1、与当今“教师”一称最接近的“老师”概念，最早也要追溯至宋元时期。金代元好问示侄孙伯安诗云：“伯安入小学，颖悟非凡貌，属句有夙性，说字惊老师。”于是看，宋元时期小学教师被称为“老师”有案可稽。清代称主考官也为“老师”，而一般学堂里的先生则称为“教师”或“教习”。可见，“教师”一说是比较晚的事了。如今体会，“教师”的含义比之“老师”一说，具有资历和学识程度上较低一些的差别。辛亥革命后，教师与其他官员一样依法令任命，故又称“教师”为“教员”。观察内容的选择，我本着先静后动，由近及远的原则，有目的、有计划的先安排与幼儿生活接近的，能理解的观察内容。随机观察也是不可少的，是相当有趣的，如蜻蜓、蚯蚓、毛毛
2、虫等，孩子一边观察，一边提问，兴趣很浓。我提供的观察对象，注意形象逼真，色彩鲜明，大小适中，引导幼儿多角度多层面地进行观察，保证每个幼儿看得到，看得清。看得清才能说得正确。在观察过程中指导。我注意帮助幼儿学习正确的观察方法，即按顺序观察和抓住事物的不同特征重点观察，观察与说话相结合，在观察中积累词汇，理解词汇，如一次我抓住时机，引导幼儿观察雷雨，雷雨前天空急剧变化，乌云密布，我问幼儿乌云是什么样子的，有的孩子说：乌云像大海的波浪。有的孩子说“乌云跑得飞快。”我加以肯定说“这是乌云滚滚。”当幼儿看到闪电时，我告诉他“这叫电光闪闪。”接着幼儿听到雷声惊叫起来，我抓住时机说：“这就是雷声隆隆。”一会
3、儿下起了大雨，我问：“雨下得怎样?”幼儿说大极了，我就舀一盆水往下一倒，作比较观察，让幼儿掌握“倾盆大雨”这个词。雨后，我又带幼儿观察晴朗的天空，朗诵自编的一首儿歌：“蓝天高，白云飘，鸟儿飞，树儿摇，太阳公公咪咪笑。”这样抓住特征见景生情，幼儿不仅印象深刻，对雷雨前后气象变化的词语学得快，记得牢，而且会应用。我还在观察的基础上，引导幼儿联想，让他们与以往学的词语、生活经验联系起来，在发展想象力中发展语言。如啄木鸟的嘴是长长的，尖尖的，硬硬的，像医生用的手术刀样，给大树开刀治病。通过联想，幼儿能够生动形象地描述观察对象。唐宋或更早之前，针对“经学”“律学”“算学”和“书学”各科目，其相应传授者称
4、为“博士”，这与当今“博士”含义已经相去甚远。而对那些特别讲授“武事”或讲解“经籍”者，又称“讲师”。“教授”和“助教”均原为学官称谓。前者始于宋，乃“宗学”“律学”“医学”“武学”等科目的讲授者；而后者则于西晋武帝时代即已设立了，主要协助国子、博士培养生徒。“助教”在古代不仅要作入流的学问，其教书育人的职责也十分明晰。唐代国子学、太学等所设之“助教”一席，也是当朝打眼的学官。至明清两代，只设国子监（国子学）一科的“助教”，其身价不谓显赫，也称得上朝廷要员。至此，无论是“博士”“讲师”，还是“教授”“助教”，其今日教师应具有的基本概念都具有了。外研版（三起）六年级英语下册阅读理解专项练习At
5、the RestaurantMenuHamburger ￥10Hot dog ￥8Chips ￥5.5Ice cream ￥2Cola ￥5Orange juice ￥7Milk ￥6Susan, Sam, Daming and Tina are going to have a lunch at the McDonalds restaurant.Waitress: Can I help you?Children: Yes.Waitress: what do you want?Susan: I want a hamburger, an ice cream and a cola.Waitress:
6、 OK! And what do you want, boy?Sam: En I want 2 hot dogs, an ice cream and a cup of orange juice.Waitress: Yes. What do you want, kid?Daming: I want the same as Sam, but I dont want an ice cream.Waitress: I see! What do you like to eat?Tina: Yes, I want to eat a hamburger, chips and a box of milk.Su
7、san: I have 18 yuan.Sam: oh, my god! I havent enough money! I just have 15 yuan. Who can help me?Daming: I have only 24 yuan.Tina: I have 40 yuan.( ) 1. Who has the enough money to help Sam?A. SusanB. DamingC. Tina ( ) 2. Where are the children?A. In the park.B. At the restaurant.C. At school.( ) 3.
8、 How much is Sams meal?A. ￥25B. ￥20C. ￥21.5( ) 4. What does Daming want?A. He wants 2 hot dogs, an ice cream and a cup of orange juice.B. He wants 2 hot dogs, an ice cream and a box of milk.C. He wants 2 hot dogs and a cup of orange juice.5.请根据没人花费在午餐的费用，从高到底用1，2，3，4排序。Susan Daming Sam Tina_ _ _ _Lu
9、nchWrite down the numbers of sentences to complete the dialogue.After school Jim and Lin Tao go to a food shop near their school. They want to buy something to eat and something to drink.Jim: Lin Tao, _Lin Tao: Yes. I am thirsty now.Jim: _Lin Tao: I want a bottle of water, please.Jim: _Lin Tao: No,
10、thank you. Im not hungry. _. Do you want something to eat?Jim: Yes, Im hungry now. Id like some biscuits.Woman：_Jim: Yes. A small box of biscuits, please. And a bottle of orange juice.Woman: _Jim: No, thats all.Woman: Here you are.A. What do you want to drink?B. Will you like to eat something?C. Are
11、 you thirsty now?D. Are you hungry?E. Anything else?F. Can I help you?Three-Day Weather ForecastRead the passage and write “T” for true and “F” for false.( ) 1. Its sunny today in Beijing.( ) 2. Tomorrow its going to be sunny in Nanjing.( ) 3. Its going to be sunny tomorrow and the day after tomorro
12、w in Hainan.( ) 4. Lhasa is windy today.( ) 5. In Xiamen, its going to be cloudy on Saturday.( ) 6. On Monday, its going to rain in Nanjing.Make a SnowmanIts winter now. Its very cold in the morning. Its all white outside because it snowed yesterday. Mr. Dog and Miss Cat get up very early. After bre
13、akfast, Mr. Dog wants to watch TV. But Miss Cat says, “Oh, dear! Its very nice outside. Lets make a snowman.”“But I cant do it. Its hard work!” Mr. Dog says.Miss Cat doesnt say a word, and she is sitting at the table. For a while, Mr. Dog asks: “What are you doing?”“Im drawing a snowman. Look! Is it
14、 cute?” Miss Cat says.“Yes. But why do you draw it?” Mr. Dog asks.“Lets make a snowman. We will have a good day.” Miss Cat says.So they go outside. Miss Cat is always talking and asking Mr. Dog to make a snowman. Mr. Dog is busy. He is putting snow together. Then he is finding a stick and making sno
15、wmans hands. And he is putting a hat on the snowman.“How nice the snowman is!” Miss Cat says.“Yes. But I hope that the snowman can say “Thank you!” to me. Oh! Its the middle of the day. I am hungry!” Mr. Dog is tired.“All right!” says Miss Cat. They go into their house and cook.When they are eating,
16、 Miss Cat looks out of the window and shouts: “Where is my cute snowman?! He is not there!” Mr. Dog and Miss Cat can only see the hat. Where is the snowman?Read the passage and write “T” for true and “F” for false.( ) 1. Its a cold winter day.( ) 2. Mr. Dog is watching TV.( ) 3. Miss Cat is making a
17、 snowman.( ) 4. Its easy to make a snowman.( ) 5. The snowman melts (融化) in the middle of the day.A LetterWashington D.CDecember 20, 2019Dear Mingming, It was funny yesterday. My father and I went shopping by car. We stopped our car near a store. We bought a lot of things and we wanted to put the th
18、ings in the car. But my father couldnt open the door of the car, so we asked a policeman to help us. The policeman was very friendly. Just then a man came and shouted, “What are you doing with my car?”We took a look at the cars number and we were frozen there. It wasnt our car.From,FangfangRead the
19、article and choose the best answer.( ) 1. What did Fangfang and her father do?A. They went shopping.B. They took a walk.C. They went swimming.D. They bought a car.( ) 2. Where did they stop their car?A. Near a school.B. Near a door.C. Near a store.D. Near a park.( ) 3. Who was friendly to them?A. A
20、man.B. A boy.C. A fireman.D. A policeman.( ) 4. Whose car is it?A. Fangfang and her fathers.B. The policemans.C. The mans.D. The womans.Sunday MorningIts a fine Sunday morning. There are many people in the park. Many of them are young and some are old.Some Young Pioneers (少先队员) are playing games ove
21、r there. Two boys are playing with their yo-yos. A girl is flying a kite. There is a big lake in the park. The water is clean. There are some boats on the lake. Near the lake a young man is running.There is a house near the lake. Beside the house two men are working. A woman is watering flowers. The
22、 flowers look very nice. A girl is drawing.Read the passage and write “T” for true or “F” for false.( ) 1. In a Sunday morning, there are many people in the park.( ) 2. Some Young Pioneers are playing football.( ) 3. There is a small lake in the park.( ) 4. There are some ships on the lake.( ) 5. Th
23、ere is a school near the lake.Growing ThingsGrowing things is fun. This is how to grow tomatoes. You need seeds (种子), a big pot (罐装), soil (土壤), water, string, and a stick.Please read the steps (步骤) of planting tomatoes. Write down the numbers of pictures after the correct sentences.1. Put some soil
24、 in a pot. _2. Plant some seeds in the soil. _3. Put the pot in a sunny place._4. Water the seeds everyday. Little plants start to grow. _5. Tie the plants to a stick. Water the plants everyday. _6. Put the plants outside in a sunny place.7. Pick the tomatoes. _Shenzhou VIOn the 12th of October, 201
25、9, Shenzhou VI flew into space. Fei Junlong and Nie haisheng were inside. Fei Junlong was born in 1965. He is from Jiangsu. He has a son. Nie Haisheng is from Huibei. His daughter was eleven years old. When they were children, they wanted to go into space. They worked hard at school. Then their drea
26、m came true. Now they are very famous.Read the passage and write “T” for true or “F” for false.( ) 1. Shenzhou VI flew into space in October, 2019.( ) 2. There were two people in Shenzhou VI.( ) 3. Nie Haisheng son was 11 years old.( ) 4. Fei Junlong and Nei Haisheng wanted to go into space when the
27、y were children.Shenzhou ProgramEveryone has known Fei Junlong and Nie Haisheng since 2019.Fei Junlong was born in 1965. He is a Chinese astronaut selected (选拔) as a member of the Shenzhou program. He was born in Jiangsu. When he was 17, he joined the Peoples Liberation Army Air Force (中国人民解放军空军) in
28、 1982. and since then he has been back home only six times. As a fighter pilot (战斗飞行员), he was selected to be an astronaut in 2019. He married Wang Jie in 1991 and has one son.Nie Haisheng was born in September, 1964. He is also a Chinese astronaut selected for the Shenzhou program. He is from Hebei
29、. After graduating (毕业) from high school, he joined the Peoples Liberation Army Air Force, and became a fighter pilot, too. In 2019, he was selected for the astronaut program. Nie Haisheng got married to Nie Jielin and has an 11-year-old daughter.Read the article and choose the best answer.( ) 1. Wh
30、en did Fei Junlong join the army?A. In 1982.B. In 2019.C. In 1991.( ) 2. How many times has Fei Junlong been back home since he left at 17?A. Three times.B. Four times.C. Six times.D. Eight times.( ) 3. When were they selected for the astronaut program?A. In 1965.B. In 1964.C. In 2019.D. In 2019.( )
31、 4. How many people did the writer mention in this passage?A. 5B. 6C. 7D. 8( ) 5. Which of the following is NOT TRUE according to this passage?A. Yang Liwei was born in Jiangsu.B. Nie Haisheng has an eleven-year-old daughter.C. Fei Junlong is one year older than Nie Haisheng.D. Both Fei Junlong and
32、Nie Haisheng joined the Peoples Liberation Army Air Force.His Name was Louis BrailleLouis Braille was born in 1809 in France. When he was three years old, he became blind. He cant see anything. His parents sent him to a special school for blind children. Louis learned to read at this school. In 1824
33、, He made first letters in Braille.Read the article and match the questions and answers.A. He learned to read.B. He was born in 1809.C. Because he made fist letters in Braille.D. In 1812, he became blind.E. His name was Louis Braille.F. He was born in France.1. What was his name?2. When was he born?
34、3. Where was he born?4. What happened to him?5. What did he learn to do?6. Why is he famous?A New BeginningMike is a thirteen year-old boy. He lives in a beautiful city. Today hes very excited. Its the first day of middle school. He is going to his new school No. 8 Middle School. There are about 2,0
35、00 students and 150 teachers at the school. He wants to meet new friends and teachers. And he is going to learn lots of subjects, Chinese, English, Maths, Physics (物理), Chemistry (化学) and so on. His favourite are English and physics. He will work hard at physics. He wants to be a physical scientist
36、(物理学家) someday.His new school is not big but beautiful and clean. Its near his home. So she is going to go to school on foot.Read the article and choose the best answer.( ) 1. Mike is _ years old.A. 11B. 12C. 13D. 14( ) 2. Today hes very _.A. tiredB. excitedC. sadD. nervous( ) 3. Why is he excited?
37、Because _.A. its the first day of his new schoolB. he has got a new bagC. he has got a good mark (分数)D. he met new friends.( ) 4. Mikes favourite subjects are _ and _.A. Chinese MathsB. English PhysicsC. Maths ChemistryD. Chinese English( ) 5. He is going to go to his new school _.A. by busB. by carC. on footD. by taxi
