1、代词基础知识双向细目表代词:1.人称代词(主格、宾格、单数、复数)2.物主代词3.反身代词4.指示代词:this、that、these、those、such、so、the same5.疑问代词:who、whom、what、when6.不定代词: 复合不定还代词数词:基数词和序数词 高考考试双向细胞表人称、物主和反身代词教学起点高考趋势:高考对于代词的考察将加强语境的真实性和复杂性;加强对语义较丰富、语法较复杂的不定代词的考查。高考对于数词的考查表现在确数、约数表达法及分数、年代表达法。 互动研学 人称代词(一)人称代词的分类数格人数单数复数主格宾格主格宾格第一人称Imewe us第二人称you
2、youyouyou第三人称he,she,ithim,her,ittheythem(二)人称代词的主格和宾格人称代词的主格形式在句中做主语;宾格形式在句中作宾格有时也作表语。Than/as后的代词用主格还是宾格,要根据句子的意思而定。I know you better than he (knows you).我比他更了解你。I know you better than I(know him).你和他相比,我更了解你。You, he and I are of the same age. 你、我、他都是同龄人。如果是承担责任,说话者则把I(me)或we(us)放在第一位。I and he are t
3、o blame for the accident.二、物主代词(一)物主代词的分类数种类人称单数复数第一人称第二人称第三人称第一人称第二人称第三人称形容词性myyourhisheritsouryourtheir名词性mineyourshishersitsoursyourstheirs(二)物主代词的用法1、形容词性物主代词用作形容词,在句中仅作定语,修饰名词。His father is an engineer.他父亲是工程师。2、名词性物主代词替名词词组,在句中可用作主语、表语和宾语。指示代词 互动研学 (一) this, that, these和those1. 指示代词this,these往
4、往指时间或空间上较近的人或物;that, those可指时间或空间上较远的人或物。This gift is for you and that one is for your brother.这件礼物是你的,那件是你弟弟的。I love these books but I dont like those (Ones).我喜欢这些书,但不喜欢那些。2. that和this都可指代前面提到的事或情况,而指即将要提到的事情时只能用this。We have no time to do it. That/This is our trouble.我们没有时间去做。这就是我们的问题。Im going on a
5、 hiking this weekend. 这周我要去徒步旅行。This is very exciting. 这真是太令人激动了。3. that,those常常用来代替已提到过的名同,以避免重复。This dress is larger but cheaper than that on the top hanger.这件衣服比衣架最上边的那件大而且便宜。(that代替the dress)I love reading poems by Emerson better than those by Whitman.我喜欢读爱默生的诗,胜过读惠特曼的诗。(those代替poems)注意 that可以代替
6、不可数名词,也可代替可数名词的单数,代替可数名词单数时等同于the one,表示特指;those只能代替可数名词复数,此时等同于those ones或the ones。上面的句子也可这么说:This dress is larger but cheaper than the one on the top hanger.I love reading poems by Emerson better than the ones by Whitman.4. 打电话时,this指自己,that指对方。Hello. This is Alan. Who is that speaking?喂,你好!我是阿伦。你
7、是哪位?5. 习惯用法at this=on hearing/seeing this一听到/看到这个with this一面说着,一面/就这样like this就这样,如此 Thats enough!我受够了!that is to say 也就是说 Thats it.可不是嘛!for all this 就这一次 Thats all right.没关系。/不用谢。Is that so? 真的? That will do.那正好。this和that又作状语,表示“这么”“那么”,这时词性为副词。如:Its not that hot today.今天没那么热。(thatso)The book is ab
8、out this thick.那本书大约有这么厚。(二) such, so和the same1. such的用法such作代词可单独使用,指如前所述的这样的人或事物,作句子的主语、宾语、表语、定语。遇到a/an, such必须放在其前;如果遇到no, one,two, three, another, several, some, many, all等词时,such必须置于其后。有时such之后可以加一个as用以引出属于哪一类。Every day, he got up early, walked about 5 miles to work and returned very late. Such
9、 was his life.这就是他的生活,每天早起,步行大约5英里去上班,很晚才回来。Roger is such a nice person.罗杰是个如此好的人。Such food as he gave us was nutritious.他给我们的这种食物都很有营养。2. so作代词时,代替一个句子或短语所表达的事情。(1)在believe, think, expect, suppose, imagine, guess等词后用so代替前文提出的观点,so既可用于肯定句也可用于否定句。Will Nadia come this evening? 纳迪亚今晚来吗?I think so./I do
10、nt think so.我认为她会来。/我认为她不会来。(2)用于肯定的hope,Im afraid后,代替前文提出的观点。It is going to rain this evening.今天晚上会下雨。I hope so. (此时不可说I dont hope so.可说I hope not.希望不会)希望如此。(3)so在肯定句中表示与上文相同的情况。He likes pop music, and so do I.他喜欢流行音乐,我也喜欢。(4)do so可以用来代替“动词+宾语”结构,以避免重复。此时do so的主语必须与前面的“动词+宾语”的主语一致。当主语不一致时,不用do so而用
11、do it或do that。Have you phoned your parents? 你给你父母打电话了吗?No, but Ill do so soon.没有,不过我马上就打。I havent enough time to help you. Let George do it.我没时间帮你,让乔治帮你吧。注意 do so代替的动作必须是可以由主观意愿支配的,否则不可用do so。She lost all the money. I didnt know how she did so. ()She lost all the money. I didnt know how she did. ()她
12、丢了所有的钱,我真不知道她是怎么搞的。(去钱不是由人的主观意愿决定的)巧记规则:such和so的用法名前such,形、副so,多多少少也用so。little一词有特殊,“小”用such,“少”用so。3. the same的用法(1) 单独用the same,可指刚提到过的同一个人或事物。I bought a new house last month,but soon sold the same.我上个月刚刚买了一栋新房子,可很快就给卖了。Merry Christmas! 圣诞快乐!The same to you and your family.也祝你和家人圣诞节快乐。(2) the same
13、修饰后面的名词,I dont like to have the same food every day.我不想每天总吃同样的食物。(3) the same跟在动词后。I think the same of her as you do.对于她,我和你的看法一样。(4) the same后跟as,用以引出所谈及的范围,as后可以是名词、代词,也可以是句子。I am the same age as you.我和你的年龄一样大。注意:英语中既有the sameas结构,也有the samethat结构,其区别在于:前者表示“与一样的(不是同一个)”,后者指“同一个”。This is the same
14、watch as I lost. 这个表和我丢的表是一样的。This is the same watch that I lost. 这是我丢的那块表。试题演练 My daughter often makes a schedule to get _ reminded of what she is to do in the day. (上海春考)A. herself B. her C. she D. hers点拨:A 句子意思是女儿制订计划来提醒她自己,所以只能选择反身代词herself。 The information On the Internet gets around much more
15、rapidly than _ in the newspaper. (2007辽宁)A. it B. those C. one D. that点拨:D题干中不可数名词information的替代词应采用that。疑问代词互动研学 (一)who和whom who意为“谁”,既可以指单数,也可指复数。在句中主要做主语、宾语和表语。whom在句中只能作动词宾语和介词宾语。作动词宾语时可与who互换使用,作介词宾语时只能用whom,但如果不出现在介词后,也可用who代替。Who has been chosen leader of the team? 谁被选为队长了?Who/Whom were you t
16、alking about when I came in? 我进来时你们在谈论谁?With whom did you go to the concert? 你和谁去听的音乐会?(whom不可用who代替)注意 :疑问代词做主语时,动词用单数还是复数形式,要根据它们代表的数确定。如果数的概念不清,动词多采用单数形式。Who are there on the playground? 谁在操场上?(问话者和听话者都知道操场上有一些人)Who is in the room? 谁在屋里?(说话者和听话者都可能不知道有人或有多少人)(二)what和who当问及有关某人的具体情况时,一般来说,what用来询问
17、职业或地位。who用来询问姓名或身份。What was her brother? 她哥哥是干什么的?He was a driver. 他是司机。Who was her husband? 她丈夫是谁?He was John,the son of a famous writer. 他是约翰,一位著名作家的儿子。(三)whatever, whichever和whoeverwhatever, whichever和whoever分别为what, which, who的强调形式。Whatever do you want? 你到底想要什么?Whoever gave you the book? 究竟谁给你的这
18、本书?巩固提升 If this dictionary is not yours, _can it be?A. what else B. who else C. which elses D. who elses点拨:D首先确定下划线处应填入指人的疑问代词,因此先排除A、C,由于题干所问问题为“这本字典会是谁的?”,疑问句的主语部分应表示一个所有格的含义,因此应进一步排除B,而选所有格形式的D。else在高考中经常用作形容词,与疑问代词、不定代词连用,表示“其他的”。例如:What else did you do yesterday evening? 昨晚你还做了什么其他的事情?/Who else
19、 is going with us? 还有谁跟我们同行?不定代词 教学起点 (一)不定代词的分类可数one, each, many, both, another, either, neither, (a)few不可数much, (a) little可数/不可数none, any; other, all, some复合不定代词anyone, anybody, anything; someone, somebody, something, everyone, everybody, everything; nobody, nothing (二)不定代词的用法1 no one(nobody),none
20、和nothing(1)no one(nobody)单独使用,只用于指人,可以回答who提出的问题。Who will get to station? 谁要到车站去?No one. 没有人。(2) none一般与of短语连用,指人或物。none可以回答how many,how much提出的问题。He has many friends. But none of them can really help him when he is in trouble.他有许多朋友,但当有困难时却没有一个能真正帮他。How many Chinese stamps do you collect? 你收集了多少中国邮
21、票?None. 一张也没有。 (3) nothing只指事物,后面不能接of短语,可以回答what的提问。Nothing can stop us marching forward. 没有什么东西能阻止我们前进。What are you doing now? 你在做什么?Nothing. 什么也没做。2. each和every(1) each强调“个体”,起代词和形容词的作用,指“两个或两个以上中的每一个”。each可做主语、宾语、同位语、定语等,作同位语时,不影响谓语动词的数。Each of the students Each student has been given a book.每个学
22、生一本书。The tickets each cost ten dollars.这些票每张十美元。(each作同位语,不能用costs)注意: each of后的名词前须加the;each后的名词须是单数。 (2) every强调“全体”,只能作定语,指“三个或三个以上中的每一个”。Every child enjoys Christmas.每个孩子都喜欢圣诞节。Choose ode out of every ten boys.每十个男孩中选一个。注意 : every前可有修饰语almost, nearly或practically,并且后面可跟single一词,而each则不可;在every前可加
23、not,而each前则不可。例:Almost every building was damaged in the earthquake.地震中,几乎每所建筑都遭到了破坏。除此之外,every之后除跟数词外,还可跟other, few等词。如:“every other+单数名词”表示“每隔一”。“every few+复数名词”表示“每隔几”。如:every other day表示“每隔一天”。every few meters表示“每隔几米”。如果every后跟基数词,那么在基数词后的名词则用复数形式。如果跟序数词,那么在序数词后面的名词用单数形式。如:every three days或every
24、 third day。3either和neither(1) either指两者中的任何一个,可做主语、宾语等,做主语时,谓语动词常用单数。还可作副词,译为“也”,用于否定句。Either of us has a portable computer. 我们俩都有一台手提电脑。I dont like tea, and he doesnt either. 我不喜欢喝茶,他也不喜欢。 (2) neither指两个中的任何一个都不,其结构用法与either相同。neither也可作副词,用于否定句译为“也不”。Neither of my parents allows me to take up medi
25、cine.我父母都不允许我从事医学。You talked about Gina and Ginger, but I know neither.你谈到吉娜和全洁,但这两个人我都不认识。I am not satisfied at all. 我一点也不满意。 Neither am I. 我也不满意。 (3)固定搭配eitheror“不是就是”与neithernor“既不也不”的谓语动词皆与它相近的名词呼应。Either my father or my brothers are coming. 不是我父亲就是我兄弟们来。Neither you nor I am wrong. 你和我都没错。4. som
26、e和any(1) some和any都可用作主语、宾语和定语,但any常用在疑问句和否定句中,而some用在肯定句中。She arrived with some nice flowers.她带着一些好看的花来了。 (2) any用于肯定句,表示“任何”。如:Any man can solve the problem.任何人都能解决这个问题。Which of these pencils do you want?这些铅笔你要哪一支?Any will do. 任何一支都行。 (3) 在表示请求或邀请时some也可用于疑问句。如:Will you have some milk? 邀请你喝点牛奶,好吗?
27、(4)预料对方可能会作肯定的回答some也可用于疑问句。如:Are you expecting some friends this evening? 预料会得到肯定的回答你今晚有朋友来吗?5. all和both all(1)all表“三者(以上)都”的含义。如:All of us can do it. 我们所有的人都能做。All that glitters is not gold.发光的东西未必都是金子。 (2)all之后接单数名词时,意为“整个的”;接复数名词时,意为“所有的”。比较下面两句:All the schools are closed on National Day.在国庆日,所有
28、的学校都放假。 (3)allnot(或not all)表示部分否定。如:All fat men are not healthy.Not all fat men are healthy. 胖人并不都健康。 (4)带all的习语all but=almost(几乎)all in all最爱的(东西);总的说来all at once=suddenly突然all right妥善的,无恙的all over结束;遍布all the same仍然,全都一样all alone=completely alone独自地all together全都,一起all gone=nothing left无物留下nobody
29、left无人留下all alongall the timefrom the beginning从一开始from beginning to end从头至尾above all最重要的是,首要的是after all毕竟at all用在疑问、条件及否定句中,意为“in any way(全然)”。in all=all together总共,全数That is all.没有再多的了。(到此为止。)That is not all.并非全部。once(and)for all只此一次;断然地for good and all永远for all尽管all up彻底完蛋 both(1)both表示“两者都”。如:Bo
30、th of them are fond of fishing.他们俩都喜欢钓鱼。 (2)both放在the, these,those,my.之前。如:These both boys are handsome. 误Both these boys are handsome. 正这两个男孩都长得很漂亮。His both parents are living. 误Both his parents are living. 正 他的双亲都健在。 (3)bothnot或notboth是部分否定。意思是多少加复数名词manyfew加不可数名词muchlittle肯定否定加复数名词a few几个few少加不可数
31、名词a little一点儿little少6.many和muchmany用来修饰或代替可数名词。much用来修饰或代替不可数名词。如:Many of the students often go camping in the countryside. 主语许多学生常到乡下去露营。Much has been done to improve the work. 主语为改进这项工作已做了许多事。7.few和little的用法(1)few表示“很少几个”,含否定意义,a few表示“有几个”,含肯定意义;little表示“不多,很少”,含否定意义,a little表示“有一点”,含肯定意义。如:A few
32、 of them are good at skating. 主语他们中有一些人会溜冰。Few of them are good at skating. 主语他们中没有多少人会溜冰。Little remains to be said. 主语再没有什么可说的了。We had a little snowfall last winter. 定语去年冬天下了一点雪。(2)few,a few修饰或代替可数名词;little,a little修饰或代替不可数名词。如:I met a few friends at the party.8.one的用法(1)one表示“(某)一个”的意思。如:Energy ca
33、n be changed from one form into another.能量可以从一种形式转化为另一种形式。 (2)one用作主语或宾语,有“人”“一个人”或“一”“一个”的意思。one表示“一个人”时,它的所有格是ones,反身代词是oneself。如:One should serve ones motherland wholeheartedly.每个人应该全心全意为自己的祖国服务。One should be strict with oneself.每个人应对自己要求严格。 (3)one可代替上文出现的名词,以免重复。复数名词则用ones。如:There are forty new
34、desks and ten old ones in the classroom教室里有40张新课桌和10张旧课桌。9.含复合不定代词的习语anything but 并不;决不nothing but只不过do nothing but动词原形除了之外什么都不做;只是做have nothing to do but/except+动词原形 除之外别无办法have something to do with 与有关have not anything to do with (与无关)have nothing to do withbe something of+名词have something of+名词 1
35、0.the other, others, other和another.(1)onethe other表示两者中的“一个另一个”。如:She has two sons. One is a teacher; the other is an engineer.她有两个儿子。一个是教师,另一个是工程师。 (2)someothers表示“一些另一些”,如:Some went to the Great Wall;others visited the Reservoir Mi Yun。一些人去了长城,其他人去参观了密云水库。 (3)others=other people其他人,the othersthe r
36、est其余的(人或物),如:Whatever others may say,I will do my duty.不论别人说什么,我要尽我的责任。 (4)带有other的习语:the other day=a few days ago前几天every other day(or month,year,line)每隔一天(或月、年、行)some day or other=sooner or later总有一天;迟早one after the other交互地other from不同于of all others所有的当中on the day of all others偏偏在那天 (5)another泛指
37、另外一个,只有单数形式。如:The skirt is too long;please show me another.这条裙子太长,请给我再拿一条来看看。We can do that another time.我们可以另找时间做那件事。带有another的习语。is one thing andis another (thing)是一回事,又是另一回事。another day改天another day or two再过一两天one way and another用种种方法one way or another设法,无论如何one after another相继的another之后可接单数名词或on
38、e,此时another作定语。例如:From that time on he became another man从那时起,他变成了另外一个人。Her husband is a teacher,and she another one.她丈夫是个教员,她也是个教员。oneanotherthe other意为“一个一个一个;someothers others意为“一些一些一些”,如:There were three men. One was blind,another was deaf and the other was lame.有三个人,一个是瞎子,一个是聋子,一个是跛子。11. 全部否定和部
39、分否定all,both, everyone,everybody,everything 以及“every+名词”都表示全部肯定;no one,none,nobody,nothing,notany等,以及“no十名词”都表示全部否定;但当not出现在含有表示全部肯定的不定代词的句子中,不管not在这些不定代词之前或之后都表示部分否定。We fear no difficulty (= We dont fear any difficulty). 我们不怕困难。Neither of them wants to stop for a rest. 他们两个谁也不愿意停下来休息。Both of them ha
40、vent read this story (=only one of them has read this story). 并非他们二人都看过这个故事。All bamboo doesnt grow tall. (=Not all bamboo grows tall. =Some bamboo grows tall, but some doesnt)并非所有的竹子都长得高。注意any所修饰的名词或由any-构成的复合不定代词做主语时,谓语动词不能用否定式。如果句子要用否定式,则用否定的不定代词,也就是说,我们只能说notany,但不能说anynot。Anything cannot stop hi
41、m going there. ()Nothing can stop him going there. ()任何事都不能阻止他去那里。everywhere,always,altogether,wholly与not连用时,也表示部分否定。Such a thing cant be found everywhere.这种事并不是每个地方都能见到。巩固提升What do you think of the performance todayGreat! but a musical genius could perform so successfully.(2007江西)A. All B. None C.
42、Anybody D. Everybody点拨:B与“Great!”对应肯定演出者的音乐天才,应采用none与“but a musical genius(除了音乐天才之外)”连用。The book is of great-value._ can be enjoyed unless you digest it. (2007福建)A. Nothing B. Something C. Everything. D. Anything点拨:A The book is of great-value.表明该书价值高,结合下划线处之后否定意义的“unless you digest it(如果你不将该书融会贯通)
43、”,下划线处应填入对应的否定意义的nothing。Thats an unpleasant thing to say about your father after_ he has done for you.A. something B. anything C. all D. that点拨:C all作介词after的宾语,后面接了定语从句“(that)he has done for you”。You may drop in or just give me a call. _will do. (2006安徽)A. EitherB. Each C. Neither D. All点拨:A用either指代drop in,just give me a call两者中的任何一个。Which driver was to blame?Why, _! It was the childs fault,clear and simple. He suddenly came out between two parked cars. (2006北京)A. both B. each C. either D. neither点拨:D“It was the childs fault”意味着两位司机都没有错,四个选项中本身可以表示出否定性含义的只有neither。