1、高中英语必修二语法汇总Unit 1 限制性定语从句限制性定语从句用来限制先行词的意义，在讲话时不需停顿，书写时不用逗号，通常由关系代词that，which，who，whom，whose，as和关系副词when，where，why引导。一、基本概念1先行词：被定语从句所修饰的词(有时是短语或句子)叫做先行词。如下列句中加黑部分就是先行词。She hasfound the necklace that she lost twoweeks ago.她找到了她两周前丢失的项链。As a generalrule，the most successful manin life is the man who h
2、as the bestinformation.一般说来，生活中最成功的人是获得最佳信息的人。Do youremember the day when we arrivedhere?你记不记得我们到这儿的那一天？2关系词：用来引导定语从句的连接词叫关系词。它包括关系代词(that，which，who，whom，whose，as)和关系副词(when，where，why)。关系词在从句中都担任一定句子成分。关系代词在从句中作主语、宾语、表语、定语；关系副词在从句中作状语。Were going to do somethingthat has never been done before.(作主语)我们
3、打算尝试一下以前从来没有做过的事情。He is a man whom we should all learn from.(作宾语)我们都应该向他学习。He lives ina house whose window faces south.(作定语)他住在一个窗户朝南的房间里。He is nolonger the person that he used tobe.(作表语)他不再是过去的样子了。At the time when I saw him，he was well.(作时间状语)我见他的时候，他身体很棒。They stilllive in the same house where they
4、lived ten years ago.(作地点状语)他们仍然居住在十年前的那所房子里。That is thereason why they suffered such greatloss.(作原因状语)这就是他们遭受那么大损失的原因。温馨提示(1)作宾语的关系代词常可省去。如：There are some films(that) Id like to see.(2)因为关系词在从句中已经担任了某一成分，所以关系词所代指的先行词在从句中不要再出现。下面的句子都有错误：Mrs Smith whom you met her yesterday is a friend of mine.(去掉her)
5、Guilin is a city which it has a history of 2,000 years.(去掉it)This is the place where my mother was born there.(去掉there)There are moments when I forgot all about it then.(去掉then)二、关系词的种类和功能种类功能(在从句中所担任的成分)关系代词that主语、宾语(代替人或物)which主语、宾语(代替物)who主语、宾语(代替人)whom宾语(代替人)whose定语(代替人或物)as主语、宾语、表语(代替人或物)关系副词wh
6、en时间状语(代替表时间的先行词)where地点状语(代替表地点的先行词)why原因状语(先行词是reason)1.that用作关系代词，既可指人也可指物，可作主语、宾语或表语。Is he theman that sells eggs?他是卖鸡蛋的那个人吗？(作主语，指人)Water that is impure often causes seriousillness.不洁净的水常会引起严重的疾病。(作主语，指物)2which用作关系代词时一般指物，可作主语、宾语。She was noton the train which arrived just now.她不在刚才到达的那列火车上。(作主语
7、)This is thebook which you wanted.这就是你想要的那本书。(作宾语)3who只指人，在从句中可作主语、宾语。A doctor isa person who looks after peoples health.医生是关照人们健康的人。(作主语)The man who I saw is called Smith.我见到的那个人名叫史密斯。(作宾语)4whom用作关系词，只指人，在从句中一般作宾语。Thegentleman whom she encounteredaddressed her with courtesy.她遇到的那位先生很有礼貌地和她讲话。(作宾语)5
8、whose在从句中作定语，既可指人也可指物。Youre the only one whose advice he might listen to.只有你的话他可能会听。(指人)Id like a room whose window looks out over the sea.我想要一个窗户面临大海的房间。(指物)6when的先行词须是表时间的词，在从句中作时间状语。July andAugust are the months when theweather is hot.七八月是天气很热的月份。7where的先行词须是表地点的名词，在从句中作地点状语。Shes going home where
9、 she can rest.她要回家休息了。温馨提示关系副词where的先行词也可以是有地点含义的抽象名词(如point，case，situation，condition等)。He has reached the point wherea change is needed.他已到了需要改变的地步。(point在此是抽象名词)8why的先行词只有reason，在从句中作原因状语。Do you knowthe reason why I left early?你知道我为什么早走吗？三、that和which引导定语从句的区别1which可引导非限制性定语从句，that不可以。He hadfailed
10、the maths exam，which made his father veryangry.他数学考试不及格，这让他父亲很生气。2which之前可有介词，that之前不能有介词。This is thehouse in which Lu Xun used to live.这是鲁迅过去住过的房子。3当先行词是all，everything，nothing，something，anything，much，little，few等不定代词时，常用that。That is all that I want to say.那就是我想说的一切。There is nothing that can prevent
11、him from doingit.没有什么能阻止他这样做。4先行词是序数词或被序数词修饰时，多用that。The first place that they visited in Guilin was Elephant Trunk Hill.他们在桂林参观的第一个地方是象鼻山。5先行词是最高级或被最高级修饰时，多用that。This is the best film that I have ever seen.这是我看过的最好的电影。6先行词被the very，the only，just等修饰时，多用that。This is the very dictionary that I want to
12、 buy.这正是我想买的字典。Mr Smith is the only foreigner that he knows.史密斯先生是他唯一认识的外国人。7先行词既包括人又包括物时，用that。The passengers and the suitcases that were still waiting hadto be transferred to another plane.仍在等待的乘客和行李只得改乘另一架飞机。温馨提示(1)way作先行词，若从句中缺少状语，则用that或in which引导定语从句，也可省略关系词。I dontlike the way (that/in which)
13、hespeaks to his parents.我不喜欢他跟他父母讲话的方式。(2)关系副词可由“介词关系代词”代替。I will remember the day when/onwhich I worked there.我将永远记住我在那儿工作的那一天。My favorite city is Beijing where/inwhich I can visit the Great Wall.我最喜欢的城市是北京，在那里我可以参观长城。(3)表“时间”，“地点”和“原因”的先行词如果在从句中作主语或宾语时，要用关系代词引导定语从句；如果在从句中作状语，则选用关系副词。This is the mu
14、seum that/whichI visited last year.这就是我去年参观的那座博物馆。This is the museum wherehis father worked twenty years ago.这就是他父亲20年前工作过的那个博物馆。The reason that/which hegave is unbelievable.他给出的理由让人无法相信。The reason why heconducted so well was that he had made full preparations.他发挥的这么好的原因是他做了充分的准备。Unit2 现在进行时的被动语态1.现
15、在进行时的被动语态的构成形式形式结构肯定形式主语be(am，is，are)beingdone否定形式主语be(am，is，are)notbeingdone一般疑问式be(am，is，are)主语beingdone特殊疑问式特殊疑问词be(am，is，are)主语beingdone2.现在进行时的被动语态表示的意义(1)表示某事/某人此时此刻正在被。The criminalis being watched over by apoliceman.那名罪犯正由一名警察看守。The bridge is being repaired.这座桥正在被修复。(2)表示某事/某人现阶段正在被。Manyinter
16、esting experiments are beingcarried out these days.这些天许多有趣的实验正在进行着。(说话时并不一定正在进行)(3)表示一种经常性的被动行为，常与always，constantly，frequently等词连用，表示赞赏(扬)、羡慕、讨厌等感情色彩。I feel verysurprised that the window of our classroom isfrequently being broken.我感到非常吃惊的是我们教室的那扇窗户经常被打破。(4)与部分情态动词连用，表示对正在发生的动作的推测。He may be being sco
17、lded by his father at thevery moment.此刻他也许正被他父亲责骂。3现在进行时的被动语态注意要点(1)不可遗漏being。现在进行时的被动语态表示说话时正在进行的一个被动的动作，如果我们把being漏掉，即成为一般现在时的被动语态或系表结构。Look！The children are being taken care of by their aunt.瞧！那些孩子正由他们的姑妈照看着。Children are taken good care of at school.孩子们在学校被照顾得很好。(一般现在时的被动语态)The report is being wr
18、itten by one of the beststudents.报告正由一名最优秀的学生写着呢。The report is well written.(系表结构)这个报告写得很好。(2)现在进行时的被动语态也可以表示将来。现在进行时的被动语态有时可表示按计划或安排将要进行的一个被动动作(此种用法仅限于少数及物动词，如：hold，take等)。A party is being held tonight.今晚将要举行一场晚会。(3)不及物动词(短语)、非延续性动词、表示存在意义/所属关系/静态特征的动词以及系动词不用于现在进行时的被动语态。这本书是他的。误The book is beingbel
19、onged to him.正The book belongs to him.(4)一些表示状态、心理活动、拥有、存在等的动词，如have，want，need，like，realize等，一般不用于进行时的被动语态，而常用一般现在时的被动语态表示此时此刻或目前主语正在承受谓语动词表示的动作。玛丽，过来，有你的电话。误Mary，come here.Youre being wanted on thephone.正Mary，come here.Youre wanted on the phone.(5)“beunder/in”等“介词名词”结构可表示现在进行时的被动语态的含义。The problem i
20、s under discussion (is beingdiscussed) at the meeting.这个问题正在会上讨论。Thetelephone is in use (is being used)now.这部电话正在使用中。Unit 3 现在完成时的被动语态现在完成时的被动语态表示到现在为止某事已经被完成或被做。这种语法项目既要表示现在已经完成又要表示被动的含义，因此很多同学在具体运用中容易顾此失彼，难以把握。运用现在完成时的被动语态时应掌握以下几个问题：一、现在完成时的被动语态的常用句式肯定式主语have/has been done.否定式主语have/has not been d
21、one.一般疑问式Have/Has主语been done.？特殊疑问式疑问词have/has主语been done.？A newnetwork has been set up.一个新的网络已经建立起来了。To Toms disappointment，his novel has not been published.让汤姆失望的是，他的小说还没有被出版。Has his bike beenrepaired?他的自行车修好了吗？How manyresidents have been invited to theconference？有多少居民受到了参会邀请？二、现在完成时的被动语态的用法1.表示被动
22、的动作在说话之前已经完成，强调过去的动作对现在造成的影响或产生的结果，通常与already，yet，never，recently等副词及时间状语so far，by now，up till/to now，since等连用。The databasehas already been updated.数据库已经被更新了。(现在可以使用新的数据库了)2.表示一个被动的动作或状态从过去开始一直持续到现在，并可能继续持续下去，常与for或since等引出的时间状语(从句)连用，或用于howlong引出的句子中。The machine has been repaired for two hours.这台机器已
23、经被修了两个小时了。(可能还会继续被修)3.用在条件状语从句中，表示将来某时已经完成的动作。You shouldnt leave school beforeyour homework has been finished.在你的作业没完成之前你不应该离开学校。三、使用现在完成时的被动语态要注意6点问题1.与一般过去时的被动语态的区别。一般过去时的被动语态所表示的动作或状态与现在的情况没有联系，而现在完成时的被动语态则强调与现在的情况有联系。The park wasopened to the public last year.去年这个公园向公众开放。(说明动作发生于过去)The park has
24、been opened to the public.这个公园已向公众开放。(说明动作发生于过去，但对现在有影响，即现在公园已经向公众开放了)2.非延续性动词，如borrow，finish，begin，start，buy，marry，open，join等构成的现在完成时的被动语态不能与表示一段时间的状语连用。若要表达相应的意思，则要改换动词或时态。The work was finished two weeks ago.这项工作于两周前被完成。The work has been finished.这项工作已经被完成。3.短语动词是一个不可分割的整体，在被动语态中要保持其完整性，其中的介词或副词不可
25、省略。It is saidthat the problem has been looked into.据说已经调查了这个问题。4.只带有一个宾语的动词变为被动语态时，将主动语态的宾语变为被动语态的主语。We havebuilt many houses in the past ten years.Manyhouses have been built in the pastten years.在过去的十年里我们建了很多房子。5.带有双宾语的动词，如give，send，bring，take，teach，show，tell，make，sing，write，read，sell，buy，tell，pay，
26、lend，pass，promise等，变为被动语态时，可将其中一个宾语变为主语，另一个保留不动。We havegiven him a lot of cash.Hehas been given a lot of cash.Alot of cash has been given to him.我们给了他很多现金。6.带有复合宾语的动词变为被动语态时，只能将宾语变为主语，原来的宾补改为主语补足语。原来省略to的不定式作宾补的，被动语态中要用带to的不定式。I have toldthem to take their identity cards.Theyhave been told to take t
27、heiridentity cards.我已经告诉他们要带上身份证。Unit 4 过去分词作定语和宾语补足语一、过去分词作定语1.意义：及物动词的过去分词作定语往往表示被动和完成；不及物动词的过去分词作定语不表示被动，只表示完成。(1)表示被动和完成a polluted river一条被污染的河流the watered flowers浇过水的花(2)只表示完成，不表示被动fallen leaves落叶the risen sun升起的太阳2.位置：单个的过去分词作定语时，通常放在被修饰词的前面；过去分词短语作定语时，通常放在被修饰词的后面，其作用相当于一个定语从句。The student dres
28、sed in white is my daughter.The student who is dressed in white is my daughter.穿白色衣服的那个学生是我女儿。注意：过去分词作定语和现在分词作定语的区别：(1)语态不同：现在分词表示主动；过去分词表示被动。The question discussedwas very important.讨论过的那个问题很重要。The house standing at thecorner of the street was built in 2016.矗立在街道角落的那所房子是2016年建的。(2)时间关系上不同：现在分词表示动作正
29、在进行；过去分词表示动作已经完成。3.过去分词(done)、现在分词的被动语态(being done)与动词不定式的被动语态(to be done)作定语的区别：意义形式语态时态done被动完成being done被动进行to be done被动尚未发生The buildingbuilt last year is our classroombuilding.去年建造的楼是我们的教学楼。The buildingbeing built now is our classroombuilding.现在正在建造的楼是我们的教学楼。The buildingto be built next month is
30、 ourclassroom building.下个月将要建造的楼是我们的教学楼。二、过去分词作宾语补足语1.过去分词用在表状态的动词keep，leave等词的后面作宾语补足语。He got uplate and hurried to his office，leaving the breakfast untouched.他起得很晚，没吃早饭就匆匆忙忙地去了办公室。2.过去分词用在使役动词have/get和make的后面作宾语补足语。(1)“have/get宾语过去分词”可以表示两种含义：“让别人做某事”或“遭遇到某种不幸”。Claire had her luggage checked an ho
31、ur beforeher plane left.在飞机起飞前一个小时克莱儿对行李进行了安检。While theywere on holiday，they had their car broken into.他们在度假时，汽车被撬开了。(2)在“make宾语过去分词”这种结构中，过去分词表示结果。They managedto make themselves understood byusing very simple English.他们用很浅易的英语来设法使自己被理解。3.感官动词see，hear，notice，observe，watch，feel，find等后，可用过去分词作宾语补足语。Wh
32、en we saw the road blocked with snow，we decided to spend the holiday athome.当我们看到道路被雪封住后，我们决定在家过假期。The nextmorning people found the worldoutside their houses completely changed.第二天早上，人们发现他们房子外面的世界全变了样。4.表示“意愿；命令”的动词，如like，want，wish，expect，order等可用过去分词作宾语补足语。The manager ordered the work finished at t
33、he end ofthis week.经理要求在本周末完成这项工作。5.过去分词用在“with宾语宾补”这一结构中，过去分词与宾语之间是动宾关系。The livingroom is clean and tidy，witha dining tablealready laid for a meal to becooked.客厅既干净又整洁，已摆好了餐桌准备盛放待煮的饭菜。Johnreceived an invitation to dinner，and with his work finished，hegladly accepted it.约翰收到一份宴请函而且他的工作也做完了，他就欣然接受了邀请。
34、6.非谓语动词(短语)作宾语补足语的区别：(1)感官动词(短语)see，watch，observe，look at，notice，hear，listento，feel等的宾语补足语主要有三种形式，试比较(以hear为例)：I heard her singing an English song whenI passed by her room yesterday.昨天经过她房间时，我听她正在唱英文歌。(主动、正在进行)I heard her sing an English song justnow.刚才我听见她唱了一首英文歌。(主动、完成)To learnEnglish well，we shou
35、ld findopportunities to hear English spokenas much as possible.为了学好英语，我们应该尽可能多地听英语。(被动、无时间性)(2)使役动词make，have，get，keep后加复合宾语的比较The shockingnews made me realize what terribleproblems we would face.这个令人震惊的消息使我意识到我们将面临多么可怕的问题。I made myself known to them first andthen we talked about our hobbies.我先向他们作了自
36、我介绍，然后我们谈论了我们的爱好。Mother had me go to the shop and buy somesalt.妈妈让我去商店买些食盐。He had us laughing all through the meal.整顿饭下来他让我们笑个不停。My eldersister had her wallet stolen on abus last month.上个月，我姐姐的钱包在公共汽车上被偷了。He got me to post the letter for him.他让我替他寄信。The captain got the soldiers moving toward thefron
37、t after a short rest.休息了片刻之后，上尉让士兵们开始朝前线行进。Ill get my cellphone repaired tomorrow.我明天要(请人)修一下我的手机。Im sorry to have kept you waiting so long.对不起，让你久等了。She kept her eyes shut and stayed where shewas.她紧闭双眼，待在原地未动。(3)with复合结构中宾语补足语的比较WeChat islike a public network，withpeople sharing information publicly
38、；whateverthey say or publish can be seen by everybody.微信像是一个公开网络，人们公开分享信息，不管他们说什么、发布什么，大家都可以看到。With a great weight taken off her mind，she passed all the testssuccessfully.由于放下了极大的思想包袱，她成功地通过了所有考试。Unit 5过去分词一、过去分词作表语1.意义：用在系动词后面，构成系表结构，表示主语所处的状态，此时过去分词大多已变成了形容词。I felt confused，evenbored.我有点迷惑不解，甚至有点烦
39、。We were encouraged at the news.听到这个消息我们很受鼓舞。2.过去分词作表语表示主语所处的状态。这一结构从形式上与被动语态相同，但被动语态强调主语所承受的动作。试比较：The book iswell written.这本书写得好。The book waswritten by a soldier.这本书是由一位士兵写的。3.感觉类及物动词的现在分词与过去分词作表语的区别。英语中有很多与感觉有关的及物动词，其现在分词表示主动意义，即“令人有某种感觉的”，多用来修饰物；其过去分词含有被动意义，即“人被引起某种感觉的”，多用来指人、人的声音、笑容或表情等。常用的这类词有
40、：We were surprised at what he said at themeeting.我们对他在会上讲的话很是惊讶。His wordswere discouraging，which made many people discouraged.他的话令人泄气，使得很多人灰心丧气。二、过去分词(短语)作状语(一)过去分词(短语)作状语的具体用法表示被动的或完成的动作，这时句子的主语和过去分词之间为逻辑上的被动关系。而现在分词(短语)作状语时，现在分词的动作就是句子主语的动作，它们之间的关系是主动关系。Written in a hurry，thisarticle was not so go
41、od.因为写得匆忙，这篇文章不是很好。本句中的written即为过去分词作状语，表示这篇文章是被写的，而且已经被写完。过去分词(短语)通常在句中作时间状语、原因状语、条件状语、让步状语、方式状语和伴随状语等。1.过去分词作时间状语，在句中相当于一个时间状语从句。Asked about his address(Whenhe was asked about his address)，the little boy didnt respond.问及他的地址时，小男孩没有作答。2.过去分词作原因状语，在句中相当于一个原因状语从句。Annoyed at the decision(Ashe was anno
42、yed at the decision)，he refused to attend themeeting.由于对这个决定很生气，他拒绝参加会议。3.过去分词作条件状语，在句中相当于一个条件状语从句。Given more time(Ifthey were given more time)，the trees could growtaller.如果再多给一点时间，这些树会长得更高。Heated to a high temperature(Ifit is heated to a high temperature)，waterwill change into vapor.如果加热到高温，水就能变成蒸气
43、。4.过去分词作让步状语，在句中相当于一个让步状语从句。Left (Although he was left)alone at home，John didnt feel afraid at all.虽然约翰被单独留在家里，但他一点都不害怕。5.过去分词作方式、伴随状语。Followed by a group of students，theteacher entered the classroom.The teacher entered theclassroom and he was followed by agroup of students.老师走进教室，后面跟着一群学生。注意：过去分词(短
44、语)作状语时，前面有时可以加上when，if，while，though，even if，until，unless等连词，这种结构可以看作是一种省略的状语从句(省略部分多为“主语be的多种形式”)。需要注意的是，省略的主语必须和主句的主语相同或是it。Even if invited(Even if Iminvited)，I wonttake part in the party.即使受到邀请，我也不会参加这个聚会的。拓展部分过去分词来源于系表结构，作状语时不表示“被动关系”。这样的过去分词及短语常见的有：lost in(陷入某种状态)、seated(坐着的)、hidden(躲着)、lost/abs
45、orbed(沉溺于)、dressedin(穿着)、tired of(厌烦了)等。Lost/Absorbed in deep thought，she didnt hear the sound.由于陷入沉思，所以她没有听到那个声音。Dressed in a new dress，she looks very beautiful.穿着一件新衣服，她看上去很漂亮。(二)过去分词作状语时的位置过去分词作条件、原因及时间状语时，通常放在句首；作伴随、结果状语时，通常放在句末；作方式状语时，一般放在句末，有时也放在句首；作让步状语时，一般放在句首，有时也放在句末。Told that his mother wa
46、s ill，Li Lei hurried home quickly.(原因状语)得知母亲生病了，李雷迅速赶回了家。The old manwalked into the room，supportedby his son.(方式状语)老人在儿子的搀扶下走进了房间。(三)过去分词与现在分词作状语的区别过去分词与句子的主语之间存在逻辑上的动宾关系，即表示被动；现在分词与句子的主语之间存在逻辑上的主谓关系，即表示主动。助记分词作状语记忆口诀分词作状语，主语是问题。前后两动作，共用一主语。主语找出后，再来判关系。主动用-ing，被动用-ed。Used for a long time，thebook looks old.(动宾关系)由于用了很长时间，这本书看上去陈旧。Using the book，Ifind it very useful.(主谓关系)在使用这本书时，我发现它很有用。注意：无论是现在分词还是过去分词，其逻辑主语必须和句子的主语一致。如果不一致，则必须用状语从句、独立主格结构等其他表达形式。If caught，the police will punish the thief.()If caught，the thief will be punished by the po
