1、高考英语语法知识讲解一、修辞手法1.明喻用like，as或其他词指出两个截然不同的事物之间相似之处的手法叫明喻。O my loves like a red, red rose.-Robert BurnsThat man cant be trusted.Hes as slippery as an eel.The old mans hair is as white as snow.在上面三个例句中，完全不同类别的人和物被放在一起进行比较:女人和玫瑰，男人和鳗鱼，头发和雪。但每一对都有一个共同点:美丽、油滑、白色。正因为被比较的事物有极大的差别，它们的共同点才显得格外鲜明。2.隐喻用一个词来指代与该
2、词本来所指事物有相似特点的另一个事物的手法叫隐喻。这也是一种比较。不过这个比较是暗含的，而不用 as 或 like 点明。假如彭斯把上面引的那个诗句写成 O my loves a red，red rose，省去原有的like这个词，他便是用隐喻而不是明喻了。在改了的这句里，虽然也把 my love 比作 rose，但没用一个词明确指示这个比较，因而rose 此处是隐喻用法。同样地，在 He is the soul of the team和 Irrigation is the lifeblood of agriculture 这两句中，soul 和 lifeblood 也属隐喻用法。隐喻不仅仅和
3、be连用，也不只是名词才可以用作隐喻。请看下面的例句:The picture of those poor peoples lives was carved so sharply in his heart that he could never forget it.There was a medieval magnificence about the big dining-hall.The street faded into a country road with straggling houses by it.There were a few lordly poplars before the
4、 house.All his former joy was drowned in the embarrassment and confusion he was feeling at the moment.He often prefaced his remarks by I cant help thinking.The charcoal fire glowed and dimmed rhythmically to the strokes of the bellows.上面的例句说明名词、动词、形容词和副词都可以有隐喻用法。隐喻总是暗含比较。以第四句为例，lordly这个词表示房前的白杨树高大挺拔
5、而且庄严，好像古时的贵族(lord)一样。第六句中的prefaced这个词则把那个人习惯在说话前先说I cant help thinking 比作给书作序。隐喻和明喻必须新鲜才能产生好的效果。用得太频繁或太久就会变得陈旧无趣。不能起到隐喻或明喻的作用了。the leg of a table 中的leg 在初用时，必定也是个隐喻，但今天我们倒觉得这是它的本义了。3.换喻用某一事物的名称代替与之密切相关的另一事物名称的手法叫换喻。例如crown可以代替 king，the White House 可以代替美国总统或政府，the bottle 可以代替wine 或 alcohol，the bar 可以
6、代替the legal profession 等。换喻用得好，则可产生简明生动的效果:Sword and cross in hand, the European conquerors fell upon the Americans.When the war was over, he laid down the sword and took up the pen.His purse would not allow him that luxury.4.提喻指用部分代表整体，或用整体代表部分:The farms were short of hands during the harvest seaso
7、n.He had to earn his daily bread by doing odd jobsGermany beat Argentina 2 to 1 in this exciting football match.The poor creature could no longer endure her sufferings在上面的例句中，hands 代表人，bread 代表食物或生活费，两个国家名字代表两个球队，creature 代表女人。换喻和提喻有相似之处:二者都是一种替换，有时它们与隐喻不易区分，因为后者在一定程度上也是一种替换。二、易混时态对比(1)一般现在时与现在进行时一般
8、现在时主要用于习惯性或经常性动作,常伴随使用 usually，often，seldom 等频度副词:现在进行时主要用于表示目前或现阶段正在进行的动作或状态，常跟now，at present 等时间状语。He usually writes a lot of letters.but he isnt writing at present.他经常写许多信,但他现在没在写。(2)一般过去时与过去进行时一般过去时表示一个完成的动作，而过去进行时表示过去某一阶段正在进行的动作。I was reading a novel last night.昨晚我在看小说(可能没看完)。I read a novel las
9、t night.我昨晚看了一本小说(已经看完了)，一般过去时用于表示一个单纯动作,过去进行时用于表示过去一段时间反复做的动作。 Did he ask questions? 他提问题了吗?He was asking questions all the time.他始终在提问题。一般过去时表示过去某个时刻发生的动作(侧重说明事实)，过去进行时表示过去某一时刻成某一段时间发生的动作(强调在这一过程中所进行的动作成展开的情景)。He drew a picture yesterday afternoon.他昨天下午面了一张画(作天下午他做了这么一件事)He was drawing a picture y
10、esterday afternoon.他作天下午在面一张画(昨天下午他一直在绘画,没干别的事)因过去进行时表示过去某个时间正在进行的动作，一般过去时表示当时临时发生的短暂性动作When I was pouring the tea，I dropped a cup.我在倒茶的时候，失手打了一个茶杯。(3)现在完成时与一般过去时两者都表示发生在过去的动作。但现在完成时表示过去动作与现在的关系，主要说明现在的情况。过去时强调动作发生在过去某一时间，与现在不发生联系。例如:Theyve gone to Paris.他们到巴黎去了(说明他们现在去巴黎了，不在这里)。They went to Paris.他
11、们去过巴黎(只说明去过，不表明是否现在仍在那里)。现在完成时表示从过去发生到现在一段时间内的任何时间，可与 so far， up to now, lately, ever等表示包括现在一段时间的状语连用，但不能和表示过去时间的状语连用;一般过去时表示的是过去某定时间或与现在无关的某一过去时间。I havent seen the film yet我还没看过这部影片(到目前为止)，I saw the film the day before yesterday.我前天看的这部电影(表明看电影的时间是在前天)。(4)过去完成时与一般过去时一般过去时通常与具体过去时间状语连用。即使没有时间状语，根据具体
12、的语言环境，我们也可出明确的判断。过去完成时是一种相对的时态，表示在过去某时刻之前发生。时间参照点与一般过去时不同，过去时是对现在说话时刻而言，过去完成时则是与过去某一时刻而言的，即“过去的过去”。(5)一般将来时与将来进行时一般将来时表示对“现在时刻”来说，将要发生的动作或将要存在的状态;而将来进行时表示将来的时刻或某段时间正在进行的动作。She is sixteen, who will be seventeen next year.她十六岁，明年将十七岁What will you be doing at this time next Monday? 下周一这时候你将会在做什么呢?(6)现在
13、完成时与现在完成进行时现在完成时侧重结果，强调动作到现在为止已经结束;现在完成进行时侧重动作本身，不涉及后果作可能仍在继续。如:I have read the book.(已读完)I have been reading the book.(仍在继续)现在完成进行时往往表示动作在重复，现在完成时则常常不带重复性。如:Have you been meeting her lately?(经常相见)Have you met her lately?(不重复发生)现在完成进行时比较生动，有时含有明显的感情色彩;而现在完成时往往只说明一个事实，一种影结果，平铺直叙，没有什么感情色彩可言。如:Recently
14、 Mary has been doing her homework regularly(显然是在表扬玛丽)Recently Mary has done her homework regularly(只说明一个事实)三、短语介词的句法功能1.作状语:表示时间、地点、方式、条件、目的、原因等eg.He lives near the school so that he walks there every day(表地点)Because of the bad weather, we put off the sports meeting(表原因)They held a party in honor of
15、 the popular professor(表目的)2.作表语eg.The parents were in tears, because their baby was lost in the street(作表语，表示伤心流泪)We are of the same age and have some similar interests, so I think we can be good friends someday(作表语,表示一样年纪的)3.作定语eg.Though he is a student of medicine, he knows nothing about how to g
16、ive the medicine(作定语，表示学医的)Can you see clearly that the man under the tree is our English teacher.(作定语，表示在树下的)4.作补语eg.Do make yourself at home and do whatever you want to do.(作补语，表示像在家一样)The owner of the house doesnt like pet dog at all, so you need to keep it out of the house.(作补语,表示远离屋子)四、高分必背的动名词
17、与分词考点1.使用动名词作宾语的常用动词2admit doing承认做某事appreciate doing欣赏做某事avoid doing避免做某事delay doing耽搁做某事deny doing否认做某事enjoy doing 喜欢做某事escape doing逃避做某事fancy doing 想不到做某事feel like doing 想要imagine doing 想像做某事2.使用动名词作宾语的常用动词keep doing连续不断做某事involve doing需要，包含mention doing提及做某事burst out laughing突然大笑起来mind doing介意做某
18、事miss doing错过做某事practise doing练习做某事postpone doing推迟、延期做某事prefer doing (to doing)比起来更喜欢finish doing结束做某事resist doing抗拒/抵制做某事risk doing冒险做某事suggest doing建议做某事set about doing开始/着手做某事consider doing考虑做某事sth.be worth doing值得做某事(动名词主动表被动)3.使用动名词作宾语，且可以使用不定式作宾补的常用动词advise doing建议某事advise sb.to do建议某人做某事allo
19、w doing 允许做某事allowsb.to do 允许某人做某事forbid doing禁止做某事forbid sb.to do禁止某人做某事permit doing 允许做某事permit sb.to do允许某人做某事recommend doing建议做某事recommend sb.to do 建议某人做某事require doing需要被做某事require sb.to do 要求某人做某事4.动名词可以作介词宾语。其中有些介词可以省略，不影响意义be busy(in)doing 忙于做某事have difficulty/trouble(in)doing做某事有困难(be)occup
20、ied(in)doing忙于做某事spend sth.(in)doing花做某事prevent sb.(from)doing阻止某人做某事be fond of(doing)sth.喜欢做某事waste sth.(in)doing浪费做某事by doing sth.通过做某事be keen on(doing)sth.急于做某事there is no point/sense(in)doing sth.做某事没有意义5.分词作宾补的常用动词keep sb.doing让某人一直不断做某事keep sth.done使某事被做好get sth.doing让某物做某事(往往用来表示引擎发动，机器启动等)ge
21、t sth.done使某事被做好catch sb.doing抓住某人正在做某事leave sb.doing让某人做某事leave sth.done 使某事被做好了see sb.doing看见某人正在做某事see sth.done 看见某事被做好了hear sb.doing听见某人正在做某事hear sth done 听见某事做好了have sb.doing让某人一直不断做某事have sth.done使某事被别人做好了find sb.doing发现某人正在做某事find sth.done.发现某事被做好了6.分词作定语的常用动词running water 自来水everlasting frie
22、ndship永恒的友谊a wounded soldier一个受伤的战士a prepared speech准备好的发言fallen leaves落叶the risen sun升起的太阳an escaped prisoner逃跑的囚犯a retired worker退休的工人boiling water正在沸腾的水boiled water凉白开freezing weather冰冷的天气frozen river结了冰的河improving situation 正在好转的情况an improved essay修改好的文章a developing country发展中国家a developed count
23、ry发达国家五、使用动名词做宾语的短语及含有动名词的句式使用动名词做宾语的短语有：agree on doingsucceed in doinggive up doingbother about doingpersist in doingdecide on doinginsist on doingdecide against doinghave no trouble indoing have no difficulty in doing have no objection to doingtake a pride in doingprevent sb. from doingfool sb. in
24、to doingtrick sb. into doingstop sb. from doingkeep sb.from doingdeter sb.from doinghinder sb.from doingpride oneself upon doingappreciate ones doingapply oneself to doingassist sb.in doinghelp sb. in doingaid sb.in doingbe keen on doingbe intent on doingbe occupied in doingbe practiced indoing be b
25、usy doingbe worth doingbe used to doingbe accustomed to doingbe for doingbe against doingbe dedicated to doingbe fortunate in doing be wise in doingbe proud of doingbe worthy of doingbe unworthy of doingbe engaged in doingbe devoted to doingbe occupied in doingbe quite capable of doing下列句型也用动名词。Its a bore doingIts great fun doingIts a waste of time doing.Whats the point/use/good of doingThere is no use/point (in) doingThere is no use in discussing the matter further.There is not much point in complaining to him about the bad service.
