1、Module6 grammar attributive clause 定 语 从 句定语从句：是指在复合句中，定语从句：是指在复合句中，修饰修饰 或或 的从句的从句.被定语从句所修饰的名词或代被定语从句所修饰的名词或代词叫做词叫做“”.引导定语从句的词叫引导定语从句的词叫“”名词名词代词代词先行词先行词关系词关系词关系词通常有三个作用：引导定语从句；指代先行词；在定语从句中充当句子成分。定语从句的引导词关系关系代词代词关系关系副词副词指人指人指物指物who(主语、宾语主语、宾语)，whom(宾语宾语)，that(主语、宾语主语、宾语),whose(定语定语)that(主语、宾语主语、宾语),w
2、hich(主语、宾语主语、宾语)whose(定语定语)where(地点状语地点状语)when(时间状语时间状语)why(原因状语原因状语)1.）在从句中作主语或宾语，指人和物。在从句中作主语或宾语，指人和物。A plane is a machine that can fly.The noodles(that)I ate were delicious.Lets ask the man that is reading the book over there.The girl(that)we saw yesterday is Jimsister.引导定语从句的关系代词的用法引导定语从句的关系代词的用
3、法2.）在从句中作主语或宾语，指物。在从句中作主语或宾语，指物。They planted the trees which didnt need much water.The fish which we bought were not fresh.3.）who whom 在从句中分别作主语和宾语，代指人在从句中分别作主语和宾语，代指人(口语中口语中who也可作宾语也可作宾语)。The foreigner who visited our school yesterday is from Canada.The person to whom you just talked is Mr.Li.4.）wh
4、ose 在从句中作定语，指人或物在从句中作定语，指人或物Miss Flower is the teacher whose house caught fire last week.This is the boy whose composition the teacher talked of.思考思考:用用whose时，前后词之间有什么关系，也可能时，前后词之间有什么关系，也可能等于什么？等于什么？I live in the house whose roof is red.I live in the house the roof of which is red.I live in the hous
5、e of which the roof is red.结论结论:whose表示所属关系表示所属关系,whose+n=the+n+of which/whom=of which/whom+the+n 引导定语从句关系副词的用法引导定语从句关系副词的用法1）.where 表地点，只能跟在表示地点的名词后，它表地点，只能跟在表示地点的名词后，它在定语从句中做地点状语在定语从句中做地点状语This is the school where(=at which)I used toteach.What is the name of the town where(=in which)we stayed last
6、 night?2）.when表示时间，只能跟在表时间的名词后。表示时间，只能跟在表时间的名词后。Tell me the time when(=at which)the train leaves.I will never forget the day when(=on which)joined the army.3）.why表示原因，通常跟在表示原因，通常跟在reason后引导定语从句后引导定语从句I dont know the reason why(=for which)he lefthere.注：注：先行词表示时间、地点、原因时关系词不总是用先行词表示时间、地点、原因时关系词不总是用when
7、 where 或或 why。如果关系词在从句中作主语或宾语时，就不。如果关系词在从句中作主语或宾语时，就不能用能用when where或或why，而要用，而要用which或或that。1.Hangzhou is a city where there is a beautiful lake.Hangzhou is a city that/which have a beautiful lake.2.I still remember the day when I first came to Beijing.I still remember the day(that/which)we spent to
8、gether.3.The reason why you were not able to go to school yesterday is not reasonable.The reason(that/which)you explained to me is not reasonable.注：注：如果定语从句分别修饰如果定语从句分别修饰point,situation,condition，stage和和 case等表示抽象意义等表示抽象意义的词的词，常用，常用where 或或in which引导，意思是引导，意思是“到了某种地步，在某种境况中到了某种地步，在某种境况中”。我已经到了无法容忍他的
9、地步了。我已经到了无法容忍他的地步了。Ive come to the point where/in which I cant stand him国家正处在随时有可能爆发战争的局势中。国家正处在随时有可能爆发战争的局势中。The country is in the situation where/in which a war will break out at any time.I am sure she has something(that)you can borrow.Ive read all the books that are not mine.This is the first boo
10、k(that)he has read.This is the very book that belongs to him.(1)先行词为先行词为all,everything,nothing,something,anything,little,much 等不定代词时。等不定代词时。(2)先行词被先行词被all,every,no,some,any,little,much等等 不定代词修饰时。不定代词修饰时。(3)先行词被序数词或形容词最高级修饰时。先行词被序数词或形容词最高级修饰时。(4)先行词被先行词被the only,the very,the same,the last修饰时。修饰时。一般用一
11、般用that而不用而不用which(5).当先行词既包括人又包括物时当先行词既包括人又包括物时 They talked for about half an hour of things and persons that they remembered in the school.(6)如果两个从句，其中一个关系代词引用如果两个从句，其中一个关系代词引用which,另一个用另一个用that 避避免重复。免重复。He built up a factory which produced things that had never been seen before.(7)主句是主句是there be
12、结构，关系代词作主语的定语从句用结构，关系代词作主语的定语从句用that.There is a book on the desk that belongs to Frank.1.当非限制性定语从句中的先行词指物时，只能用which。The pencil-case,which I bought last week,is missing.2.关系代词前面有介词时。The tree under which we used to take a rest has been cut down.3.先行词为代词that/those或that/those所修饰时，只能用which。如：I dont take
13、that which is too expensive.用用which而不用而不用that (1)在非限制性定语从句中的先行词指人时，只能用who(whom)。如：My sister,who is studying abroad,sent me a beautiful present just before this Christmas.(2)当先行词为those时，只能用who(whom)。如：Those who want to go there come here please.(4)当先行词为one,ones,anyone,everyone,none,all(指人)时，只能用who(wh
14、om)。如：Anyone who is against us is our enemy.。用用who（whom）不用）不用that限制性定语从句限制性定语从句非限制性定语从句非限制性定语从句和先行词的和先行词的关系密切关系密切（删去（删去后影响整个句子意义的表达）后影响整个句子意义的表达）和先行词和先行词关系不密切关系不密切（是一种补（是一种补充说明，删掉后不影响整个意思充说明，删掉后不影响整个意思的表达。）的表达。）不用逗号不用逗号分开分开一般一般使用逗号使用逗号分开分开可用关系代词可用关系代词that引导引导不可以用不可以用关系代词关系代词that引导引导可以可以省略省略（that,who
15、,which在从句中担当宾语时可以省在从句中担当宾语时可以省略）略）不不可以可以省略省略可以替代（可以替代（whom作宾语时，作宾语时，可用可用who或或that替代）替代）不能替代不能替代只可以只可以修饰先行词修饰先行词，不可以，不可以修饰主句或主句的一部分修饰主句或主句的一部分修饰整个文句或文句的一部分修饰整个文句或文句的一部分，此时定语从句前有逗号分开，只此时定语从句前有逗号分开，只能由能由which或或as引导引导两种定语从句在意义上的区别两种定语从句在意义上的区别In their classes there are 15 students who can In their class
16、es there are 15 students who can speak English well.speak English well.In their classes there are 15 students,who can In their classes there are 15 students,who can speak English well.speak English well.She has two sons who are P.L.A.men.She has two sons who are P.L.A.men.She has two sons,who are P.
17、L.A.men.She has two sons,who are P.L.A.men.不止个学生不止个学生只有个学生只有个学生不止两个，其余的可能不当兵不止两个，其余的可能不当兵只有两个，都是解放军只有两个，都是解放军They rely on themselves,which is much better.He has to work on Sundays,which he doesnt like.I passed him a large glass of whisky,which he drank immediately.Can you see a woman in a hat,whom M
18、r.Li is speaking to?as引导限制性定语从句引导限制性定语从句 as通常和so,such 和the same连用,从句中作主语、宾语或表语。如果先行词前有the same，关系代词也可以用that，表示同一事物。Such English as is spoken here is not British.主语He is not such a fool as he looks.表语This is the same pencil that I used yesterday.宾语 as 引导限制性定语从句引导限制性定语从句注：注：当当 the same修饰先行词时，引导定语从修饰先行
19、词时，引导定语从句的关系代词可用句的关系代词可用as,也可用也可用that。用。用that表表示他所引导的内容与先行词所讲的事物是同示他所引导的内容与先行词所讲的事物是同一个；用一个；用as既可表示既可表示“同一同一”又可表示又可表示“同同类类”。This is the same bicycle that I have lost.这是我丢失的那辆自行车。这是我丢失的那辆自行车。This is the same bicycle as I have lost.这辆自行车跟我丢的那辆一样。这辆自行车跟我丢的那辆一样。as引导非限制性定语从句，指代整个主句内容，引导非限制性定语从句，指代整个主句内容，
20、从句可置于句首，句中或句尾。从句可置于句首，句中或句尾。1.As everyone knows,China is a beautiful country with a long history.2.The earth,as we know,moves round the sun.（2）as引导非限制性定语从句，有引导非限制性定语从句，有“如，似，正像如，似，正像”的含义，因此，下列句式多用的含义，因此，下列句式多用as as has been said above 如上所说 as anybody can see 正像每个人所看到的那样 as we had expected 正如我们所预料的那样
21、 as 引导非限制性定语从句引导非限制性定语从句6.I was given three books on cooking,the first _I really enjoyed.A.of that B.of which C.that D.which定语从句句首为介词时定语从句句首为介词时,后可接的关系词为后可接的关系词为:介词介词+whom/which/whose7.This is the hero of_ I am proud.8.I recognized the boss in company my sister was working.whosewhom介词介词+关系词关系词1.根据从句
22、中动词与先行词的逻辑关系，请体会：根据从句中动词与先行词的逻辑关系，请体会：e.g.Is that the newspaper for which you often write articles?2.根据从句中动词或形容词的习惯搭配，如：根据从句中动词或形容词的习惯搭配，如：e.g.Can you explain to me how to use these idioms about which Im not sure?3.根据先行词与介词的搭配习惯，请体会：根据先行词与介词的搭配习惯，请体会：e.g.1949 was the year in which the P.R.C.was foun
23、ded.=when关系副词关系副词when,where,why可以用适当的可以用适当的介词介词+which来替代。来替代。关系代词前介词的确定关系代词前介词的确定定语从句中的动词的数定语从句中的动词的数He is the only one in his class who _(have)got the teachers praise He is one of the students in his class who _(have)got the teachers praise hashave关系词在定语从句中做主语时，谓语动词的数取决于先行词填上合适的关系词并分析原因填上合适的关系词并分析原
24、因：1.The way _he explained the sentence to us was not difficult to understand.2.The way _he explained to us was quite simple.that/which/不填不填that/in which/不填不填缺状语缺状语缺宾语缺宾语the way 做先行词时做先行词时,先看后面定语从句中是否缺少先看后面定语从句中是否缺少主语或宾语主语或宾语:缺少主语或宾语缺少主语或宾语:引导词用引导词用that/which/不填不填(缺宾语时缺宾语时)主语宾语都不缺主语宾语都不缺:引导词用引导词用that
25、/in which/不填不填The way 做先行词做先行词 当先行词是time,定语从句缺少状语时，若time作“次数”讲，关系词应使用that；This is the second time that I have visited the country.若time作“一段时间，时代”讲，应使用关系副词when或at/during+which。This was at a time when there were no radios,no telephones,or no TV sets.time做定语从句先行词做定语从句先行词 1).The news（that）we heard sprea
26、d all over the school campus.(定语从句定语从句)2）The news that our class won the game spread all over the school campus.(同位语从句同位语从句)【总结】【总结】1.定语从句是形容词性的，其功能是修饰先行词（名词或代词）；而同位语从句等同于它所修饰的抽象名词，是名词性的，其功能是解释说明所修饰名词具体内容的。2.在定语从句中，that在从句中充当成分，作宾语时可以省略；而同位语从句中的that不作成分，一般不可以省略。定语从句和同位语从句的区别定语从句和同位语从句的区别 1.It is a q
27、uestion that needs careful consideration.（定语（定语从句）从句）2.It is novels that she enjoys reading.（强调句）3.It was in the lab that we set up last year that they finished the experiment.(定语从句与定语从句与强调句相结合)【总结】1.强调句型中的it 是个引导词，本身没有意义，去掉it is/was that句子结构仍然完整，句意也完整；而定语从句中的it 是指示代词，做主句的主语，如果去掉it is/was that，句子，句子
28、结构不完整，意思也不完整。2.当强调句型中含有一个定语从句时，通常定语从句在被强调部分中。定语从句和强调句的区别定语从句和强调句的区别1)Do you have anything _ you dont understand?2)The only thing _ we can do is to give you some advice.3)Who is the man _ is standing there?4)Her bag,in _ she put all her money,has been stolen.5)She heard a terrible noise，_ brought her
29、 heart into her mouth.thatthatthatwhichwhichpracticePractice1.This is the best film _Ive seen.2.That is the last lesson _I gave you.3.This is the very book _Im after.4.That is just the coat _color is red.5.That is the right place _he works.6.I still remember the schools and boys _I met there.7.Which
30、 is the dictionary _ you want?(that)(that)(that)whosewhere(that)(that)1.Do you know the boy _ _ your mother is talking?2.I still remember the day _ _ I first got to Paris.3.He gave me some novels _ _ I am not very familiar.to whomwith whichon whichThis is the child who/whom/that I will look after.5.
31、译：这是我要照顾的小孩。译：这是我要照顾的小孩。4.He gave me some novels _ _ I am not very familiar with.which/that/不填不填Practicepracticepractice1.He is such a lazy man_ nobody wants to work with_.A.as;him B.that;/C.as;/D.whom;him2.Mrs.Black took the police back to_ place _ she witnessed(目击）目击）the robbery.A.the same;as B.th
32、e same;where C.the same;that D.as the same;as1.We are trying to reach a point _ both sides will sit down together and talk.A.which B.that C.where D.when2.-Do you have anything to say for yourself?-Yes,theres one point _ we must insist on（坚持）（坚持）.A.why B.where C.how D./practice做题要灵活：要分析句子成分，选择做题要灵活：要
33、分析句子成分，选择恰当的关系词。恰当的关系词。1.There are 54 students in our class,_ 18 are girls.A.more than B.less than C.in those D.of whom 2.Well remember those days _ we spent together.A.when B.in which C.in that D.which practice 3.The doctor _ is leaving for Africa next month.A.the nurse is talking to him B.whom the
34、 nurse is talking C.the nurse is talking to D.who the nurse is talking4.Next month,_ youll spend in your hometown,is coming.A.which B.that C.when D.where 5.He had a bad cold,_he didnt attend the meeting.A.because B.because of which C.to which D.because of that 6.There is no dictionary _ you can find
35、 everything.A.in it B.in which C.where D.in that 7.Do you want to buy the same radio _ was shown on TV?A.what B.which C.as D.that 8.She was wearing the same dress _ she had on the day before.A.that B.which C.where D.what 9.A new building will be built,_ is reported in todays newspaper.A.it B.as C.wh
36、ich D.that 10.All _ is needed is a supply of oil.A./B.that C.what D.which、The text is one of the most interesting stories_learnt in the past three days.A、that haveB、that have beenC、which hasD、that has beenB、The college wont take anyone _ eyesight is weak.A、whoB、whoseC、of whomD、whichB、Let me think of
37、 a proper situation _ this sentence can be used.A、whereB、thatC、of whomD、whichA、She will never forget the day_ she spent in Beijing.A、whenB、whatC、whichD、whyC、Those _ to take part in the game write down your names.A、whoB、who wantC、what wantsD、wantB1、This is the last factory _ he used to work at,many w
38、orkers of _ still have a good relationship with him.A、that;itB、which;whomC、that;whichD、which;thatC1、They have decided to finish their work,_ I think is a wise choice.A、thatB、whatC、whichD、whetherC1、There are three libraries in our school,_ were built five years ago.A、all of themB、either of themC、all of whichD、both of thatC19、This is the reason _ he told me.A、thatB、whyC、on whichD、for thatA
