1、 动词的时态：动词的时态：时态是一种语言的手段，因语言的不同而有区别。英时态是一种语言的手段，因语言的不同而有区别。英语时态以动词形式变化表示句中谈到的语时态以动词形式变化表示句中谈到的动作、状态动作、状态的时间关系和说话的时间的时间关系和说话的时间。体体时时一般一般进行进行完成完成完成进行完成进行现在现在dodoam/is/are am/is/are +doing+doinghave/has have/has +done+donehave/has have/has +been+been doingdoing过去过去diddidwere/was were/was +doing+doinghad
2、 donehad donehad been had been+doing+doing将来将来will/shall will/shall+do+dowill/shall be will/shall be +doing+doingwill/shall will/shall have+donehave+donewill/shall will/shall have been+have been+doingdoing过去将来过去将来would/would/should+doshould+dowould/would/should be+should be+doingdoingwould/shoulwoul
3、d/should have+d have+donedonewould/shoulwould/should have been d have been+doing+doing 一般现在时的用法一般现在时的用法表示表示经常性经常性或或习惯性习惯性的动作或的动作或存在存在的状态，常与表示的状态，常与表示频度频度的时间状语连用。的时间状语连用。everyevery,sometimes,often,usually,on Sunday,sometimes,often,usually,on Sunday I I leaveleave home for school at 7 home for school
4、at 7 every morningevery morning.He He is is alone.alone.2)2)客观真理，客观存在，科学事实。客观真理，客观存在，科学事实。The earth The earth movesmoves around the sun.around the sun.注意：此用法如果出现在宾语从句中，即使主句是过去注意：此用法如果出现在宾语从句中，即使主句是过去时，从句谓语也要用一般现在时。时，从句谓语也要用一般现在时。例如：例如：Columbus Columbus provedproved that the earth that the earth is i
5、s round.round.3)3)表示格言或警句中。表示格言或警句中。Pride Pride goesgoes before a fall.before a fall.骄者必败。骄者必败。4)4)表现在的状态、能力、性格、个性。表现在的状态、能力、性格、个性。I I dontdont want so much.want so much.。Ann Ann writeswrites good English but good English but does notdoes not speakspeak well.well.I I likelike singing.singing.He He b
6、elievesbelieves he can achieve his goal one day.he can achieve his goal one day.5)5)用在以（用在以（if,unless,before,as soon as,when,once,the more-the more)引导的引导的时间和条件状语从句时间和条件状语从句中表中表将来将来 I Ill participate in the game if it ll participate in the game if it doesndoesnt raint rain.I Ill let him know as soon
7、as he ll let him know as soon as he comescomes.The more he studies hard,the more progress he will make.有时为了强调动作的完成，有些动词也可用现在完成时。有时为了强调动作的完成，有些动词也可用现在完成时。Don Dont get off the bus until it t get off the bus until it has stoppedhas stopped.When you When you have finishedhave finished your homework,you
8、can play your homework,you can play for a while.for a while.6)根据时刻表的安排将要根据时刻表的安排将要发生的事件，日程一般不可变更，发生的事件，日程一般不可变更，语气比较肯定，常用的动词有：语气比较肯定，常用的动词有：arrive,leave,come,go,open,close,return,start,begin,end,stop等。The trains arrives at 18:40.The shop opens at 8 a.m and closes at 11.pm.7)以以 here 或或 there 开头的句子，说明
9、正在发生的动作，开头的句子，说明正在发生的动作，谓语动词不用现在进行时，而用一般现在时。谓语动词不用现在进行时，而用一般现在时。Get it ready.Here comes a bus.Look!There flies a kite in the sky.8)Make sure,see to it that，be sure,take care,make certain,后接从句，常用一般现在时代替将来时。Make sure all the windows are closed before you leave.Be sure you finish it today.See to it tha
10、t the door is locked before you go out.一般过去时的用法一般过去时的用法 1 1）在）在确定的过去时间确定的过去时间里所发生的动作或存在的里所发生的动作或存在的状态。时间状语有：状态。时间状语有：yesterday,last week,an hour ago,yesterday,last week,an hour ago,the other day,in 1982 the other day,in 1982 I I stayedstayed up last night,for I up last night,for I hadhad a lot of a
11、lot of homework to do.homework to do.Where Where diddid you you gogo just now?just now?2 2）表示）表示在过去一段时间内在过去一段时间内，经常性经常性或或习惯性习惯性的动作。的动作。When I When I waswas a child,I often a child,I often playedplayed football in the street.football in the street.Whenever the Browns Whenever the Browns wentwent duri
12、ng their visit,they during their visit,they were givenwere given a warm welcome.a warm welcome.3 3）有时过去的时间隐含在情景里）有时过去的时间隐含在情景里 I hardly I hardly recognizedrecognized you,Marry.you,Marry.I didn I didnt know you were coming.t know you were coming.Why Why didndidnt t you think of that?you think of that
13、?I I didndidnt t notice it.notice it.I I forgotforgot to tell you that I had been with my brother before.to tell you that I had been with my brother before.I I didndidnt recognizet recognize him.him.4)用于代替过去完成时：由于after,before,until等连接已说明了复合句中两个动词所表示动作的先后，可以用一般过去时代替。例如：After he(had)finished reading t
14、he newspaper,he handed it to me.I didnt understand the problem until he(had)explained it.4)4)用在一些句型里：用在一些句型里：It is time you It is time you wentwent to bed.to bed.I wish I I wish I werewere a bird.a bird.Id rather you Id rather you camecame tomorrow.tomorrow.4)4)用在一些句型里：用在一些句型里：It is time you It is t
15、ime you wentwent to bed.to bed.I wish I I wish I werewere a bird.a bird.Id rather you Id rather you camecame tomorrow.tomorrow.比较：比较：一般过去时表示的动作或状态都已成为过一般过去时表示的动作或状态都已成为过去，去，现已不复存在现已不复存在。Mrs.Darby Mrs.Darby livedlived in Kentucky for seven years.in Kentucky for seven years.Mrs.Darby Mrs.Darby has liv
16、edhas lived in Kentucky for seven in Kentucky for seven years.years.(含义：达比太太已不再住在肯塔基州。含义：达比太太已不再住在肯塔基州。)(含义：现在还住在肯塔基州，有可能指刚离去含义：现在还住在肯塔基州，有可能指刚离去)一般将来时一般将来时1)1)表示未来的动作或状态，常用表示未来的动作或状态，常用will/shall+will/shall+动词动词 时间状语有：时间状语有：tomorrowtomorrow，next weeknext week 等等。I Ill ll gogo to your city tomorrow.
17、to your city tomorrow.2)2)be doingbe doing，表，表计划的将来计划的将来，但语气不及一般现在时肯定，但语气不及一般现在时肯定，安排可以变更，常用动词有：安排可以变更，常用动词有：go,come,leave,arrivego,come,leave,arrive等等。He He is leavingis leaving for America on business next month.for America on business next month.3)3)be going to dobe going to do，表示将来。，表示将来。a.a.主语的
18、打算、意图主语的打算、意图，即将做某事。，即将做某事。What What areare you you going to dogoing to do tomorrow?tomorrow?b.b.表示表示“预测预测”，说明有迹象，说明有迹象要发生的事要发生的事 Look at the dark clouds,there Look at the dark clouds,there is going to beis going to be a storm.a storm.4)4)be to dobe to do表将来，表将来，按计划或正式安排按计划或正式安排将发生将发生的事，或表示的事，或表示要求、
19、命令要求、命令做某事做某事,在在if if引导的条引导的条件从句中，表示一种件从句中，表示一种愿望愿望。We We are to discussare to discuss the report next Saturday.the report next Saturday.You You are to finishare to finish the work by Friday.the work by Friday.If you If you are toare to succeed,you must work hard.succeed,you must work hard.5)5)be ab
20、out to dobe about to do，意为，意为马上做某事马上做某事。He He is about tois about to leaveleave for Beijing.for Beijing.注意：注意：be about to be about to 不能与不能与tomorrow,next tomorrow,next week week 等表示明确将来时的时间状语连用。等表示明确将来时的时间状语连用。2.be going to/will2.be going to/will的区别：的区别：用于条件句时，用于条件句时，be going tobe going to表将来表将来 wil
21、l will表意愿表意愿If you If you are going toare going to makemake a journey,youd better get a journey,youd better get ready for it as soon as possible.ready for it as soon as possible.Now if you Now if you will take offwill take off your clothes,we will fit the your clothes,we will fit the new clothes on
22、you in front of the mirror.new clothes on you in front of the mirror.3.be to3.be to和和be going to be going to be to be to 表示表示客观客观安排或受人指示而做某事。安排或受人指示而做某事。be going to be going to 表示表示主观主观的打算或计划。的打算或计划。I am to play football tomorrow afternoon.I am to play football tomorrow afternoon.(客观安排客观安排)I Im goin
23、g to play football tomorrow afternoon.m going to play football tomorrow afternoon.(主观安排主观安排)现在进行时现在进行时 现在进行时的基本用法：现在进行时的基本用法：a.a.表示表示现阶段现阶段或或目前正进行目前正进行的动作。的动作。We We are waitingare waiting for you.for you.Mr.Green Mr.Green is writingis writing another novel this month.another novel this month.(说话时并未在
24、写，只处于写作的状态。说话时并未在写，只处于写作的状态。)b.b.表示渐变的动词有：表示渐变的动词有：get,grow,become,turn,get,grow,become,turn,run,go,beginrun,go,begin等等。The leaves The leaves are turningare turning red.red.ItIts s gettinggetting warmer and warmer.warmer and warmer.c.c.与与always,constantly,foreveralways,constantly,forever 等词连用，表示等词连用
25、，表示反复发生的动作或持续存在的状态，反复发生的动作或持续存在的状态，往往带有往往带有说说话人的主观色彩话人的主观色彩。You You areare always always changingchanging your mind.your mind.典型例题：I dont really work here;I _out untilthe new sectary arrives.just help B.will just helpam just helping D.just helped 从第一句可知，我并不是真的在这里工作，由此判断我只是临时在帮忙一直到新秘书到来为止。所以它表示现阶段正在进
26、行的动作。故C为正确答案。过去进行时表示过去进行时表示过去某一时刻过去某一时刻或或某时段某时段正在进行正在进行的动作。这一特定的时间可用时的动作。这一特定的时间可用时间状语连用。如：间状语连用。如：at that time;at 8 at that time;at 8 o oclock last night;this time yesterday;clock last night;this time yesterday;whenwhen也也可用上下暗示可用上下暗示。I I was havingwas having breakfast at 7:30 this breakfast at 7:30
27、 this morning.morning.They They were havingwere having a discussion the whole a discussion the whole morning yesterday.morning yesterday.典型例题：-“Sorry to have interrupt you,please go on.Sorry to have interrupt you,please go on.”-Where was I?-Where was I?-“You _you didnYou _you didnt like your fathert
28、 like your fathers s job.job.”A.had said B.said A.had said B.said C.were saying D.had been saying C.were saying D.had been saying 注意：注意：与与always,constantly always,constantly 等频度副词连用表达在过去一个临时等频度副词连用表达在过去一个临时的的时间段内反复进行的事情或表达某种感情色彩时间段内反复进行的事情或表达某种感情色彩。例如：During the period of recent terrorist activities
29、,people _ not to touch any unattended bag (09 上海）A had always been warned B.were always being warned C.are always warning D.always warnedC CB 过去将来时过去将来时：表示：表示过去某一时刻以过去某一时刻以后将发生后将发生的动作和状态，常用在宾语的动作和状态，常用在宾语从句中。如：从句中。如：Yesterday we decided that we Yesterday we decided that we should goshould go to Shan
30、ghai next week.to Shanghai next week.She said she She said she would waitwould wait for me at for me at the school gate.the school gate.现在完成时现在完成时 构成：构成：have(has)+have(has)+过去分词过去分词。现在完成时常与一些时间状语连用现在完成时常与一些时间状语连用,如：如：already;yet;by this time;just;ever;already;yet;by this time;just;ever;never;now;bef
31、ore;recently;latelynever;now;before;recently;lately ;-;-timestimes等。等。1)1)表示动作表示动作发生在过去发生在过去，但，但对现在有影响对现在有影响。如：。如：I I havehave just just comecome back from America.back from America.He He hashas alreadyalready postedposted my letter.my letter.2)2)表示动作或状态自表示动作或状态自过去某一时间开始过去某一时间开始，持续持续到现在到现在，常，常与与sinc
32、esince，for,so far,up till now,for,so far,up till now,in/during/for the past(last)few years,in/during/for the past(last)few years,等连用。等连用。如：如：He He has beenhas been ill ill sincesince last month.last month.Her father Her father has beenhas been dead dead forfor ten years.ten years.注意：含有瞬间意义的动词如注意：含有瞬
33、间意义的动词如join,die,join,die,leave,receive,buy arriveleave,receive,buy arrive等，不能与表示一段时等，不能与表示一段时间的状语连用，间的状语连用，例如：例如：He has joined the Army for 5 years (He has joined the Army for 5 years ()He He has been inhas been in the Army for 5 years.(the Army for 5 years.()It It is/has beenis/has been 5 years 5 y
34、ears sincesince he joined the Army.(he joined the Army.()I have received his letter for a month.I have received his letter for a month.（）I have I haven nt t received his letter received his letter forfor almost a month.almost a month.（）注意：非延续性动词的否定形式可以与表示延续时间注意：非延续性动词的否定形式可以与表示延续时间的状语连用。即动作不发生的状态是可以
35、持续的。的状语连用。即动作不发生的状态是可以持续的。用于现在完成时的句型用于现在完成时的句型 1 1）It is the first/second timeIt is the first/second time.the only-that.the only-that结构中结构中的从句部分，用现在完成时。的从句部分，用现在完成时。It It is is the first time that I the first time that I have visitedhave visited the city.the city.It It waswas the third time that the
36、 boy the third time that the boy had beenhad been late.late.It is the only detective novel that I have ever read.It is the only detective novel that I have ever read.2 2）This is theThis is the that that结构，结构，that that 从句要用现在完成时从句要用现在完成时.This is the This is the bestbest film that film that Ive(ever)s
37、eenIve(ever)seen.这是我看过的最好的电影。这是我看过的最好的电影。This is the This is the firstfirst time(that)time(that)Ive heardIve heard him sing.him sing.这是我第一次听他唱歌。这是我第一次听他唱歌。过去完成时过去完成时 构成构成:had+:had+过去分词过去分词 1)1)表示动作或状态发生在过去某一时刻或动作之表示动作或状态发生在过去某一时刻或动作之前，即前，即“过去的过去过去的过去”。在过去不同时间发生的。在过去不同时间发生的两个动作中，两个动作中，发生在先，用过去完成时发生在先
38、，用过去完成时；发生在发生在后，用一般过去时后，用一般过去时。When the police arrived,the thieves When the police arrived,the thieves had runhad run away.away.The train The train had lefthad left before I got to the station.before I got to the station.2)2)表示意向的动词，如表示意向的动词，如hope,wish,expect,think,hope,wish,expect,think,intend,mean
39、,supposeintend,mean,suppose等，用过去完成时表示等，用过去完成时表示 原原本本，未能，未能“We We had hopedhad hoped that you would come,but you that you would come,but you didnt.didnt.3)3)过去完成时的时间状语过去完成时的时间状语before,by the end of,before,by the end of,by the time,until,whenby the time,until,when。He said that he He said that he had l
40、earnedhad learned some English some English before.before.By the time he was twelve,Edison By the time he was twelve,Edison had beganhad began to make a living by himself.to make a living by himself.注意：注意：no sooner no sooner than;hardly-when than;hardly-when刚刚 就就 No sooner No sooner had hehad he bou
41、ght the car than he sold it bought the car than he sold it Hardly Hardly had hehad he arrived at the station when the arrived at the station when the telephone rang.telephone rang.现在完成进行时现在完成进行时：表示从过去的某：表示从过去的某一时刻始，一直延续到现在的动作。一时刻始，一直延续到现在的动作。强调强调延续过程延续过程。如：。如：He He has been workinghas been working a
42、t the school at the school for 30 years.for 30 years.他一直在这个学校工作他一直在这个学校工作了三十年。了三十年。过去进行时与一般过去时的比较过去进行时与一般过去时的比较 过去进行时表示过去正在进行的动作，而一般过去时表示一过去进行时表示过去正在进行的动作，而一般过去时表示一个已经完成的动作。个已经完成的动作。He was writing a book last year.(He was writing a book last year.(表示此书可能尚未写成）表示此书可能尚未写成）He wrote a book last year He w
43、rote a book last year。.(.(表示此书已经写完）表示此书已经写完）比较过去时与现在完成时比较过去时与现在完成时1 1）过去时过去时表示过去某时发生的动作或单纯叙述过去的事情，表示过去某时发生的动作或单纯叙述过去的事情，强强调过去动作已完成调过去动作已完成；现在完成时现在完成时为过去发生的，强调过去的为过去发生的，强调过去的事情对现在的影响，事情对现在的影响，强调的是影响强调的是影响。2 2）过去时常与）过去时常与具体的时间状语具体的时间状语连用，而现在完成时通常与连用，而现在完成时通常与模模糊的时间状语糊的时间状语连用，或连用，或无时间状语无时间状语。一般过去时的时间状语
44、一般过去时的时间状语:yesterday,last weekyesterday,last week，ago,in 1980,in October,just now,ago,in 1980,in October,just now,具体的时间状语具体的时间状语共同的时间状语共同的时间状语:this morning,tonight,this April,now,oncethis morning,tonight,this April,now,once，before,already,before,already,recentlyrecently，latelylately现在完成时的时间状语现在完成时的时
45、间状语for,since,so far,ever,never,just,yet,till/until,up to now,for,since,so far,ever,never,just,yet,till/until,up to now,in past years,always,in past years,always,不确定的时间状语不确定的时间状语 3 3）现在完成时可表示持续到现在的动作或状态，）现在完成时可表示持续到现在的动作或状态，动词一般是延续性动词一般是延续性的，如的，如live,teach,learn,work,live,teach,learn,work,study,knows
46、tudy,know.过去时常用的过去时常用的非持续性动词非持续性动词,有有come,go,leave,come,go,leave,start,die,finish,become,get marriedstart,die,finish,become,get married等等。举例：举例：I saw this film yesterday.I saw this film yesterday.（强调看的动作发生过了。）（强调看的动作发生过了。）I have seen this film.I have seen this film.（强调对现在的影响，电影的内容已经知道了。）（强调对现在的影响，电影
47、的内容已经知道了。）They have worked together for ten yearsThey have worked together for ten years (可能仍在合作，也可能刚刚结束合作）可能仍在合作，也可能刚刚结束合作）They worked together for ten years.They worked together for ten years.(过去曾一起合作，但现在已不在一起工作）过去曾一起合作，但现在已不在一起工作）现在完成进行时和现在完成时的比较现在完成进行时和现在完成时的比较 现在完成时着眼于过去发生或开始的动作与现现在完成时着眼于过去发生或开
48、始的动作与现在的联系，而现在完成进行时则着眼于现在以在的联系，而现在完成进行时则着眼于现在以前一段时间内动作一直在进行的过程本身。前一段时间内动作一直在进行的过程本身。I have been reading the book for the whole I have been reading the book for the whole day.day.我整天一直在读这本书。我整天一直在读这本书。（一直不停地读，没有说明是否读完。）（一直不停地读，没有说明是否读完。）I have read the book.I have read the book.我读过这本书了。我读过这本书了。（说明读过或
49、读完了。）（说明读过或读完了。）将来进行时将来进行时：表示将来某时刻或：表示将来某时刻或某阶段正在进行的动作或者按照计某阶段正在进行的动作或者按照计划要做的事情。划要做的事情。如：如：At this time tomorrow we At this time tomorrow we shall shall be waitingbe waiting for you here.for you here.明天这个明天这个时候，我们在这儿等你。时候，我们在这儿等你。将来完成时将来完成时：表示将来某一时刻：表示将来某一时刻之前已经完成的动作。之前已经完成的动作。如：如：When you come ton
50、ight at 8 When you come tonight at 8 o oclock,I clock,I shall have reviewedshall have reviewed ten ten lessons.lessons.你今晚十点回来时，我已你今晚十点回来时，我已复习完十课书。复习完十课书。动词语态的时态体现：动词语态的时态体现：体体时时一般一般进行进行完成完成现在现在am/is/are +am/is/are +donedoneam/is/are am/is/are being+donebeing+donehave/has been have/has been+done+do
