1、一、初中英语语法总结本文归纳了词法、八种基本时态以及三大基本从句，是历年中考英语必考语法点。（一）词 法1. 名词（1）名词的可数与不可数可数名词指表示的人或事物可以用数来计量，它有单数与复数两种形式。不可数名词指所表示的事物不能用数来计量。物质名词与抽象名词一般无法用数目，来统计，都成为不可数名词。不可数名词前一般不能用冠词a、an来表示数量，没有复数形式。要表示“一个”这一概念，就须加a piece of这一类短语。要注意许多名词在汉语里看来是可数名词，在英语里却不可数。如：chalk，paper，bread，rice，grass，news等。（2）名词复数的规则变化A.一般情况下加-s。
2、B.以s, x, ch, sh, 结尾的加-esC.以辅音字母加y结尾的改y为i再加-esD.以f，fe结尾的，去掉f或fe，变成v再加-es（3）名词的所有格A. 单数名词词尾加s，复数名词词尾若没有s，也要加s。如：the workers bike，the Children s ballB. 表示几个人共有一样东西，只需在最后一个人的名字后加 s若表示各自所有，则需在各个名字后 s。如：This is Lucy and Licy s room.These are Kates and jack s rooms.C. 如果是通过在词尾加s构成的复数形式的名词，只加。如：the students
3、 books，the girls blouses(另外：名词+of+名词名词是有生命的，我们就用s结构来表示所有关系。如果名词所表示的事物是无生命的，我们就要用名词+of+名词的结构来表示所有关系。)2. 代词人称代词，物主代词，反身代词，指示代词，不定代词（1）人称代词第一人称单数I me my mine myself复数we us our ours ourselves第二人称单数you you your yours yourself复数you you your yours yourselves第三人称单数he him his his himselfshe her her hers hers
4、elfit it its its itself复数they them their theirs themselves（2）物主代词物主代词的用法：形容词性物主代词后面一定要跟上一个名词；名词性物主代词可作主语、表语、宾语。（3）反身代词反身代词的构成分两种：第一、二人称反身代词在形容词性物主代词后加上self或selves，第三人称反身代词在宾格代词后加上self或selves.反身代词的用法：一种是作宾语，由主语发出的动作又回到动作者本身。如：I enjoyed myself at the party. 另一种是作名词或代词的同位语;用来加强语气。如：I can do it myself.（
5、4）指示代词指示代词的特殊用法：(1)为了避免重复，可用that，those代替前面提到过的名词，但是this，these不可以。(2)this，that有时可代替句子或句子中的一部分。（5）不定代词one,some,any,other,another,all,both,each,neither,many,much等3. 冠词（1）不定冠词an用在元音读音开头(不是指元音字母)的词前，其余用不定冠词a.（2）定冠词的基本用法A. 用在重新提到的人或事物前面。B. 指谈话双方都知道的人或事物前面。C. 用在单数可数名词前面，表示某一类人或事物。（3）定冠词的特殊用法A. 用在世界上独一无二的事物
6、或方位名词前。B. 用在序数词、形容词的最高级及only所修饰的名词前。C. 用在江河、海洋、山脉、湖泊、群岛的名称前面。D. 用在由普通名词和另外一些词所构成的专有名词前面。E. 用在姓氏的复数形式前面，表示全家人或这一姓的夫妇二人。F. 用在乐器名称前。G. 和某些形容词连用，表示某一类人或事物。（4）名词前不用冠词的情况A. 在专有名词 (包括人名、地名、节日、月份、季节) 、物质名词和抽象名词前般不用冠词。但在以Festival组成的民间节日前要加the。B. 表示一类人或事物的复数名词前。C. 名词前有物主代词、指示代词、不定代词或名词所有格修饰时，不用冠词。D. 三餐饭、球类、棋类
7、、游戏名称前一般不用冠词。正在有些词组中，有无冠词含义不同。(sit) at table就餐; sit at the table坐在桌边go to school去上学;go to the school去那所学校;in hospital住院;in the hospital在那个医院里4. 数词（1）数字的表示三位数数词要在百位和十位(若无十位则和个位)之间加and。1，000以上的数字，从后向前第三位数加一个“，”，第一个“，”前为thousand，第二个“，”前为million，第三个“，”前为billion。（2）序数词除了first，second，third外，其余都在基数词尾加-th构成
8、。（3）分数分子在前，分母在后，分子用基数词，分母用序数词，当分子大于1小时，分母序数词要变成复数。（4）hundreds(thousands，millions)of5. 形容词、副词（1）形容词的位置A. 形容词作定语一般要放在名词前面，但当形容词修饰不定代词something，nothing，anything时要放在所修饰的不定代词之后。如：something important，nothing serious。B. 当形容词带有表示度量的词或词组作定语或表语时，定语或表语要后置。如：We have dug a hole two meters deep.The hole is about
9、two metres deep.（2）形容词的比较等级单音节词和少数双音节词，在词尾加(e)r，(e)st来构成比较级和最高级。其他双音节词和多音节词，在前面加more，most来构成比较级和最高级。如：popularmore popularmost popularimportantmore importantmost important（3）副词的比较等级单音节副词和个别双音节副词通过加-er，-est来构成比较级和最高级。绝大多数副词借助more，most来构成比较级和最高级。（4）少数形容词和副词比较级/最高级的不规则变化：原级 比较级 最高级well better bestbadly
10、worse worstmuch more mostlittle less leastfar farther farthestfarthest furthestlate later latest（5）副词的最高级前面可以不加定冠词the。6. 介词（1）表示时间的介词及介词短语in, at, on, before，after，till，since，for, fromto, until， by，in the middle of，at the beginning of， at the end of，at half past five，at night，in a week，in the morning
11、，in class，at sunrise， in spring/summer/autumn/winter，on Sunday，on Saturday afternoon，on a winter evening，for a long time，for two months，after school，since liberation，before lunch，at the time of，at the age of（2）表示地点的介词及介词短语in，at，into，to，on，beside，before，behind，above，under，outside,inside,up,from,far,f
12、rom,near,across， off， down， among， past，between，out of，around，in the front of， in the middle of， at the back of，at the foot of，at home，at the gate，at the table，in the sky， on the ground，in a tree， in the south，in the sun，in the bed，on ones way home，by the side of二. 八 种基 本 时 态1. 一般现在时概念: 表示经常发生的动作或经常
13、存在的状态。常和always , often , usually , sometimes , every day 等表时间的状语连用。如：1) I go to school every day . 我每天都去学校。(表经常)2) He is always like that . 他总是那样。(表状态)构成：1) 主语 + be (am / are / is ) +2) 主语 + 实义动词/三单动词 + 2.一般过去时概念: 1) 表示过去某个时间发生的动作或存在的状态.常和表示过去的时间状语连用. 如: yesterday , last week , in 1998 , two days ag
14、o等.如: I went to a movie yesterday. 我昨天去看了一场电影.2) 也可表示过去经常或反复发生的动作.如: He always went to work by bike last week.构成: 1) 主语 + be (was / were ) +2) 主语 + 实义动词过去式 +3. 现在进行时概念: 表示现在(说话瞬间)正在进行或发生的动作.如: He is singing.They are watching TV now.构成: 主语 + 助动词be(am/are/is) + 动词-ing形式构成.4. 过去进行时概念: 表示过去某一时刻或某一段时间正在进
15、行的动作. 这一特定的过去时间除了有上下文暗示外,一般用时间状语来表示.如: 1) -What were you doing?-I was jumping.2) -What was the boy doing when the UFO arrived?-He was sleeping.构成: 主语 + 助动词be(was/were) + 动词-ing形式构成.5. 一般将来时概念: 表示将来某个时间要发生的动作或存在的状态,也表示将来经常或反复发生的动作,常与表示将来的时间状语连用,如: tomorrow, next week, next year, in the future等.如: He
16、will go shopping tomorrow.They are going to play basketball next week.构成: 1) 主语 + 助动词will + 动原 +2) 主语 + be going to + 动原 + .6. 过去将来时概念: 表示在过去将来的某一时间发生的动作或存在的状态.构成: 1) 主语(第一人称) + 助动词should + 动原 +2) 主语 + would + 动原 + .3) 主语 + was/ were going to +动原用法: 过去将来时除了上下文暗示外,一般常用在间接引语中,主句谓语动词为过去时态.如: 1) I shoul
17、d go.2) You knew I would come.3) They were going to Naning.7. 现在完成时构成: 主语 + 助动词 ( have / has ) + 动词过去分词 +用法例句表示过去发生或已经完成的动作对现在造成的影响或结果. -Have you had your lunch yet?-Yes, I have. (现在我不饿了)8. 过去完成时构成: 主语 + 助动词 had + 动词过去分词 +用法例句表示过去在过去某一时间或动作之前已经发生或完成了的动作.它表示的动作发生的时间是”过去的过去”.表示过去某一时间可用by, before 等构成的短
18、语,也可用when, before, 等引导的从句或者通过上下文表示.I had finished my homework when my mom came back home.三. 三 大基 本 从句从句的共同特点从句是指在一个句子中充当一个成分的句子，充当什么成分就叫什么从句，如：充当宾语就叫宾语从句，充当定语成分就叫定语从句。从以上定义中我们可以得出关于从句的一个最大特点：从句是句子。从句的共同特点：1.从句都有自己的连接词 2.从句都是陈述语序(陈述语序就是主语在前，谓语在后，如：He is a teacher主语 He 在谓语is之前，因此是陈述语序，而Is he a teacher
19、? 主语 He 在谓语is之后，因此不是陈述语序。)1. 宾语从句宾语从句是指在一个句子中充当宾语的句子，如：He said that he wanted to be a teacher when he grew up.宾语从句的特点：宾语从句有自己的连接词宾语从句用陈述语序宾语从句的时态（1）宾语从句的连接词：宾语从句的连接词包括that、if/whether(是否)、特殊疑问词。（2）宾语从句的语序：A. 宾语从句的连接词后加陈述语序(主语在前，谓语在后),如：I want to know if he can come tomorrowB. 当连接词本身又是宾语从句的主语时，后面直接加谓语
20、动词，如：She asked me who had helped him.（3）宾语从句的时态，只要记住以下口诀就可以了“主现则从任，主过则从过，客观真理一般现”A. 主现则从任：主句如果是一般现在时，则从句根据时间状语需要从八种时态中任选一种，如：1.He tells me he likes English very much(一般现在时)B. 主过则从过：主句如果是一般过去时，则从句根据时间状语需要从四种带“过”字的时态中任选一种，带“过”字的时态分别是如：一般过去时，过去进行时，过去将来时，过去完成时。如：He told me that he liked playing football
21、(一般过去时)C. 客观真理一般现:客观真理永远用一般现在时。如：1.He says the moon goes around the earth.2. 状语从句（1）时间状语从句：在一个句子中作时间状语的句子。时间状语的连接词：when(当时候) while(当时候) as(当时候) after(在以后) before(在以前) as soon as(一就) since(自从到现在) till /until(直到才) by the time(到为止)依旧是连接词后加陈述语序。举例：when当的时候(一般情况下主句是将来时的时候，从句要用一般现在时。)Mozart started writin
22、g music when he was four years old.（2）原因状语从句：在一个句子中作原因状语的句子。连接词：由连词because, since, as引导, 也可由for, now that 等词引导。举例：I didnt go to school yesterday because I was ill.（3）条件状语从句：在一个句子中作条件状语的句子。连接词：if如果, unless (=if not) 除非。(让步)举例：If it doesnt rain tomorrow, we will go hiking.（4）目的、结果状语从句目的状语从句是指在一个句子中充当目
23、的状语的句子。结果状语从句是指在一个句子中充当结果状语的句子目的状语从句连接词so that, sothat , in order that 引导。结果状语从句连接词sothat, suchthat, so much/manythat引导。举例：sothat 如此以至于The scientists report was so instructive that we were all very excited.（5）让步状语从句让步状语从句是指在句子中作让步的状语的句子连接词：though, although.，whetheror not举例：Although he is rich, yet h
24、e is not happy.3.no matter从句结构：no matter +特殊疑问词疑问词+陈述语序 或特殊疑问词+后缀ever+陈述语序如：No matter what happened, he would not mind.注意：no matter 不能引导主语从句和宾语从句。3. 定语从句定语是指在句子中用来修饰名词、代词的成分。如：I will give my teacher a bunch of beautiful flower.(中beautiful就是定语)定语从句是指在一个句子中作定语的句子，定语从句要放在所修饰的词后如：I have met the doctor w
25、ho is in the No.1 hospital.定语从句的连接词：连接代词：who、which、whom、whose、that连接副词：when、where、why二、初中英语语法重难点100单选案例1. WhereUncle Sun yesterday?A. was B. were C. did D. does2. Theygoing to see Mr. Sun tomorrow.A. is B. are C. am D. be3. Some are in the river and some are games.A. swiming, playing B. swimming, pl
26、ayingC. swimming, playing D. swimming, playing4. Where is Dick? Heto the reading-room.A. has been B. went C. has gone D. goes5. Mark Twain, an American writer,everybody here.A. knows B. is known as C. is known to D. is known for6. I hope he will come to see me before hehere.A. leave B. leaves C. wil
27、l leave D. left7. My teacher told me that AustraliansEnglish.A. spoke B. speakC. speaks D. are speaking8. I think sheright now.A. reading B. reads C. is reading D. read9. - Where are the children?- Theya good time in the garden.A. are having B. have C. have had D. had10. - Wheremy glasses? I cant fi
28、nd them.- Ithem on the bookshelf, but they arent there.A. you put, put B. you have put, have putC. have you put, put D. did you put, have put11. When the police arrived, the manfor 10 minutes.A. died B. was death C. had died D. had been dead12. By the time this talk is over, wea lot about the earth.
29、A. will be learning B. are learningC. world learn D. will have learnt13. The teachers told me that theyme to smooth away the difficulties.A. helped B. will help C. help D. were going to help14. -Have you seen him today?-Yes, Ihim this morning.A. has seen B. see C. will see D. saw15. Heworried when h
30、e heard this news.A. is B. was C. does D. did16. Whats your friend goingnext week.A. doing B. do C. does D. to do17. I dont think that its true. Hes alwaysstrange stories.A. tell B. telling C. told D. tells18. Have you everWest Hill Farm?A. gone to B. arrived C. come to D. been to19. How long he the
31、 novel?A. has, borrowed B. has, keptC. has, lent D. is, using20. Heto do this lessons at eight every evening.A. is begining B. is beginning C. begin D. begins21. The childrena swim this afternoon.A. are going to has B. is going to haveC. are having D. are going to have22. Therea telephone call for m
32、y brother Steven yesterday.A. is B. are C. was D. were23. he on well with his friends this term?A. Does, gets B. Does, getC. Is, getting D. Is, geting24. Whoaway my pen? I cant find it.A. haven taken B. takes C. has taken D. took25. Shall wefootball this Saturday?A. play B. playing C. plays D. to pl
33、ay26. The childrenat school now.A. is B. are C. was D. were27. Mr. Smith short stories, but he a TV play these days.A. is writing, is writing B. is writing, writesC. writes, is writing D. writes, writes28. He said hethe league for two years.A. has joined B. has been in C. had been in D. joined29. Sh
34、e likes watering trees in the garden,she?A. doesnt B. dont C. isnt D. didnt30. What you to do to keep the room clean?A. do, have B. does, have C. did, have D. are, have31. Some flowersby Kate already.A. have been watered B. watered C. have watered D. has been watered32. When winter comes, the leaves
35、fall.A. are going to B. will C. will be D. would33. I to the cinema. I there every Sunday.A. go, go B. am going, go C. go, am going D. am going, am going34. You about the future now, you?A. dont think, dont B. arent thinking, arent C. dont think, do D. arent thinking, are35. He was afraid that hehis
36、 way.A. would lost B. would lose C. is going to D. shall lose36. Weeach other since he left here.A. didnt see B. hadnt seen C. havent seen D. had seen37. Mr. Smithout for a walk in the park every day.A. is going B. goes C. went D. go38. Hefrom home for a long time.A. has gone away B. had gone awayC.
37、 has left D. has been away39. You mustnt go too high, or youdangerous.A. will be B. are C. would be D. is going to40. We have known each other.A. since we were young B. after we were youngC. when we are young D. if we are young41. She promised shedo better work.A. would B. will C. shall D. is going
38、to42. How long has this shop?A. be open B. been openC. opened D. been opened43. Mr. Smithhere since he moved to his city.A. had lived B. have liveC. have lived D. has lived44. -Have you read the newspaper?-No, I havent .A. too B. yet C. just D. already45. Our knowledge of the universeall the time.A.
39、 grow B. is growingC. grows D. grew46. She wont go to the cinema if shethe work tomorrow.A. doesnt finish B. wont finish C. will finish D. finish47. My grandmafor half a year.A. has been dead B. was dead C. has died D. died48. Sheto the Great Wall several times.A. goes B. has gone C. went D. has bee
40、n49. The earthround the sun.A. move B. moves C. moved D. will move50. Liu Fengweithree yuan for the lost library book.A. paid B. spent C. cost D. took51. Ithe bike for over four years.A. have bought B. have buy C. have had D. bought52. He told us that hethat factory the next day.A. had visited B. ha
41、s visited C. will visit D. would visit53. His mother the Party last year. She a Party member for a year.A. joined, was B. has joined, is C. joined, has been D. has joined, has been54. We dont know if itthe day after tomorrow.A. will rain B. rains C. rained D. would rain55. He said hehis life for his
42、 country.A. give B. gave C. had given D. would give56. He alwaysto the park on Sunday morning.A. go B. goes C. went D. is going57. Look, the studentsto the teacher carefully.A. is listening B. are listening C. listen D. listened58. Hein this school in 1958.A. taught B. has taught C. teaches D. had t
43、aught59. They said theyto England the next day.A. will fly B. had flown C. would fly D. flew60. Theythe work in two days.A. had finished B. would finished C. is finishing D. will finish61. By the end of last week, wetwo thousand words.A. would learn B. have learned C. had learned D. were learning62. When he left, his mother.A. is cooking B. cooked C. was cooking D. cooks63
