1、句句 子子 成成 分分Members of a Sentence什么叫句子成分呢？什么叫句子成分呢？句子的组成成分句子的组成成分叫句子成分。在句子中，词叫句子成分。在句子中，词与词之间有一定的组合关系，按照不同的关与词之间有一定的组合关系，按照不同的关系，可以把句子分为不同的组成成分。系，可以把句子分为不同的组成成分。*句子成分由词或词组充当句子成分由词或词组充当英语的基本成分有七种：英语的基本成分有七种：_和和_主语（主语（subjectsubject）、）、谓语（谓语（predicatepredicate）、）、表语（表语（predicativepredicative）、）、宾语（宾语（o
2、bjectobject）、）、定语（定语（attributeattribute）、）、状语状语(adverbial)(adverbial)补语（补语（complementcomplement）。）。英语句子的基本结构可以归纳成英语句子的基本结构可以归纳成五种基本句五种基本句型型及其扩大、组合、省略或倒装。及其扩大、组合、省略或倒装。掌握这五种基本句型，是掌握各种英语句子结构的基础。一：一：（主谓）（主谓）二：二：（主系表）（主系表）三：三：（主谓宾）（主谓宾）四：四：（主谓间宾直宾）（主谓间宾直宾）五：五：（主谓宾宾补）（主谓宾宾补）基本句型基本句型 一：一：（主谓）（主谓）主语：可以作主语的
3、成分有名词（如主语：可以作主语的成分有名词（如boy），主格代词），主格代词 （如（如you），动词不定式，动名词等。），动词不定式，动名词等。主语一般在句首。注意主语一般在句首。注意名词单数形式常和冠词名词单数形式常和冠词 不分家！不分家！谓语：谓语由动词构成，是英语时态、语态变化的谓语：谓语由动词构成，是英语时态、语态变化的 主角，一般在主语之后。不及物动词（主角，一般在主语之后。不及物动词（vi.）没有宾语，形成主谓结构，没有宾语，形成主谓结构，如：如：We come.此句型的句子有一个共同特点，即此句型的句子有一个共同特点，即句子的谓语动词句子的谓语动词都能表达完整的意思都能表达完整的
4、意思。这类动词叫做不及物动词，。这类动词叫做不及物动词，后面可以跟副词、介词短语、状语从句等。后面可以跟副词、介词短语、状语从句等。（不及物动词）（不及物动词）1.The sun was shining.2.The moon rose.3.The universe remains.4.We all breathe,eat,and drink.5.Who cares?6.What he said does not matter.7.They talked for half an hour.8.The pen writes smoothly基本句型基本句型 二：二：（主系表）（主系表）此句型的句子
5、有一个共同的特点：此句型的句子有一个共同的特点：句子谓语动词都不能表达一个完整的意思，必须加句子谓语动词都不能表达一个完整的意思，必须加上一个表明主语身份或状态的表语构成复合谓语，上一个表明主语身份或状态的表语构成复合谓语，才能表达完整的意思。这类动词叫做才能表达完整的意思。这类动词叫做连系动词连系动词分两类：分两类：等一类，表示特性或状况；等一类，表示特性或状况；等属另一类，表示变化等属另一类，表示变化;。*be 本身没有什么意义本身没有什么意义,只起连系主语和表语的作用。只起连系主语和表语的作用。其它系动词仍保持其部分词义。其它系动词仍保持其部分词义。多可用作连系动词：多可用作连系动词：l
6、ook well/面色好面色好,sound nice/听起来不错听起来不错,feel good/感觉好，感觉好，smell bad/难闻难闻 （是系动词）（是系动词）1.This is an English-Chinese dictionary.2.The dinner smells good.3.He fell in love.4.Everything looks different.5.He is growing tall and strong.6.The troubleis that they are short of money.7.Our well has gone dry.8.Hi
7、s face turned red.There be 结构结构：1.There be 表示表示存在有存在有。这里的。这里的there没有没有实际实际 意义，不可与副词意义，不可与副词there那里那里混淆。混淆。2.此结构后跟名词，表示此结构后跟名词，表示（存在）有某事物（存在）有某事物 试比较：试比较：There is a boy there.（那儿有一个男孩。）（那儿有一个男孩。）前一个前一个there无实意，后一个无实意，后一个there为副词为副词那里那里。基本句型基本句型 三：三：（主谓宾）（主谓宾）此句型句子的共同此句型句子的共同是：是：1.谓语动词谓语动词，但不能表达完整的意思，
8、但不能表达完整的意思，即，即动作的承受者，才能使意思完整。动作的承受者，才能使意思完整。2.这类动词叫做这类动词叫做及物动词及物动词。宾语位于及物动词之。宾语位于及物动词之后，一般同主语构成一样，不同的是构成宾语的后，一般同主语构成一样，不同的是构成宾语的代词必须是代词必须是代词代词宾格宾格，如：，如：me，him，them等等 （及物动词）（及物动词）1.Who knows the answer?2.She smiled her thanks.3.He has refused to help them.4.He enjoys reading.5.They ate what was left
9、over.6.He said Good morning.7.I want to have a cup of tea.8.He admits that he was mistaken.基本句型基本句型 四：四：（主谓间宾直宾）（主谓间宾直宾）1.有些及物动词可以有两个宾语，如：有些及物动词可以有两个宾语，如：give给，给，pass递，递，bring带，带，show显示。显示。2.这两个宾语通常一个指人，为这两个宾语通常一个指人，为间接宾语间接宾语；一个指物，为一个指物，为直接宾语直接宾语。3.间接宾语一般位于直接宾语之前。间接宾语一般位于直接宾语之前。一般的顺序为：一般的顺序为：a)动词动词+
10、间接宾语间接宾语+直接宾语。直接宾语。b)强调间接宾语顺序为：强调间接宾语顺序为：*4.若直接宾语为人称代词：若直接宾语为人称代词：如：如：Show this house to Mr.Smith.动词动词+直接宾语直接宾语+介词介词+间接宾语。间接宾语。动词动词+代词直接宾语代词直接宾语+介词介词+间接宾语。间接宾语。如：如：Bring it to me,please.Buy a present for him.（及物）（及物）（多指人）（多指人）（多指物）（多指物）1.She ordered herself a new dress.2.She cooked her husband a del
11、icious meal.3.He brought you a dictionary.4.He denies her nothing.5.I showed him my pictures.6.I gave my car a wash.7.I told him that the bus was late.8.He showed me how to run the machine.基本句型基本句型 五：五：（主谓宾宾补）（主谓宾宾补）此句型的句子的此句型的句子的是：是：动词虽然是及物动词，但是只跟一个宾语还不能表达动词虽然是及物动词，但是只跟一个宾语还不能表达完整的意思，必须加上一个补充成分来补足宾
12、语，才完整的意思，必须加上一个补充成分来补足宾语，才能使意思完整。能使意思完整。宾语补足语：位于宾语之后宾语补足语：位于宾语之后对宾语作出说明对宾语作出说明的成的成分。宾语与其补足语有逻辑上的主谓关系，它们分。宾语与其补足语有逻辑上的主谓关系，它们一起构成复合宾语。一起构成复合宾语。名词名词/代词宾格代词宾格+名词名词The war made him a soldier.名词名词/代词宾格代词宾格+形容词形容词New methods make the job easy.名词名词/代词宾格代词宾格+介词短语介词短语I often find him at work.名词名词/代词宾格代词宾格+动词
13、不定式动词不定式The teacher ask the students to close the windows.名词名词/代词宾格代词宾格+分词分词I saw a cat running across the road.（及物）（及物）（宾语）（宾语）（宾补）（宾补）1.They appointed him manager.2.They painted the door green.3.This set them thinking.4.They found the house deserted.5.What makes him think so?6.We saw him out.7.He
14、asked me to come back soon.8.I saw them getting on the bus.1.但常用的英语句子并不都象基本句型这样但常用的英语句子并不都象基本句型这样简短，这些句子除了基本句型的成分不变外，通简短，这些句子除了基本句型的成分不变外，通常是在这些成分的前面或后面增加一些常是在这些成分的前面或后面增加一些（modifier）而加以扩大。）而加以扩大。2.这些修饰语可以是这些修饰语可以是（主要是形容词、（主要是形容词、副词和数词），也可以是各种类型的副词和数词），也可以是各种类型的（主要（主要是介词短语、不定式短语和分词短语）。是介词短语、不定式短语和分词
15、短语）。我们称之为：我们称之为：定语、状语定语、状语定语是对名词或代词起定语是对名词或代词起、作用的词、短语作用的词、短语或句子，汉语中常用或句子，汉语中常用表示。表示。1.1.定语通常位于被修饰的定语通常位于被修饰的。2.2.若修饰若修饰some,any,every,nosome,any,every,no构成的构成的复合不定代复合不定代词词时，（如：时，（如：somethingsomething、nothingnothing）；或）；或不定式不定式、分分词短语作定语词短语作定语、从句作定语从句作定语时，则定语通常时，则定语通常。副副词词用作定语时须放在名词用作定语时须放在名词。The lit
16、tle boy needs a blue pen.(little修饰名词修饰名词boy；blue修饰名词修饰名词pen.）小男孩需要一支小男孩需要一支兰色的兰色的钢笔。钢笔。Tom is a handsome boy.Tom是个是个英俊的英俊的男孩。男孩。There is a good boy.有个有个乖乖男孩。男孩。Two boys need two pens.两个男孩需要两支钢笔。两个男孩需要两支钢笔。The two boys are students.这两个男孩是学生。这两个男孩是学生。There are two boys in the room.房间里有两个男孩。房间里有两个男孩。Hi
17、s boy needs Toms pen.他的男孩需要他的男孩需要Tom的钢笔。的钢笔。His name is Tom.他的名字是汤姆。他的名字是汤姆。There are two boys of Toms there.那儿有那儿有Tom家的两个男孩。家的两个男孩。The boy in the classroom needs a pen of yours.教室里的男孩需要你的一支钢笔。教室里的男孩需要你的一支钢笔。The boy in blue is Tom.穿兰色衣服的孩子是汤姆。穿兰色衣服的孩子是汤姆。There are two boys of 9,and three of 10.有两个有两
18、个9岁的，三个岁的，三个10岁的男孩。岁的男孩。The boy needs a ball pen.男孩需要一支圆珠笔。男孩需要一支圆珠笔。It is a ball pen.这是一支圆珠笔。这是一支圆珠笔。There is only one ball pen in the pencil box.这铅笔盒里只有一支圆珠笔。这铅笔盒里只有一支圆珠笔。The boy there needs a pen.那儿的男孩需要一支钢笔。那儿的男孩需要一支钢笔。The best boy here is Tom.这里最棒的男孩是这里最棒的男孩是Tom。The boy to write this letter nee
19、ds a pen.写这封信的男孩需要一支钢笔。写这封信的男孩需要一支钢笔。The boy to write this letter is Tom.将要写这封信的男孩是汤姆。将要写这封信的男孩是汤姆。There is nothing to do today.今天无事要做。今天无事要做。The smiling boy needs a pen bought by his mother.那个微笑的男孩需要一支他妈妈买的钢笔。那个微笑的男孩需要一支他妈妈买的钢笔。The pen bought by her is made in China.她买的笔是中国产的。她买的笔是中国产的。There are fi
20、ve boys left.有五个留下的男孩。有五个留下的男孩。The boy who is reading needs the pen which you bought yesterday.那个在阅读的男孩需要你昨天买的钢笔。那个在阅读的男孩需要你昨天买的钢笔。The boy you will know is Tom.你将认识的男孩叫汤姆。你将认识的男孩叫汤姆。There are five boys who will play the game.参加游戏的男孩有五个。参加游戏的男孩有五个。二、状语：二、状语：状语修饰动词、形容词、副词或全句，状语修饰动词、形容词、副词或全句，说明说明方式方式、
21、因果因果、条件条件、时间时间、地点地点、让步让步、方向方向、程度程度、目的目的等等状语在句子中的位置很灵活，常见情况为状语在句子中的位置很灵活，常见情况为：1.通常在句子通常在句子基本结构之后基本结构之后，强调时放在，强调时放在句首句首；2.修饰形容词或副词时，通常位于修饰形容词或副词时，通常位于被修饰的词之前被修饰的词之前；3.表示时间、地点、目的的状语一般位于表示时间、地点、目的的状语一般位于句子两头句子两头，强调时放在强调时放在句首句首，地点状语一般须在时间状语之前地点状语一般须在时间状语之前；4.一些表示不确定时间（如：一些表示不确定时间（如：often）或程度（如：）或程度（如：al
22、most）的副词状语通常位于）的副词状语通常位于be动词、助动词、情态动动词、助动词、情态动词之后，动词之前词之后，动词之前。*有时状语在句中的某个位置会引起歧义，应注意，有时状语在句中的某个位置会引起歧义，应注意，如：如：The boy calls the girl in the classroom.a)一般理解成一般理解成男孩喊教室里的女孩男孩喊教室里的女孩（），），b)也可以理解为也可以理解为男孩在教室里喊女孩男孩在教室里喊女孩（），最好写作），最好写作In the classroom,the boy calls the girl.The boy needs a pen very muc
23、h.男孩非常需要一支钢笔。男孩非常需要一支钢笔。The boy needs very much the pen bought by his mother.男孩非常需要他母亲买的那支钢笔。男孩非常需要他母亲买的那支钢笔。The boy really needs a pen.男孩真的需要一支钢笔。男孩真的需要一支钢笔。The boy needs a pen now.Now,the boy needs a pen.The boy,now,needs a pen.男孩现在需要一支钢笔。男孩现在需要一支钢笔。（程度状语）（程度状语）（宾语较长则状语前置）（宾语较长则状语前置）（程度状语）（程度状语）（时
24、间状语）（时间状语）In the classroom,the boy needs a pen.在教室里，男孩需要一支钢笔。在教室里，男孩需要一支钢笔。(地点状语）地点状语）Before his mother,Tom is always a boy.在母亲面前在母亲面前,汤姆总是一个男孩子汤姆总是一个男孩子.(条件状语条件状语)On Sundays,there is no student in the classroom.星期天星期天,教室里没有学生教室里没有学生.(时间状语时间状语)介词短语作状语：介词短语作状语：He sits there,asking for a pen.他坐在那儿要一支笔
25、。他坐在那儿要一支笔。（表示伴随状态）（表示伴随状态）Having to finish his homework,the boy needs a pen.因为不得不完成作业，男孩需要一支笔。因为不得不完成作业，男孩需要一支笔。（原因状语）（原因状语）Frightened,he sits there soundlessly.（因为）受了惊吓，他无声地坐在那儿。（因为）受了惊吓，他无声地坐在那儿。（原因状语）（原因状语）分词（短语）作状语：分词（短语）作状语：The boy needs a pen to do his homework.男孩需要一支笔写家庭作业。男孩需要一支笔写家庭作业。（目的状语
26、）（目的状语）To make his dream come true,Tom becomes very interested in business.为实现梦想为实现梦想,汤姆变得对商业很有兴趣汤姆变得对商业很有兴趣.时间状语从句、地点状语从句、原因状语从句、时间状语从句、地点状语从句、原因状语从句、结果状语从句、目的状语从句、比较状语从句、结果状语从句、目的状语从句、比较状语从句、让步状语从句、条件状语从句让步状语从句、条件状语从句 不定式作状语：不定式作状语：三、同位语：三、同位语：是在名词或代词之后并列名词或代词对前是在名词或代词之后并列名词或代词对前者加以说明的成分，近乎于后置定语。者
27、加以说明的成分，近乎于后置定语。如：如：We students should study hard.(students是是we的同位语，都是指同一批的同位语，都是指同一批学学生生）We all are students.(all是是we的同位语，都指同样的的同位语，都指同样的我们我们）分词作状语分词作状语时其逻辑主语与句子的主语一致时其逻辑主语与句子的主语一致!否则应有否则应有自己的逻辑主语，构成分词自己的逻辑主语，构成分词独立结构独立结构。例例：（错）（错）Studying hard,your score will go up.正确：正确：(1)Studying hard,you can m
28、ake your score go up.(2)If you study hard,your score will go up.错句中分词错句中分词studying没有自带逻辑主语，则其没有自带逻辑主语，则其逻辑主语就是句子的主语，既逻辑主语就是句子的主语，既your score.显然做显然做study的应是人，不应是的应是人，不应是your score（分数）（分数）.正确句正确句(1)更正了句子的主语更正了句子的主语,使其与分词逻辑主语一致使其与分词逻辑主语一致(同为同为you);正确句正确句(2)则使用条件分句带出则使用条件分句带出study的主语的主语,(不不过已经不是分词结构了过已经
29、不是分词结构了).四、分词独立结构：四、分词独立结构：如：如：Game(being)over,he went home.He stands there,book(being)in hand.独立结构还可用独立结构还可用with、without引导，作状语或引导，作状语或定语。定语。这种结构不但可以用分词，还可以用不定式、形容词、这种结构不但可以用分词，还可以用不定式、形容词、介词短语、副词或名词等。介词短语、副词或名词等。如：如：With nothing to do,he fell asleep soon.无事可做，他很快就睡着了。无事可做，他很快就睡着了。The teacher came i
30、n,with glasses on his nose.老师进来了，戴着一付眼镜。（注意，此句老师进来了，戴着一付眼镜。（注意，此句on his nose不可省略！）不可省略！）分词独立结构常省略分词独立结构常省略being,having been.不过不过There being.的场合不能省略的场合不能省略.练习一 按要求找出句子成分(一一).指出下列句中主语的中心词指出下列句中主语的中心词 The teacher with two of his students is walking into the classroom.There is an old man coming here.The
31、 useful dictionary was given by my mother last year.To do todays homework without the teachers help is very difficult.二二)选出句中谓语的中心词选出句中谓语的中心词 I dont like the picture on the wall.A.dont B.like C.picture D.wall The days get longer and longer when summer comes.A.get B.longer C.days D.summer Do you usua
32、lly go to school by bus?A.Do B.usually C.go D.bus There will be a meeting at the library this afternoon.A.will be B.meeting C.the library D.afternoon三三)挑出下列句中的宾语挑出下列句中的宾语 My brother hasnt done his homework.People all over the world speak English.You must pay good attention to your pronunciation.How
33、many new words did you learn last class?Some of the students in the school want to go swimming,how about you?The old man sitting at the gate said he was ill.(四四)挑出下列句中的表语挑出下列句中的表语 The old man was feeling very tired.Why is he worried about Jim?The leaves have turned yellow.Soon They all became intere
34、sted in the subject.(五五)挑出下列句中的定语挑出下列句中的定语 They use Mr,Mrs with the family name.What is your given name?On the third lap are Class 1 and Class 3.I am afraid some people forgot to sweep the floor.The man downstairs was trying to sleep.I am waiting for the sound of the other shoe!(六六)挑出下列句中的宾语补足语挑出下列句
35、中的宾语补足语 She likes the children to read newspapers and books in the reading-room.He asked her to take the boy out of school.She found it difficult to do the work.They call me Lily sometimes.I saw Mr Wang get on the bus.Did you see Li Ming playing football on the playground just now?(七七)挑出下列句中的状语挑出下列句
36、中的状语 There was a big smile on her face.Every night he heard the noise upstairs.He began to learn English when he was eleven.The man on the motorbike was traveling too fast.With the medicine box under her arm,Miss Li hurried off.She loves the library because she loves books.I am afraid that if youve
37、lost it,you must pay for it.The students followed Uncle Wang to see the other machine.(八八)划出句中的直接宾语和间接宾语划出句中的直接宾语和间接宾语 Please tell us a story.My father bought a new bike for me last week.Mr.Li is going to teach us history next term.Here is a pen.Give it to Tom.练习二练习二 一、指出下列句子划线部分是什么句子成分：一、指出下列句子划线部分
38、是什么句子成分：1.Whether well go depend on the weather.2.Peoples standards of living are going up steadily.3.That was how they were defeated.4.The nursery takes good care of our children.5.Ill return the book to you tomorrow.6.We are sure that we shall succeed.7.The woman with a baby in her arms is his oth
39、er.8.There are many film that Id like to see.9.Have you met the person about whom he was speaking?10.I have a lot of work to do.11.Anyway I wont stop you from doing it.12.I said it in fun.13.We can send a car over to fetch you.14.She had to work standing up.11.Seeing this,some comrades became very w
40、orried.12.Much interested,he agreed to give it a try.13.The bus arrived ten minutes late.14.We should serve the people heart and soul.15.Spring coming on,the tree turned green.16.Some farmers saw something strange in the sky.21.We think it necessary that everyone should attend the meeting.22.Its str
41、ange that she doesnt come today.23.It was in the library that I come today.24.He likes drawing at times when he isnt working.25.We left in such a hurry that we forgot to lock the door.练习三练习三 一、指出下列句子划线部分是什么句子成分：一、指出下列句子划线部分是什么句子成分：1.The students got on the school bus.2.He handed me the newspaper.3.I
42、 shall answer your question after class.4.What a beautiful Chinese painting!5.They went hunting together early in the morning.6.His job is to train swimmers.7.He took many photos of the palaces in Beijing.8.There is going to be an American film tonight.9.He is to leave for Shanghai tomorrow.10.His w
43、ish is to become a scientist.11.He managed to finish the work in time.12.Tom came to ask me for advice.13.He found it important to master English.14.Do you have anything else to say?15.To be honest，your pronunciation is not so good.16.Would you please tell me your address?17.He sat there,reading a n
44、ewspaper.18.It is our duty to keep our classroom clean and tidy.19.He noticed a man enter the room.20.The apples tasted sweet.练习四()1._ will leave for Beijing.A.Now there the man B.The man here now C.The man who is here now D.The man is here now()2.The weather _.A.wet and cold B.is wet and cold C.not
45、 wet and cold D.were wet and cold()3.The apple tasted _.A.sweets B.sweetly C.nicely D.sweet()4.He got up _ yesterday morning.A.lately B.late .latest D.latter()5.The actor _at the age of 70.A.dead B.died .dyed D.deaded()6._ were all very tired,but none of _ would stop to take a rest.A.We,us B.Us,we C
46、.We,our D.We,we()7.He found the street much _.A.crowd B.crowding C.crowded D.crowdedly()8.I think _necessary to learn English well.A.its B.it C.that D.that is()9.The dog _ mad.A.looks B.is looked C.is being looked D.was looked()10.I will never forget the day _ I joined the army.A.that B.when C.in wh
47、ich D.where11、_ six years since I began to study English.A.It is B.I have been C.There are D.It was 12、_ in the room at that time.A.Nobody was B.Someone were C.Who is D.He are 13、ITS very noisy outside._ is going on?A.Who B.What C.Which D.Where 14、_ in English in class every day is important.A.Speak B.Talking C.Saying D.To tell15、There must be_ near the factory.A.a book store B.book store C.books store D.books stores16、Although its raining hard,_ are still working in the fields.A.but they B.and they C.they D.since they
