章的最佳标题”。【问】如何判断一道题是否是主旨大意题？主旨大意题 常见的提问形式：(1)The best title of this passage is.(2)What is the main purpose of the passage?(3)What is the passage mainly about?(4)Whats the main idea/topic of the passage?【提示】判断主旨大意题的关键词：【提示】判断主旨大意题的关键词：mian idea,title,purpose,ma
21、inlymian idea,title,purpose,mainly【问】如何解主旨大意题？抓关键词、关键句抓关键词、关键句（1）首段首句）首段首句+各段首句各段首句+尾段尾句尾段尾句（2）疑问句）疑问句（3）转折句（）转折句（but,however,yet）（4）特殊字眼：研究发现（特殊字眼：研究发现（report/research/study+find/show）（5）中文提示词中文提示词【问】主旨大意题的答案有哪些特点？正确选项的特点正确选项的特点:（1）不含细节信息和表绝对意义的词（2）中心词多为抽象名词 （problem,history,way,difference,importan
22、ce,experience等）（3）能概括文章全部内容 干扰选项的特点干扰选项的特点:（1）细节性的描述（2）范围扩大 【例【例7】In nature,you may see many insects(昆虫）and animals of different colors.Have you ever wondered why?Locusts are super delicious food for birds,but it is not always an easy job for birds to catch them.Brown bears,tigers and other animals
23、move quietly through forests.Have you ever noticed some even stranger acts?.()7.What is the main idea of this passage?A.Some insects and animals have different skills.B.Some insects and animals are clever than we think.C.Some insects and animals use colors to protect themselves.D.Some insects and an
24、imals can get used to the environment easily.C 【例【例8】It is reported that some developed countries have shipped broken parts of computes to China.Things like these are called electronic waste,or e-waste.Dealing with is not an easy job because dangerous poison like mercury(汞)and lead(铅)can be found in
25、 them.Many places in China are polluted by e-waste.The Chinese government wants the country to develop,but in a way that doesnt do harm to the environment and peoples life.Hopefully,the problem with e-waste will be solved in near future.()8.The passage is mainly about_.A.the way in deal with e-waste
26、 B.the cost of burning e-waste C.the e-waste problem in China D.the need to pass a law against e-wasteC 【例【例9】When people talk to each other,write letters or make phone calls,words of the spoken form of the written form can send any message they want to pass on.But besides words,do you know any othe
27、r ways you can use to communicate with people?Rich expressions on your face can be one of them.Other forms can also carry different messages.()9.The best title for the passage may be_.A.Spoken and Written Languages B.Forms of CommunicationC.Facial Expressions and Gestures D.Suggestions on Communicat
28、ion B 【例【例10】Theres much to see under the sea,but you need to remember that light behaves differently in water than in air.The objects appear closer to you than they exactly are.Objects under water will appear larger than they would on the surface,too.Whats more,in deeper water,colors just dont seem
29、 as bright.Swimmers wear wet suits to keep warm underwater.And you have to wait for your return to the surface to enjoy the bright colors again!()10.The best title of this passage is_.A.The Standard of Color Underwater B.The Direction of Light UnderwaterC.The Brightness of Color UnderwaterD.The Beha
30、vior of Light UnderwaterD 【例【例11】In our daily life,robots are often found to do work that is too dangerous,boring,difficult,or dirty.And we often see kids play with toy robots.But what exactly is a robot?There are some important characteristics(特征)that a robot must have.Sensing.Movement.Energy.Intel
31、ligence.()11.What is the main purpose of the passage?A.To help people understand what a robot is.B.To tell what a robot can do in our life.C.To describe the movement of a robot.D.To introduce the history of robots.A 题型三：词义猜测题【问】什么是主旨大意题？猜测词义题是指在阅读过程中根据对语篇的信息、逻辑、背景知识及语言结构等的综合理解去猜测或推断某一生词、难词、关键词的意义。【问
32、】如何判断一道题是否是词义猜测题？词义猜测题常见的提问形式：1.What does the underlined word“”mean?2.The underlined word“.”can be replaced by _.3.The underlined word“”probably means _.4.By saying“”,the writer means _.5.The word“”in the passage probably means _.【提示】判断主旨大意题的关键词：【提示】判断主旨大意题的关键词：mean,meaning,underlined mean,meaning,u
33、nderlined【问】如何解主旨大意题？基本原则：忠于原文返回原文，找出该词出现的地方，答案经常隐藏在该词汇出现的地方 猜测词义的方法主要有:【方法1】定义或解释说明【方法2】举例说明【方法3】同义词、近义词、反义词【方法4】逻辑关系提示 【例【例12】However,insects with colors different from plants can easily be found and eaten by others.So in order to survive,they have to hide themselves in the daytime and appear only
34、 at night.()12.Whats the meaning of the underlined word”survive”in the passage?A.繁殖 B.产卵 C.觅食 D.生存D 【例【例13】And there was a strange thing connected with its use:it became a symbol of honor and power(权力).In the Far East in ancient times,the umbrella was allowed to be used only by those in high office
35、or by royal people such as the kings or queens.()13.The underlined word“royal”might mean _ in Chinese.A.皇室的 B.富裕的 C.中产的 D.平民的A 【例【例14】Intelligence A robot needs some kind of smarts.A programmer is the person who gives the robot its smarts.The robot will have to have a certain way to receive the prog
36、ram so that it knows what it is to do.()14.The Chinese meaning of Intelligence in the last paragraph is _.A.能源B.勤奋C.智能D.外观C 题型四：推理判断题【问】什么是推理判断题？推理判断题，着重考查根据文章内容推断出文章的出处和读者等。【问】如何判断一道题是否是词义猜测题？推理判断题常见的提问形式：1.This passages is probably from .（文章来源题）2.We can probably see the passage in _.（文章来源题）3.This
37、passage is mainly written for _.（文章读者题）4.This library guide is for_.（文章读者题）【提示】判断推理判断题的关键词：【提示】判断推理判断题的关键词：can,could,might,may,probably1.常考文章来源book review 书评 school report 科学报告 magazine 杂志 travel guide 旅游导游website 网站 advertisement 广告novel 小说 poster 海报notice 通知 letter 书信 newspaper 报纸 instruction 说明书2
38、.常考文章读者相关单词teacher 教师 parent 父母child 孩子 student 学生visitor 参观者 worker 工作人员police 警察 teenager 青少年【解题策略】1.文章读者题结合有关背景知识或常识来进行分析与判断 报纸刊登事实报道、招聘广告、杂志期刊一般刊登健康、体育娱乐等指导信息书评刊登书籍信息及感受。科学报告一般涉及地理、科技发明、考古、物理理论、生活现象2.文章出处题结合有关身份信息来进行分析与判断 your teachers you=studentsyour parents you=kids/childrenyour kids you=pare
39、nts【例【例15】This will offer you some information about our school library.You can use this guide to help your kids use our library.Service hours:.Borrowing.Returning:.Damaged(受损的）or Lost Books.()15.This library guide is for_.A.teachers from Wildwood B.workers in Wildwood School Library .C.visitors to
40、Wildwood School D.parents of the Wildwood School studentsD【例【例16】People often think of the North Pole and the South Pole as similar frozen(冰凉）wastelands.They are both places with very cold temperatures and few people live there.However,the North and South Poles are not much alike as people may imagi
41、ne.The North Pole has no land,only thick ice.Temperatures seldom go above 32 F,at which water turns into ice.Most of the time,it stays below zero.In winter temperatures are usually as low as-30 F.()16.This passages is probably from .A.a book review B.a science book C.a school report D.a computer mag
42、azineB【例【例17】Bullying（欺凌）can happen to anyone.A great many children around the world are bullied every year,but there are things that can be done to help.What can we do?If someone is not kind to you,tell an adult that you know and like.For example,talk to a parent or a teacher.Talk to your parents o
43、r teacher or an adult if you see bullying or if you are worried about a friend.()17.This passage is mainly written for _.A.TeachersB.parentsC.childD.the policeC【例【例18】It is necessary for students to learn some team skills like developing relationships,communicating well with others and solving probl
44、ems.Here are two fun team activities.Activity 1:Water Relay(接力赛接力赛)Activity 2:Truth and Lie()18.This passage is most probably from _.A.a science bookB.a travel guideC.a news websiteD.a school magazineD 【综合训练】【综合训练】In our daily life,robots are often found to do work that is too dangerous,boring,diffi
45、cult,or dirty.And we often see kids play with toy robots.But what exactly is a robot?There are some important characteristics(特征 )that a robot must have.These characteristics might help you to decide what is and what is not a robot.It will also help you to decide what you will need to build into a m
46、achine before it can be considered as a robot.A robot has these important characteristics.SensingFirst of all,your robot would have to be able to sense the environment around it.Give your robot sensors(传感器 ):light sensors(eyes ),touch sensors(hands ),chemical sensors(nose ),hearing sensors(ears )and
47、 taste sensors(tongue ).MovementA robot needs to be able to move around its environment.It can move on wheels,walk on legs or be driven by small engines(发动机 ).A robot can move either the whole body or just parts of it.EnergyA robot needs to be able to power itself.Some robots might power itself with
48、 sunlight,some might with electricity,while others with the battery(电池 ).The way your robot gets its energy will depend on what your robot needs to do.Intelligence A robot needs some kind of“smarts”.A programmer is the person who gives the robot its“smarts”.The robot will have to have a certain way
49、to receive the program so that it knows what it is to do.()1.The underlined word“it”in Paragraph 2 is about .A.the toy B.the characteristic C.the machineD.the engine()2.The chemical sensors may help a robot to .A.see B.catch C.hear D.smell()3.In how many ways can a robot power itself according to th
50、e passage?A.Two.B.Three.C.Four.D.Five.()4.The Chinese meaning of“Intelligence”in the last paragraph is _ A.能源 B.勤奋 C.智能 D.外观()5.What is the main purpose of the passage?A.To help people understand what a robot is.B.To tell what a robot can do in our life.C.To describe the movement of a robot.D.To int
