1、GrammarUnit1. 不定代词（Indefinite Pronouns） 不指明代替任何特定名词或形容词的代词叫做不定代词。常见不定代词如下所示：some 一些somebody 某人 someone 某人 something 某事；某物any 一些；任何anybody任何人 anyone 任何人 anything 任何事物no 没有，无nobody 没有人 no one 没有人 nothing 没什么every 每个everybody 每人；人人everyone 每人 everything 每件事物；一切all 全体；全部 each 每个（两者或以上）none 没人或物（指两个以上）ne
2、ither 两者都不（谓单） either 两者中的任何一个（谓单）both 两者都（谓复）other(s)另一个（些） another另外一个；以一个 much 很多few 很少a few 一些；几个 little 很少 a little 一些 one 一个（人或物）不定代词的用法中有几点需要注意上：1. some 和any既可修饰可数名词复数，也可修饰不可数名词。some多用于肯定句，any则多用于否定句、疑问句和条件从句。例如：A: Are there any apples in the fridge? B: Yes, there are some. / No, there arent
3、any.A: Is there any water in the bottle? B: Yes, there is some water./ No, there isnt any water.但在Would you like some tea?这类问句中则用some，而不用any,这是因为问话者希望得到对方肯定的答复。2. many, much, a lot of 均表示“很多”。但many 只修饰可数名词复数，much只修饰不可数名词，而a lot of既可接可数名词复数，又可与不可数名词连用。3. few 与 a few是一对反义词，修饰可数名词复数；little与a little 也是一
4、对反义词，修饰不可数名词。few 和little的意思是“很少；几乎没有”，侧重“否定”的含义；a few和a little 的意思是“有一些”，侧重“肯定”的含义。例如：Dont worry. There is a little time to go. We took quite a few photos there.Few people know what happened. There is now little hope of success.4. 由some, any, no, every构成的复合不定代词作主语时，都作单数看待，其谓语动词用单数第三人称形式。例如：Something
5、 is wrong with my watch. Well, everyone wants to win.Nobody knows what the future will be like.There is something for everyone at Greenwood Park.5. 除no one以外，其他复合不定代词都写成一个词。6. 不定代词若有定语修饰，该定语要置于其后。例如：Did anyone see something good at the cinema?For lunch, we had something very special Malaysian yellow
6、 noodles.Do you have anything to say?Unit2.频度副词（Adverbs of Frequency）1. 定义：频度副词是表示动作或状态出现的频率的副词，常用以回答how often的提问。2. 常见的频度副词：always (100%) almost always usuallyoftensometimeshardly ever(seldom)never(0%)always总是，一直，始终100%almost always 几乎总是95%usually通常，经常90%often常常，经常70%sometimes有时，不时40%hardly ever(se
7、ldom) 几乎从不，几乎不曾，难得（很少）5%never从不，绝不0%3. 位置：频度副词通常位于实意动词之前，be动词、助动词、情态动词之后。Sometimes有时可位于句首或句末。例如：Its always interesting to watch other people show their talents.Tom doesnt usually eat breakfast at school.They hardly ever watch TV.Fewer people will do such jobs in the future because they are boring, b
8、ut robots willnever get bored.He sometimes gets up at 6:00. = Sometimes he gets up at 6:00.4. 表示频率的短语：once/ twice a week 一周一次/两次， three times a day 一天三次，every hour/ day/ week/ year 每小时/每天/每周/每年提示：三次或三次以上一般用“基数词+times”来表示。5. 当对频度副词及事件发生频率的短语提问时，常用How often, 意为“多久一次”。例如： A: How often does Lisa go to t
9、he movies? B: Never.6. 频率副词或短语通常与一般现在时连用，有时也与一般过去时连用。例如：I hardly ever stay up late. He always went to work by bus last year.Unit3.形容词和副词的比较级和最高级（Comparative and Superlative Forms of Adjective and Adverbs）1. 概念：大多数形容词和副词有三个等级：a.原级，即原形。b.比较级，表示“较”或“更一些”。c. 最高级，表示“最”。两者比较用比较级，三者或三者以上用最高级。比较的对象必须属于同一性质或
10、范畴的人或物。2. 形容词和副词的比较级和最高级的构成1）规则变化构成方法原级比较级最高级部分双音节词单音节词和一般在词尾加-er或-esthightallshortslowhighertallershorterslowerhighesttallestshortestslowest以字母e结尾的词，在词尾加-r或-stfinelatefinerlaterfinestlatest重读闭节词词尾只有一个辅音字母时，先双写该辅间字母，再加-er或-estbigthinfatbiggerthinnerfatterbiggestthinnestfattest以“辅音字母+y”结尾的双音节词，先把”y”改
11、为”i”,再加-er或-esteasyfunnyearlyeasierfunnierearliereasiestfunniestearliest部分双音节词多音节词和在词前加more或mostbeautifulinterestingcomfortablecomfortablymore beautifulmore interestingmore comfortablemore comfortablymost beautifulmost interestingmost comfortablemost comfortably注：音节：一般情况，一个单词有几个发音的元音字母就有几个音节。闭音节：以一个
12、或几个辅音字母结尾，而中间只有一个元音字母的音节。若该音节处在重读音节上，称为重读闭音节。2）不规则变化原级比较级最高级good/wellbetterbestbad/badlyworseworstmany/muchmoremostlittlelessleastfarfartherf:(r) farthestf:stfurtherf:(r)furthestf:stoldolderldroldestldsteldereld(r)eldesteldst3. 用法一、原级的用法(1)“甲+be+(倍数)+as+形容词或副词原级+as+乙”表示“甲和乙程度相同”或“甲是乙的几倍”例如，Tom is as
13、 old as Kate.汤姆和凯特年龄一样大。Tom is twice as old as Kate.汤姆的年龄是凯特的二倍。(2)“甲+be+not+as/so+形容词或副词原级+as+乙”甲不如乙例如，This room is not as/so big as that one. 这个房间不如那个大。二、比较级的用法(1)“甲+be+形容词或副词比较级+than+乙”表示“甲比乙更”“甲+be+倍数+形容词或副词比较级+than+乙”表示 “甲比乙几倍”“甲+数词+名词+形容词或副词比较级+than+乙”表示“甲比乙大几岁或高多少”例如，Tom is taller than Kate.汤
14、姆比凯特高。This room is three times bigger than that one.这个房间比那个大三倍。He is two years older than me. 他比我大两岁。(2)比较级前用much，a lot，far，得多a little，a bit，一点儿even甚至，still仍然等词修饰，加强语气。Her hair is much longer than mine.她的头发比我长得多。(3)“比较级+and+比较级”表示“越来越”。例如，He is getting taller and taller.他变得越来越高了。The flowers are more
15、 and more beautiful.花儿越来越漂亮。He does his homework more and more carefully.他做作业越来越认真了。(4)“the+比较级，the+比较级”表示“越，越”。例如，The more careful you are，the fewer mistakes youll make.你越认真，犯的错误越少。(5)“甲+be +the+形容词比较级+of the two+”表示“甲是两者中较的”。Look at the two boys. My brother is the taller of the two.看那两个男孩，我弟弟是两个当中
16、较高的那个。(6)“甲+be+形容词或副词比较级+than +any other+单数名词(+介词短语)”表示“甲比同一范围的任何一个人/物都”，含义是“甲最”。例如，The Yangtze River is longer than any other river in China.（长江，扬子江） He jumps higher than any other student in his class.(7)“特殊疑问词+be+形容词比较级，甲or乙？”例如，Which is bigger，the earth or the moon？哪一个大，地球还是月球？“特殊疑问词+实意动词+副词比较级，
17、甲or乙？”Who draws better，Jenny or Danny？Unit4.最高级及常用句型结构(1)“主语+be +the+形容词最高级+单数名词+in/of短语”表示“是中最的”。例如，Tom is the tallest in his class./of all the students.汤姆是他们班上/所有学生当中最高的。(2)“主语+be +one of the+形容词最高级+复数名词+in/of短语”表示“是中最之一”。例如，Beijing is one of the largest cities in China.北京是中国最大城市之一。(3)“特殊疑问词+be+th
18、e+最高级+甲，乙，or丙？”用于三者以上的比较。例Which country is the largest，China，Brazil or Canada？哪一个国家最大，中国，巴西还是加拿大？Which season do you like best，spring，summer or autumn？你最喜欢哪一个季节，春夏还是秋？(4)形容词和副词最高级的意义也可以用比较级形式表达。常见的有：1)形容词/副词比较级thanany other单数名词。如：Jack gets up earlier than any other student in our class.杰克在我们班起得最早。2)
19、形容词/副词比较级thanthe other复数名词。如：Linda is quieter than the other girls in her class.琳达是她班上最安静的女孩。注：1.形容词最高级前必须加the,副词最高级前常省略the。 2.形容词最高级前若有物主代词，指示代词或名词所有格等修饰时，不加定冠词the.易错题解析：1. I am more taller than him. () I am taller than him. （比较级不能重叠）2. Taking buses in Beijing is than taking a taxi.A. more cheaper
20、B. much cheaper C. a little cheap D. less cheaper3. I am taller than any other student in my class. (比较级对象不能重叠) 我比班里其他学生都高4. Your book is newer than me. () Your book is newer than mine. (比较级对象要对等)Unit5 一、What do/does sb.think of sth.？句型的运用某人认为某物怎么样？其同义句型为“How do/does sb.like sth.？”这一句型主要用于询问某人对某物的喜爱
21、程度或看法。句中think of意为“认为”，对这一句型的回答由某人对某物喜爱程度的高低来定，具体有I love(love喜爱，很喜欢，相当于likevery much)；I like(like喜爱，所表示的喜爱程度比love低)；I dont mind(dont mind不介意，表示喜爱的程度低)；I dont like(dont like不喜欢，喜爱程度为零)；I cant stand(cant stand不能忍受，所表示的喜爱程度低于零，达到讨厌的地步)二、动词不定式作宾语的用法动词不定式的基本形式为“to动词原形”。动词不定式没有人称和数的变化。在句子中可作主语、宾语和表语等。不定式作
22、宾语的用法非常广泛。许多动词都可以接这种宾语，结构为“动词不定式”。常见动词有：ask，expect，plan，want，learn，need，hope，try，like，begin，agree等。下面的顺口溜能帮助同学们记住这一用法：同意(agree)做计划(plan)，需要(need)来帮忙(help)。努力(try)多学习(learn)，想要(want)有希望(hope)，期盼(expect)送祝愿(wish)。Unit6. 一般将来时(Simple Future Tense)1一般将来时的定义一般将来时表示在将来某一个时间将要发生的动作或存在的状态，也可以表示打算好在将来要去做的动作。
23、一般将来时主要有两种表示形式：“will动词原形”和“be going to结构”。本单元主要介绍“be going to结构”。2“be going to结构”的基本句式(1)肯定句：主语 be going to 动词原形 其他如：I am going to play computer games next Sunday.下周日我打算玩电脑游戏。(2)否定句：主语 be not going to 动词原形 其他如：He isnt going to see a film with us tonight.今晚他不打算和我们一起去看电影。(3)一般疑问句：Be 主语 going to 动词原形 其
24、他？肯定回答：Yes，主语 be. 否定回答：No，主语 be not.如：Are you going to watch talk shows after dinner？晚饭后你们打算看访谈节目吗？Yes，we are./No，we arent.是的，我们打算看。/不，我们不打算看。(4)特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词 be 主语 going to 动词原形 其他？如：How are you going to learn English？你打算怎样学习英语？3一般将来时的判断(1)句中有表示将来时间的状语时，用一般将来时。这样的时间状语有：“tomorrow一类”。如：tomorrow morning
25、，at five oclock tomorrow afternoon“next一类”。如：next week，at four next Friday afternoon“this一类”。如：at the end of this month【温馨提示】this morning常用于一般过去时。表示将来的短语或日期。如：soon，from now on，in the future，in a few days time，in a moment，in the year 2016。如：The famous singer is going to have a concert next month.那个有名
26、的歌手下个月将举办演唱会。The kids are going to climb the mountains this weekend.这个周末孩子们要去爬山。(2)有迹象表明或从句意判断出某一动作或状态是在将来发生或存在的，也用将来时。如：The boys are putting their books and pens in their backpacks.I think they are going to walk home.那些男孩们正在把书和钢笔放进他们的背包里。我想他们将步行回家。注：1）在口语中，will常缩略为., will not 常缩略为wont。2）在表示“带意愿色彩的将
27、来”时，常用助动词will。例如： I will tell you all about it.3）在疑问句中，主语为第一人称（I和we）时，也常用助动词shall。例如：When shall we have the party?4）在书面语中，主语为第一人称（I和we）时，也常用助动词shall。例如：I shall write you a letter next month.但在口语中，所有人称都可以用will。5）“be going to+动词原形”也可能表示将要发生的动作或安排，或打算、计划、决定要做的事。例如：The Smiths are going to see a Peking o
28、pera this evening.Theyre going to play volleyball next week.Im going to study medicine at a university.When are you going to work?I. 动词(Verbs)1. 动词的种类(Kinds of Verbs)类别说明例句实义动词Full Verbs表示动作或状态，在句中能独立作谓语。She has a new friend from Australia.He takes the train every day.We leave for school at around s
29、even.连系动词Linking Verbs不能独立作谓语，必须与表语一起构成谓语。He is popular in school.Twins usually look the same.Threes turn green in spring.助动词Auxiliary Verbs不能独立作谓语，只能和主要动词一起构成谓语，表示否定、疑问、时态或其他语法形式。I dont want to go for a drive.(否定)We are playing basketball.(进行时态)Do you like tomatoes?(疑问)情态动词 Modal Verbs不能独立作谓语，只能和主要
30、动词一起构成谓语，表示说话人的证据和情态。情态动词一般没有人称和数的变化。She can speak a little English.I think you should go to college.Can you come to my party?II. 冠词（Article）冠词是一种虚词，常放在名词前，帮助说明名词所指的人或事物的含义。冠词本身不能单独使用，在句中一般不重读。冠词分不定冠词和定冠词两类。1. 不定冠词（Indefinite Articles）a/an是不定冠词，a 用在发音以辅音开头的单词之前，如 a book, a girl等；an则用在发音以元音开头的单词之前，如a
31、n hour, an English teacher等。注意：不定冠词只用于可数名词单数前。不定冠词的具体用法见下表：用法例词或例句指人或事物的某一种类China is a very interesting country.Its an action movie.指某人或某物，但不具体说明何人或何物。Is there a bank near here?I found a small boy crying in the corner.We work five days a week.表示“一”这个数量，但数的概念没有one强烈。He has a big nose and two small ey
32、es.用于某些固定词组中。a few, a little, a lot of, a moment ago2. 定冠词（Definite Article）不论是单数名词还是复数名词，也不论是可数名词还是不可数名词，其前均可用定冠词the。定冠词的主要用法见下表：用法例词或例句特指其（些）人或某（些）物。Show me the photo of your family.The book on the desk is mine.指双方都知道的人或事物。How much are the red socks?Theyre eight dollars.指上下文提过的人或事物。First, cup up a
33、 tomato. Put the tomato on the bread.用在世界上独一无二的事物前。The sun is bigger than the moon.用在序数词和形容词最高级前。In the first photo, Im playing basketball at school.Whats the best radio station?用在由普通名词构成的专用名词前。the Great Wall, the Childrens Palace用在姓氏的复数形式前the Browns(布朗一家人)用在乐器名称前。Can you play the guitar?用在一些习惯用语中。i
34、n the morning/afternoon/evening, on the left/right, the day before yesterday, all the same3. 不用冠词的情况（Zero Article）英语中在不少场合下名词前是不需要使用冠词的，有的语法书上把这种现象称做“零冠词”。不用冠词的情况见下表：用法例词或例句在专有名词和不可数名词前。China, Tiananmen Square, milk, Milers Clothes Store, Class 9名词前已有作定语的this, that, my, your, some, any, each, every
35、等代词。Its her ruler.How much are these trousers?This book is really interesting.Some boys are playing in the snow.I think every home will have a robot.复数名词表示一类人或事物时。She thinks talk shows are wonderful.I like elephants because they are cute.在星期、月份、节日前。Can you come to my party on Saturday?A special day
36、in the United States is Thanksgiving.在称呼语、头衔和职务等名词前。My science teacher is Mr. Chen.Dont run in the hallways.Sorry, Ms. Clark.在一日三餐前。For lunch, she likes hamburgers, salad and oranges.在球类运动的名称前。Can you play soccer?Do you play tennis?用在某些固定词组中。at home/school, by train, go to school/bed, on time, at ni
37、ght/noon, after class/school, be late for schoolIII. 连词（Conjunctions）用来连接词与词、短语与短语，以及句子与句子的虚词叫做连词。连词在句中不能单独作句子成分，一般不重读。连词按其性质可分为两类：并列连词和从属连词。1. 并列连词（Coordinate Conjunctions）并列连词是指用以连接并列的单词、短语、从句或句子的连词。常见的并列连词有：and, but, for, or, so, bothand, not onlybut also等，例如：Beck and her father often watch NBA g
38、ames.Are you going to have a picnic on Saturday or Sunday?He got up very early this morning , but still hes late for school.2.从属连词（Subordinate Conjunctions）从属连词是指用以引导从句的连词。常见的从属连词有：when, while, as ,after, before, until, if , because, although, than, as soon as等，例如：Adam always finishes his homework b
39、efore he plays football.She cant go to school because she is ill today.注： 在同一个句子中，though(although)与but、because与so不可同时使用，例如：()Though she was ill, but she was listening to the report carefully.(删去but;要么删去though)()Because her parents died, so she had to make a living by herself.(删去because;要么删去so)IV.句子的
40、成分（Parts of a Sentence）组成句子的名个部分叫做句子的成分，即：主语、谓语、表语、宾语、宾语补足语、定语和状语。主语和谓语是句子的主体部分。句子成分意义例句主语The Subject表示句子所说的是“什么人”或“什么事物”，一般由名词、代词或相当于名词的词或短语等充当。Lucy is an American girl.She often goes to the movies.谓语The Predicate说明主语“做什么”、“是什么”或者“怎么样”。谓语（谓语部分主要的词）用动词，谓语和主语在“人称”和“数”两方面必须一致。We are both quiet.He has
41、a toothache.His parents teach math.表语The Predicative说明主语“是什么”或者“怎么样”，由名词、形容词或相当于名词或形容词的词或短语等充当，和系动词一起构成谓语。Her mother is a bank clerk.Are you ready?We are at home last night.It taste great.宾语The Object表示动作、行为的对象，由名词、代词或相当于名词的词或短语等充当，和及物动词一起说明说明主语“做什么”。Let me tell you what he is like.Hes playing socce
42、r.Can I ask some questions?宾语补足语The Object Complement用来补足宾语意义，一般置于宾语之后，由名词、形容词、不定式、动名词、分词、介词短语等充当。I found the book veryinteresting.My mother wants me to drink it.定语The Attribute用来修饰名词或代词。作定语的除形容词外，还有代词、数词、名词、介词短语或相当于形容词的词或短语等。Peel three bananas.Whats your name, please?Shes a good basketball player.状
43、语The Adverbial用来修饰动词、形容词或副词，一般表示行为发生的时间、地点、目的、方式、程度等意义，通常由副词、介词短语或相当于副词的词或短语等充当。I like it very much.People are all working hard.Hong Kong is not very cold in winter.V. 句子的种类（Typed of Sentences）1. 句子按其结构可分为以下几种类型：类别构成例句简单句The Simple Sentence由一个主语（或并列主语）和一个谓语（或并列谓语）构成的句子。I get up at sic in the morning
44、.My mother and I often go shopping.Some students walk or ride bikes to school.并列句The Compound Sentence由并列连词(and, so, but, or等)把两个或两个以上的简单句连在一起而构成的句子。She doesnt like science, and she thinks it is boring.Ed has a great sports collection, but he doesnt play sports.School starts at eight, so I get up at
45、 six thirty.复合句The Complex Sentence由一个主句和一个或一个以上的从句构成的句子。What do you want to be when you grow up?I think Screen City has the most comfortable seats.2. 简单句的五种基本句型（Five Kinds of Simple Sentences）类别谓语部分Predicate主语Subject(S)谓语动词Verb(V)表语Predicative(P)宾语Object(O)宾语补足语Object Complement(OC)第1种S+VWeexercise.(不及物动词)第2种S+V+OIlike(及物动词)bananas.第3种S+V+PTheyare(系动词)students.第4种S+V+ indirect O+ direct O Shegave(及物动词)me(间接宾语)a pen（直接宾语）第5种S+V+O
