1、高一英语必修一语法要点一 一般现在时1. 表示主语现在所处的状态及其所具备的特征、性格、能力等例如：I am a girl.2. 表示习惯性、经常性的动作例如：I usually go to bed at 9:00.3. 标志性的词语Always often sometimes now and then 4. 若助于为第三人称单数（he she it）则动词要用单三现二 现在进行时1 说话时正在进行的动作例如：I am reading.2.表示即将发生的动作，多用于go come start leave return arrive stay fly等词语之中，句子中常常有时间状语例如：The
2、plane is going to Beijing.3.当句子中出现了always 、forever 、constantly 、continually 、All the time等例如：I am always thinking of you.三 倍数比较1.A+系动词+倍数词+as+ adj adv的原型+as+B例如：The class is twice as big as that one.2.A+系动词+倍数词+adjadv的比较级+than+B例如：The class is twice bigger than that class.3.A+系动词+倍数词+the sizeamount(
3、数量)engthwidthheightdepth+of+B例如：The class is twice the size of that class.四 With的复合结构1 With+宾语+宾语补足语宾语补足语根据逻辑意义的不同可以是不同的词语，如形容词、现在分词、过去分词、副词、介词短语、不定式等，with在复合结构中常作状语2.常用结构1with+宾语+doing表主动与进行例如：Tom was quite safe with Lucy standing behind him.2with+宾语+done表被动与完成例如：With all things she need bought,she
4、 went home.3with+宾语+to do表将来例如：With so many thing to deal with.五 现在完成进行时现在完成进行时1基本表达式（I have been doing ） I/ we/ you/ they have been doing sth. he/ she/ it has been doing sth. 2表示从过去某时开始一直持续到现在的动作，并且还将持续下去。 The Chinese have been making paper for two thousand years. 中国有2000年的造纸历史。（动作还将继续下去） I have be
5、en learning English since three years ago. 自从三年前以来我一直在学英语。（动作还将继续下去） 3表示在说话时刻之前到现在正在进行的动作。 We have been waiting for you for half an hour. 我们已经等你半个钟头了(人还没到，如同在电话里说的，还会继续等) 4有些现在完成进行时的句子等同的句子。 例如：They have been living in this city for ten years. They have lived in this city for ten years. 他们在这个城市已经住了1
6、0年了。 I have been working here for five years. I have worked here for five years. 我在这里已经工作五年了。 5大多数现在完成进行时的句子不等同于现在完成时的句子。 例如：I have been writing a book.（动作还将继续下去） 我一直在写一本书。 I have written a book.（动作已经完成） 我已经写了一本书。 They have been building a bridge. 他们一直在造一座桥。 They have built a bridge. 他们造了一座桥。 6表示状态的
7、动词不能用于现在完成进行时。 例如：I have known him for years. 我认识他已经好几年了。 I have been knowing. 这类不能用于现在完成进行时的动词还有：love爱，like喜欢， hate讨厌，等。 注意：比较过去时与现在完成时1过去时表示过去某时发生的动作或单纯叙述过去的事情，强调动作；现在完成时为过去发生的，强调过去的事情对现在的影响，强调的是影响。 2过去时常与具体的时间状语连用，而现在完成时通常与模糊的时间状语连用，或无时间状语。 一般过去时的时间状语: yesterday, last week，ago, in1980, in October
8、, just now, 具体的时间状语 共同的时间状语: this morning, tonight,this April, now, once，before, already, recently，lately 现在完成时的时间状语 for, since, so far, ever, never, just, yet, till / until, up to now, in past years, always, 不确定的时间状语 3现在完成时可表示持续到现在的动作或状态，动词一般是延续性的，如live, teach, learn, work, study, know. 过去时常用的非持续性动
9、词有come, go, leave, start, die, finish, become, get married等。 例如： I saw this film yesterday. （强调看的动作发生过了。） I have seen this film. （强调对现在的影响，电影的内容已经知道了。） Why did you get up so early? （强调起床的动作已发生过了。） Who hasnt handed in his paper? （强调有卷子，可能为不公平竞争。） She has returned from Paris. 她已从巴黎回来了。 She returned ye
10、sterday. 她是昨天回来了。 He has been in the League for three years. (在团内的状态可延续) He has been a League member for three years. (是团员的状态可持续) He joined the League three years ago. ( 三年前入团，joined为短暂行为。) I have finished my homework now. -Will somebody go and get Dr. White? -Hes already been sent for. 句子中如有过去时的时间副
11、词（如 yesterday, last, week, in 1960）时，不能使用现在完成时，要用过去时。 （错）Tom has written a letter to his parents last night. （对）Tom wrote a letter to his parents last night. 六过去完成时1 概念：表示过去的过去 其构成是had +过去分词构成。 那时以前 那时 现在 2 用法 a. 在told, said, knew, heard, thought等动词后的宾语从句。 She said (that) she had never been to Paris
12、. b. 状语从句 在过去不同时间发生的两个动作中，发生在先，用过去完成时；发生在后，用一般过去时。 When the police arrived, the thieves had run away. c. 表示意向的动词，如hope, wish, expect, think, intend, mean, suppose等，用过去完成时表示原本，未能 We had hoped that you would come, but you didnt. 3过去完成时的时间状语before, by, until , when, after, once, as soon as。 例如：He said
13、that he had learned some English before. By the time he was twelve, Edison had began to make a living by himself. Tom was disappointed that most of the guests had left when he arrived at the party. 七现在完成进行时1其构成形式如下： I / we / they have been + 动词的现在分词 He / she / it has been + 动词的现在分词 功用如下： 2 表示一个在过去开始
14、而在最近刚刚结束的行动，如： Ann is very tired. She has been working hard. Why are you clothes so dirty? What have you been doing? 3表示一个从过去开始但仍在进行的行动，如： It has been raining for two hours. (现在还在下) Jack hasnt been feeling very well recently. 4 表示一个从过去开始延续到现在，可以包括现在在内的一个阶段内，重复发生的行动，如： She has been playing tennis sin
15、ce she was eight. 5 现在完成时强调动作行为的结果、影响，而现在完成进行时只强调动作行为本身，如： Toms hands are very dirty. He has been repairing the car. The car is going again now. Tom has repaired it. 注意： 现在完成时有否定结构、而现在完成进行时没有否定结构。 现在完成时态可表示做完的时期以及已有的经验、但现在完成进行时不可以 现在完成进行时的否定结构 现在完成进行时有时也可用否定结构。如： Since that unfortunate accident last
16、 week, I havent been sleeping at all well. 自从上周发生了那次不幸事故之后，我一直睡得很不好. He hasnt been working for me and I havent has that much contact with him. 他并没有给我工作过，我和他没有过那许多接触。 6否定句构成： 主语+has/have+not+been+现在分词 七、一般疑问句构成: Have/has+主语+been+现在分词+其他一. 直接引语和间接引语 （一）直接引述别人的原话，叫做直接引语；用自己话转述别人的话，叫做间接引语。间接引语一般构成宾语从句。直
17、接引语必须放在引号内，间接引语则不用引号。直接引语改为间接引语时，除将引语部分变成宾语从句外，还必须对直接引语中的人称、时态、指示代词、时间状语、地点状语等进行改变。 1. 时态的变化：直接引语变为间接引语时，通常受转述动词said, asked等的影响而使用过去化的时态，即把原来的时态向过去推，也就是一般现在时变为一般过去时，现在进行时变为过去进行时，等等。例如： Tom said to me,“My brother is doing his homework.” Tom said to me that his brother was doing his homework. 2. 人称代词、
18、指示代词、时间状语、地点状语等等的变化： 根据意义进行相应的变化，例如： She asked Jack,“Where have you been?” She asked Jack where he had been. He said,“These books are mine.” He said that those books were his. （二）直接引语改为间接引语时，都使用陈述语序，但是因为原句的句式不同，所以变成间接引语时所用的连词会有所不同。直接引语如果是一般疑问句，用连接词whether或if；如果是特殊疑问句，则用疑问词引导间接引语。转述的动词一般用asked，可以在其后加
19、上一个间接宾语me, him, her, us等。如： She said,“Is your father at home?” She asked me if/whether my father was at home. “What do you do every Sunday?”My friend asked me. My friend asked me what I did every Sunday. 直接引语如果是祈使句，改为间接引语时，要将祈使句的动词原形变为带to的不定式，并在不定式的前面根据原句的语气（即请求或命令）加上ask, tell, order等动词，如果祈使句为否定式，则在
20、不定式前加not。其句型为：ask / tell / order someone (not) to do something. 例如： She said to us,“Please sit down.” She asked us to sit down. He said to him,“Go away!” He ordered him to go away. He said, “Dont make so much noise, boys.” He told the boys not to make so much noise. 八、各种时态的被动语态 被动语态概述 被动语态的概念：它是动词的一
21、种形式，表示主语与谓语之间的执行或被执行关系。主动语态表示主语是谓语动作的执行者，例如：They saw the little boy crying by the river. 被动语态表示主语是谓语动作的承受者，例如：The little boy was seen crying by the river. 被动语态的构成 被动语态的形式是由“助动词be+动词的过去分词”构成。助动词be随着主语的人称、数、时态等的不同而变化。几种常见时态的被动语态形式如下： 1. 一般现在时 am/is/are + 过去分词 例如：Rice is planted in the south of China.
22、2. 一般过去时 was/were + 过去分词 例如：These trees were planted the year before last. 3. 一般将来时 will/shall + be + 过去分词 例如：A sports meeting will be held next week in our school. 4. 现在进行时 am/is/are + being + 过去分词 例如：Your radio is being repaired now. 5. 过去进行时 was/were + being + 过去分词 When he got there, the problem
23、was being discussed. 6. 现在完成时 have/has + been + 过去分词 His work has been finished. Has his work been finished? Yes, it has. / No, it hasnt. 7. 过去完成时 had + been + 过去分词 注意： 1除了be之外的其它系动词如get, stay等也可以和过去分词构成被动语态。例如：Their questions havent got answered. 2. 含有情态动词的谓语变成被动语态使用“情态动词+ be + 过去分词”结构。例如： More att
24、ention should be paid to the old in this country. This work cant be done until Mr. Black comes. 3. 含有“be going to”, “be to”等结构的谓语，其被动语态分别用“be going to + be + 过去分词”和“be to + be + 过去分词”。例如： The problem is going to be discussed at the next meeting. All these books are to be taken to the library. 4. 被动语
25、态与系表结构的区别：“连系动词+用作表语的过去分词”构成的系表结构，与被动语态的形式完全一样，所以应注意它们的区别。被动语态中的过去分词是动词，多强调动作；系表结构中的过去分词相当于形容词，多强调状态。前者通常可用by 引出动作的执行者，而后者则不可以。例如： The map was changed by someone.（被动结构） That custom remained unchanged for many centuries.（系表结构） 系表结构中的过去分词通常可被very修饰，被动语态中的过去分词往往要用much修饰。 例如： He was very excited.（系表结构）
26、He was much excited by her words.（被动结构） 5. 主动形式表被动意义。有些动词的主动形式有被动意味，如 open, read, sell, shut, wash, wear, write等。此时句子的主语一般是物。例如： These books sell well. 这些书很畅销。 The door wont shut. 这门关不上。 The clothes wash well. 这些衣服很好洗。高一英语语法归纳总结-定语从句的归纳一几个基本概念1.定语从句的定义：用作定语的从句叫定语从句。2.先行词：被定语从句所修饰的名词或代词。3.定语从句的位置：紧跟先
27、行词（名词或代词）之后。4.引导词：引导定语从句的词（包括关系代词和关系副词）。1关系代词：that/who/whom/which/as2关系副词：when/where/why5.引导词的位置：位于定语从句之前（先行词之后）。【as除外】6.引导词的功能（作用）：1连接先行词和定语从句。2在定语从句中充当一定的成分（关系代词充当主语或宾语，关系副词充当状语）。7.定语从句的类型：1限定性定语从句（主句和定语从句之间无逗号）。 直接由引导词引导定语从句The man who youre talking to is my friend. 由介词+关系代词（whom/which）引导The man
28、to whom youre talking is my friend.I need a pen with which I can write a letter.=I need a piece of paper on which I can write a letter.介词的选用可根据从句中的相关词组确定，该介词通常可以放在关系代词之前，也可放在从句之尾。例如：The man (who/whom/that) I talked about at the meeting is from Beijing University.=The man about whom I talked at the m
29、eeting is from Beijing University.The palace (which/that) I often pay a visit to was built in the 17th century.=The palace to which I often pay a visit was built in the 17th century.2非限定性定语从句（主句和定语从句之间用逗号隔开）。 直接由引导词引导定语从句。 由介词+关系代词（whom/which）引导。I live in a house far away from the city, in front of
30、which is a big tree.There is an apple tree standing at the gate, on which are many apples.This is the man to whom I gave the book. 由“代词/名词+of+whom/which”或“of which/ whom +名词/代词”(先行词指人用whom,指物用which)引导。One, some, any, none, all, both, several, many, most, neither, either等词、数词、分数或百分比与of whom或of which连
31、用。He has five children, two of whom are abroad.(比较：He has five children, and two of them are abroad.)We have three books, none of which is/are interesting.(比较：We have three books, but none of them is/are interesting.)除why和that不能引导非限定性定语从句外，其余引导词都可以，用法同限定性定语从句一样。但要注意以下区别。1.在形式上非限定性定语从句与主句有逗号隔开。2.非限定性
32、定语从句的作用：它只是补充说明先行词的情况，翻译时可译成两个句子。The engineer, whose leg was badly hurt, was quickly sent to hospital.（那位工程师被很快送往医院，其腿部受了重伤）The engineer whose leg was badly hurt was quickly sent to hospital. （那位腿部受了重伤的工程师被很快送往医院）3.在非限定性定语从句中，任何引导词都不能省略（包括引导词在此定语从句中充当宾语在内）。指人做主语时只能用who, 做宾语时用whom; 指物做主语，宾语都用which; 关
33、系副词用when或where，也不能省略。The man, _ is sitting on the chair, is my father.The woman, _ I met yesterday, is my English teacher.The city, _ is far away, is very beautiful.He went to America, _ his parents live.He joined the Army yesterday, _ I left, too.4.whose引导非限定性定语从句：The house, whose window faces sout
34、h, is mine.=The house, the window of which faces south, is mine.The house, of which the window faces south, is mine.二.定语从句中关系代词和关系副词的基本用法。1.who/that指人是主格在定语从句中代替先行词，又作定语从句的主语，不能省略。Do you know the gentleman who/that is sitting there?2.whom/who/that指人是宾格，在定语从句中代替先行词，又作定语从句的宾语（动宾或介宾）。 当作动宾（动词后接宾语）时，关系代
35、词可省略。Do you know the gentleman (whom/who/that) we met just now? 当作介宾（介词后接宾语）时：介词不提前时，关系代词可省略；介词提前时，关系代词不可省，即介词whom(指人时介词后的关系代词只能用whom)。The man (whom/who/that) I spoke with is my teacher.The man with whom I spoke is my teacher. 注：固定的动词短语（动词+介词）如look for, take care of等不能把动词与介词拆开，既介词不能提至引导词前。She is the
36、 right girl (who/whom/that) we are looking for. 3.whose: 指人或物，是所有格“的”形式。Whose+n.一起在定语从句中充当主语、宾语（动宾或介宾）即先行词的什么东西怎样了，whose不能省略。Whose+n. = the +n. + of which/whom= of which/ whom+ the =n.I didnt find the desk whose leg was broken. （主语）He is the student whose pencil I broke yesterday. （动宾）The boss in wh
37、ose company I work is very kind. （介宾）4.which/that 指物，指代先行词且在定语从句中作主语或宾语（动宾或介宾）。 当作动宾时，关系代词可省略。 当作介宾时：介词不提前时，关系代词可省略；介词提前时，关系代词不可省，即介词which(指物时介词后的关系代词只能用which)。The house which/that was destroyed in the earthquake is weak. The pen (which/that) you found yesterday is mine. The games (that/which) the y
38、oung men competed in were difficult. The games in which the young men competed were difficult. 注:介词+关系代词即介词+whom/which(先行词指人用whom，指物用which)。5.as指人或物，在定语从句中可作主语，宾语，表语或状语，不能省略。主要用于 “the same as；such as；so as；as as；as follows”固定结构中，形式固定此时的引导限定性定语从句。要用as代替who(m), which, 或that引导定语从句：Such people as knew H
39、ill thought he was honest.Such people as Hill knew thought he was honest.My hometown is no longer the same as it was.Here is so big a stone as no one can lift.The child knows as much as grow-ups (know).Id like to have the same books as are used in your school.He is not such a person as I expected.He
40、 will marry as pretty a girl as he can find.注：which和as可引导非限定性定语从句：可以指代主句中的一部分或整个句子的内容，which和as都可以指代主句中的一部分或整个句子的内容，有时可以互换。因此，当as/which指代前面的整个句子，或前句中的部分内容作定语从句的主语时，谓语用单数Our team lost the game, as/which was reported in the newspaper.She was terrified, as/which I could see from her eyes.He married her,
41、 as/which was natural.区别： as引导的非限制性定语从句可以放在主句前面、插在主句中间或放在主句末尾；而which引导的非限制性定语从句只能放在主句后面。He married her, as/which was natural. =As was natural, he married her.Mark Twin is a great writer, which/as is known to all.=As is known to all, Mark Twin is a great writer.as引导的从句有“正如”、“正像”之意，而which则无此意。常用句型有：as
42、 we all know, as is known to all, as everybody can see, as is expected, As is known/ said/ reported/ told/ we all know等。如：As we all know, paper was first made in China.To shut your eyes to facts, as many of you do, is foolish.主句和从句有因果关系时，用which.Our class has won the football match, which made us ver
43、y happy. Bamboos are hollow, which makes them very light. 从句含否定意义时常用which.She didnt pass the exam, which we couldnt expect.She didnt pass the exam, as we expected.6.when关系副词：指时间。在定语从句中作时间状语，不能省略。此时的when还可用介词+which替换（此时先行词一定是表时间的名词）。I still remember the time when I joined the League.I still remember
44、the time on which I joined the League.I still remember the time (which/that) I joined the League on.7.where关系副词：指地点。在定语从句中作地点状语，不能省略。此时的when还可用介词+which替换（此时先行词一定是表地点的名词）。I still remember the school where I joined the League.I still remember the school in which I joined the League.I still remember th
45、e school (which/that) I joined the League in.注：对关系副词when, where的认识。. 先行词是时间的名词，并非都用关系副词when引导定语从句。Ill never forget the time (which/that) I spent in Beijing. 先行词是地点的名词，并非都用关系副词where引导定语从句。This is the factory (which/that) he visited yesterday. 当句型为It/This/That is(was) the first(secondlast) time引起的句子时用
46、that连接其后的句子。此时的time是次数，不是时间。It/This is the first time that we travel.It/This is the last time that I shall give you a lesson.8. why指原因，在定语从句中作原因状语，先行词通常为reason,不能省略。且why引导的定语从句只能是限定性定语从句。Why= for whichI dont know the reason why he was late yesterday.The reason why(for which) he was late is that he missed the bus.注：当先行词为reason时，关系副词并非都用why。This is the reason (that/ which) he gave/ explained to us.【判断用关系代词还是关系副词】从句缺少的是主语、宾语还是状语是确定用关系代词还是关系副词的关键。试比较：I will never forget the day (which/that) I spent in Hongkong. ( spent是及物动词，后缺宾语，因此用关系代词或省略 )I will never forget the day when
