1、 Unit 2 Understanding each other Grammar and usage12在复合句中，如作定语的是一个从句，该在复合句中，如作定语的是一个从句，该从句被称为从句被称为定语从句定语从句。定语从句分为两种：。定语从句分为两种：限制性定语从句限制性定语从句和和非限制性定语从句非限制性定语从句。先行词先行词关系词关系词限制性定语从句限制性定语从句 Restrictive relative clause限制性定语从句限制性定语从句对先行项（先行词）进行限定或修饰对先行项（先行词）进行限定或修饰，由关系代词或关系副词引导。主句和从句不用逗号隔开。由关系代词或关系副词引导。主句
2、和从句不用逗号隔开。The boy who is wearing a black coat bought an iPod yesterday.限制性定语从句限制性定语从句修饰修饰the boy关系词关系词关系词指代指代充当成分充当成分关系关系代词代词that人或物人或物主、宾、表主、宾、表which物物主、宾主、宾who人人主、宾主、宾whom人人宾宾whose人或物人或物定语定语关系关系副词副词where地点地点状语状语when时间时间why原因原因123456Restrictive relative clauses two countries that are separated by a
3、 common language.There were times when questions like“Would you mind passing me the jam,please?”Non-restrictive relative clausesI spent one term in the UK,where the greatest challenge was the indirect manner of speaking.a common opinion is“Its not bad”,which usually translates as“Its awful”.Now,when
4、 speaking to Americans,who have a preference for the direct style As my experiences clearly show,156234A restrictive relative clause is used to modify a noun,pronoun or noun phrase and gives(1)_(necessary/additional)information about it.For the clause,there is no comma before it.A non-restrictive re
5、lative clause gives(2)_(necessary/additional)information about a noun,pronoun or noun phrase in the sentence,or the main clause.We cannot use(3)_(that/which)to introduce it.preference n.have a preference for.对 偏爱in preference to 而不是give(a)preference to 给以优惠；优待prefer vt.较喜欢，喜欢多于prefer A to B 喜欢A多于B（t
6、o为介词）prefer doing sth./prefer to do sth.较喜欢做某事prefer sb.to do sth.较喜欢某人做某事preference n.preferable adj.更可取的，更合适的be preferable to 比更可取/更合适（to为介词）e.g.：The combination of technology and tourism will be a future trend,in view of the _(prefer)of the younger consumers born in the 1990s and later.preference
7、(s)a.The man(who)I talked with is our teacher.b.The man(whom/who)I nodded to is Mr.Li.c.These are the trees which were planted last year.d.A plane is a machine that can fly.e.This is the scientist whose achievements are well known.引导限制性定语从句的关系代词有：引导限制性定语从句的关系代词有：who(人人),whom(人人),which(物物),that(人人/物物
8、),whose(人人/物物),在从句中作主语、宾语、在从句中作主语、宾语、表语或定语。表语或定语。关系代词在从句中作宾语时可省略关系代词在从句中作宾语时可省略作主语作主语作定语作定语先行词是先行词是way 时时 I like the way(in which/that)you smile.I dont like the way(in which/that)hes looking at me.当先行词是当先行词是way且在从句中表示且在从句中表示“以以方式方式”时，常时，常由由that或或in which引导定语从句，引导词也可以省略。引导定语从句，引导词也可以省略。用用that而不用而不用wh
9、ich的情况的情况 I am sure she has something(that)you can borrow.Did you have anything(that)you want to say for yourself?that和和which在指物的情况下一般都可以互换，在指物的情况下一般都可以互换，但在下但在下列情况下，一般用列情况下，一般用that而不用而不用which。(1)先行词为先行词为all,everything,nothing,something,anything,little,much,none,some 等不定代词时。等不定代词时。用用that而不用而不用which的
10、情况的情况 This is the very bus(that)Im waiting for.The only thing(that)we can do is(to)give you some money.Ive read all the books that are not mine.This train is the last that will go to Suzhou.(2)先行词被先行词被the only,the very(恰恰，正好恰恰，正好),the same,the last,all,every,no,some,any,little,much等修饰时。等修饰时。(3)先行词是序
11、数词或被序数词或最高级修饰时。先行词是序数词或被序数词或最高级修饰时。This is the first book(that)he has read.This is the most interesting film(that)Ive seen.用用that而不用而不用which的情况的情况Do you know the things and persons that they are talking about?(4)当先行词既有人又有物时。当先行词既有人又有物时。(5)当主句的主语是疑问词当主句的主语是疑问词who或或which时。时。Which is the bike that you
12、lost?Who is the boy that won the gold medal?(6)有两个定语从句时，其中一个关系代词宜用有两个定语从句时，其中一个关系代词宜用which，则另一个用则另一个用that。They secretly built up a small factory,which produced things that could cause pollution.关系副词关系副词（when,where,why）引导定语从句时，既引导定语从引导定语从句时，既引导定语从句，又在句，又在定语从句中充当状语定语从句中充当状语。关系副词可转化为。关系副词可转化为介词介词+关系代词关
13、系代词(which)结构。结构。作时间状语作时间状语作地点状语作地点状语作原因状语作原因状语a.He told me the date when(on which)he joined the Party.b.The hotel is the one where(at which)I stayed last month.c.I know the reason why(for which)she was so angry.1.Ive come to the point where I cant stand him.2.The country is in the situation where a
14、war will break out at any time.我已经到了无法容忍他的地步了。我已经到了无法容忍他的地步了。国家正处在随时有可能爆发战争的局势中。国家正处在随时有可能爆发战争的局势中。定语从句修饰point,situation,stage,condition,case等表示地点的抽象意义时，常用where 引导，意思是“到了某种地步，在某种境况中”。Non-restrictive relative clause Water,which is a liquid,has many uses.非限制性定语从句非限制性定语从句对对water补充说明补充说明先行词先行词关系词关系词非限制性
15、定语从句非限制性定语从句对先行项进行补充说明对先行项进行补充说明，由关系代词，由关系代词或关系副词引导。主语和从句用逗号隔开。或关系副词引导。主语和从句用逗号隔开。a.Peter,who had been driving all day,suggested stopping at the next town.b.I want to buy a dictionary,which is valuable to my learning.c.My brother,whom/who you met the other day,has gone abroad.d.Mrs.Gray,whose childr
16、en are in college,is trying to get a job.非限制性定语从句非限制性定语从句由由which,who,whom,whose等关系等关系代词引导。代词引导。a.He will put off the picnic until May 1st,when he will be free.b.Yesterday I went to the department store,where I met my teacher.非限制性定语从句中，可用关系副词非限制性定语从句中，可用关系副词when,where引引导。导。1.It is so big a stone _ no
17、body can lift.2._ is known to all,he is the best student.3.I have never seen such a lazy man as you(are).我从来没有见过像你这样懒的人。（作表语）我从来没有见过像你这样懒的人。（作表语）Asas归纳归纳：as引导限制性定语从句引导限制性定语从句,先行词前常被先行词前常被such,the same,so,as 修饰，修饰，即构成即构成suchas,the same as,soas,结构。结构。as在定语从句中应充当成分：主语、宾语（不可省）或表语。在定语从句中应充当成分：主语、宾语（不可省）或
18、表语。归纳归纳：as引导非限制性定语从句，可放在主句前、中、后，引导非限制性定语从句，可放在主句前、中、后，as常译为常译为“正如正如，正像，正像”。as常用在固定搭配中常用在固定搭配中as is known to us all 众所周知as is expected 不出所料as is often the case 通常情况下as follows 如下as 与与which引导引导非限制性定语从句非限制性定语从句都能指代整句内容都能指代整句内容，但定语从句位，但定语从句位于于句首句首时，只能用时，只能用 as.“You cant judge a book by its cover,”as the
19、 old saying goes.正如老话说的那样，人不可貌相a.I met an old friend from whom I had parted for many years.b.It was a crisis for which she was totally unprepared.c.They were badly hurt in the earthquake,because of which they didnt go to school.d.He lived in a big house,in front of which stood a big tall tree.1.“介词介
20、词+关系代词关系代词”引导定语从句，关系代词常用引导定语从句，关系代词常用，且不能省略且不能省略。a.This is the scientist whose achievements are well known.=This is the scientist,the achievement of whom are well known.b.This is the house whose window broke last night.=This is the house,the window of which broke last night.2.介词介词of+whom/which可替换由可替
21、换由whose引导定语从句。引导定语从句。a.This is the pen which Im looking for.b.This is the program which he listened to.3.当定语从句中的谓语动词是固定搭配不可分割时，介当定语从句中的谓语动词是固定搭配不可分割时，介词不可提前。词不可提前。常见搭配有：常见搭配有：listen to/look at/depend on/look for/pay attention to/take care of/look after/take part in/make use of/catch up with/get alon
22、g with/hear of /look forward to等。等。a.He paid the boy$10 for washing ten windows,most of which hadnt been cleaned for at least a year.b.The football team has 15 members,the oldest of whom is 25 years old.c.Here are two pairs of socks,either of which you may choose.4.“名词名词/代词代词/数词数词/表示整体或部分概念的词表示整体或部分
23、概念的词+介词介词+关关系代词（系代词（which/whom）”结构可引出定语从句。结构可引出定语从句。1.根据从句中动词与先行词的逻辑关系根据从句中动词与先行词的逻辑关系 Is that the newspaper _ which you often write articles?2.根据从句中动词或形容词的习惯搭配根据从句中动词或形容词的习惯搭配 Can you explain to me how to use these idioms _ which Im not sure?3.根据先行词与介词的搭配习惯根据先行词与介词的搭配习惯 1949 was the year _ which th
24、e P.R.C.was founded.foraboutinP21 B11.In the UK,_ punctuality is very important,you should try not to arrive late.2.In Thailand,the foot,_ is considered an unclean part of the body,should not be pointed.3.In Europe,there are many different types of greetings,_ cheek kissing is just one example,and i
25、t is important to know which one to use.4.When we travel,we should pay attention to situations _ there might be unwritten rules,such as gift giving.5.My sister,_ works in Japan,finds it odd that she has to do exercise at the start of her working day.whereof whichwherewhowhichP21 B2afew of which are
26、universalb that was not tolerated beforecwho see someone breaking a tabood which may seem unimportant to usewho break taboosfwhich means“to separate”g that make up part of a countrys cultural identityA taboo is social behaviour that is not allowed.There are many different taboos around the world,(1)
27、_.They often vary from society to society.Taboos are usually related to certain items or people.few of which are universalP21 B2Those(2)_ are likely to feel upset or embarrassed even if they have no intention of hurting others,and the situation will also be awkward for the people around them.a few o
28、f which are universalb that was not tolerated beforec who see someone breaking a tabood which may seem unimportant to use who break taboosf which means“to separate”g that make up part of a countrys cultural identitye who break taboosintention n.have no intention of doing sth.没有做sth.的意图/打算intention o
29、f doing sth./to do sth.做sth.的意图/打算with the intention of doing sth.怀着做sth.的目的/意图intend vt.&vi.计划，打算，想要intend doing sth./to do sth.打算/想要做sth.intend sb.to do sth.打算/想要某人做sth.had intended to do sth.本打算做sth.（却未做）be intended for 是为而提供的/设计的intention n.intended adj.意欲达到的e.g.：When it comes to protecting our
30、environment,every small action counts.The tiniest thing is better than the greatest _(intend).intentionP21 B2a few of which are universalb that was not tolerated beforec who see someone breaking a tabood which may seem unimportant to use who break taboosf which means“to separate”g that make up part
31、of a countrys cultural identityWhen you meet people from different cultures,it is important to understand what you cannot do.If you are not aware of the differences,(3)_,some strange things might happen.d which may seem unimportant to usP21 B2a few of which are universalb that was not tolerated befo
32、rec who see someone breaking a tabood which may seem unimportant to use who break taboosf which means“to separate”g that make up part of a countrys cultural identityFor example,in China,giving an umbrella as a gift to your friend or a married couple,except when it is actually raining,should be avoid
33、ed.This is because the word that corresponds to“umbrella”in Chinese sounds like another Chinese word(4)_.f which means“to separate”correspond vi.correspond to 相当于，类似于correspond with/to.与相符，与相一致correspond with sb.与某人通信correspondence n.来往信件；通信be in correspondence 处于通信状态e.g.：Whats more,people who are d
34、isabled and have to stay in their home can correspond _ others around the world that have similar interests.withP21 B2Before you travel to a new country,it is a good idea to find out about the local taboos.If you know what to avoid and how to behave,you will spare yourself embarrassment.Mind that ta
35、boos change with the times.Some behaviour(5)_ might be accepted now.a few of which are universalb that was not tolerated beforec who see someone breaking a tabood which may seem unimportant to use who break taboosf which means“to separate”g that make up part of a countrys cultural identity bthat was
36、 not tolerated beforbehave vi.&vt.behave oneself 守规矩,表现得体behave well/badly 表现得好/不好well-behaved adj .表现好的；行为规矩的badly-behaved adj.表现差的；不守规矩的behaviour(=behavior)n.举止，行为；表现方式，活动方式good/bad behaviour 良好/恶劣的行为e.g.：As thinking changes,an individuals _(behave)and habits change as well.behaviour/behavior tolerate vt.tolerate(sb./sth.)doing sth.容许（某人/某物）做某事tolerant adj.宽容的，容忍的（反义词：intolerant）be tolerant of/towards 对宽容tolerable adj.可容忍的，可忍受的（反义词：intolerable）tolerance n.宽容，宽恕（反义词：intolerance)；忍耐力e.g.：I cant tolerate _(work)with Jane,because she is always complaining.working
