1、必修4重点语法汇总Unit10不定代词some/any/nosome, any作“一些，某个”讲，表示不确定的或未知的数量数目，可用在可数名词和不可数名词前。some通常用于肯定陈述句中，any用于否定句，疑问句或条件状语从句中。例：She picked some flowers from the garden.Do you have any money with you?some可用在表示邀请或请求的句子中，表示希望对方给予肯定回答。例：May I ask you some questions?any用于肯定句中，表示“任何（一个）的”。例：You may come at any time.
2、no=not a/not any，作定语，后跟可数名词或不可数名词。例：I have no choice.A lot of/lots of/plenty of/many/mucha lot of, lots of, plenty of意为“许多，大量的”，可用于可数名词复数和不可数名词前。例：A lot of people say that they live for no purpose.You need to wear lots of warm clothes.There is plenty of time.many后跟可数名词复数，much后跟不可数名词。例：He speaks some
3、 Chinese, but not much.How many people are there in the room?all/none; both/neither; eitherall指三个或三个以上的人或事物，both指两个人或物，在句中都可作主语，宾语，表语，同位语或定语。例：We are all students.All of us should work hard.both和all都可直接修饰名词。名词前有限定词时，其前只能用both of或all of。例：Both of brothers are clever.neither意为“（两者）都不”；none意为“没有人，一个也没有
4、”；either表示“两者之一”或“（两者中的）任何一个”，用于单数名词，of+宾格人称代词或带限定词的复数名词前，作主语，宾语或定语。例：Neither of us is a doctor.None of the books are helpful.Here are two brushes. Use either.Another/other/the other/the othersanother表示三者或三者以上中的另一个，意思是“再一，又一”。一般接可数名词单数。例：Lucy, would you like another cake?other泛指“其他的，另外的”，可接复数名词；复数形式
5、others表示“另一些”，相当于other+名词。例：Do you have any other questions?Some are carrying water, others are watering the tree.the other指“两者中的另一个”，常与one连用，构成onethe other结构；the others特制一定范围内的“其余的人或物”。例：Mr. and Mrs. Shute have two children. One is a daughter, and the other is a son.I have got ten pencils. Two of t
6、hem are red, the others are blue.不定式动词不定式是一种非谓语动词形式，其结构为“to+动词原形”，其中to是动词不定时的符号。动词不定式没有人称和数的变化。不定式具有动词的特征，可和后面的名词等构成不定式短语；不定式具有名词，形容词和副词的作用，可以在句子中作主语，表语，宾语，补足语，定语，状语。不定式作主语：不定式作主语，表示特指的一次性动作。To say is one thing; to do is another.为了避免句子的头重脚轻，可以用it作形式主语，而把真正的主语动词不定式（短语）放在句子的后部。It is not easy to learn
7、English well.不定式作宾语：英语中agree, ask, aim, arrange, choose, decide, demand, expect, fail, help, hope, learn, manage, offer, plan, prepare, pretend, promise, refuse, wish等动词后需接不定式作宾语。The government decided to rebuild the damage bridge.decide, know, consider, forget, learn, remember, show, understand, se
8、e, wonder, hear, find out, explain, tell等动词后常接“疑问词+不定式”作宾语。The driver wondered how to start the car in such a cold morning.不定式作表语不定式作表语一般表示具体动作，特别是表示将来的动作。My wish is to join the army after graduation.如果主语是不定式，表示条件，表语也应用不定式，表示结果。To see is to believe.如果主语的中心词是aim, duty, hope, idea, happiness, job, pla
9、n, problem, wish等，或是以wish引导的名词性从句，不定式作表语对其作补充说明。His job is to feed animals.1. 不定式作宾语补足语：英语中advise, allow, ask, beg, encourage, expect, force, forbid, get, order, permit, persuade, require, teach, tell, want, wish, warn等动词后常接不定式作宾语补足语，且不定式符号to不能省略。She asked me to accompany her to the airport.不定式在动词le
10、t, make, feel, hear, see, observe等后作宾语补足语时，不定式符号to需省略。The accident made us realize that safety cant be ignored.动词help接动词不定式作宾语不足语时，不定式符号to可省略也可不省略。After the dinner he helped his mother (to) wash up the dishes.2. 不定式作定语：不定式作定语，一般都是作后置定语，修饰前面的名词或代词。主谓关系，被修饰的名词或代词实际上是不定式的逻辑主语。We need some people to hel
11、p pick apples.动宾关系，被修饰的名词或代词是动词不定式的逻辑宾语。I have many things to do.同位关系，不定式是对其所修饰的名词作解释说明。Weve made a plan to spend the weekend.3. 不定式作状语：不定式作状语，可表示动作的目的，结果，原因，条件和方式。to do, in order to do, so as to do都可表示目的，但to do, in order to do的位置既可在句首，又可在句末；而so as to do只能放在句末。I left home at seven so as to/in order
12、to be there on time.表结果，不定式在下列结构中表示谓语动作的结果，不定时的动作一般在句子末尾。表示终结性的动词find, see, hear, learn, discover的不定式，常表示出乎意料的结果，并且不定式前常有never, only等副词修饰。He arrived in New Orleans without a penny in his pocket only to find that there were no boats for South America.在“so + adj./adv. +as + to do”中。The scenery is so b
13、eautiful as to attract many people here every year.在“adj./adv. + enough + to do”中。He ran fast enough to catch up with Li Lei.在“too + adj./adv. (for sb.) + to do”中。Its too much for me to absorb all at once.表原因，不定式常在形容词afraid, glad, pleased, sad, worried, sorrow, surprised, excited等后面说明主语的某种心情，情感所产生的原
14、因。They are very glad to set foot on their homeland.Unit11一， 被动语态1. 当句子的主语是动作的承受者时，谓语部分需用被动语态形式，即“系动词be+过去分词”。例：English is spoken all over the world today.2. 被动语态常用于需要强调动作的承受者；不知道谁是动作的执行者，没有必要说出动作的执行者以及科技文章中。例：The bridge was made of stones.3. 各种时态的被动语态时态 被动语态一般现在时am/is/are + 过去分词一般过去时 was/were + 过去分词
15、一般将来时 will be + 过去分词过去将来时 would be + 过去分词现在进行时 am/is/are + being + 过去分词过去进行时 was/were + being + 过去分词现在完成时 have/has + 过去分词过去完成时 had been + 过去分词例：I f they are caught, they will die.We shall be punished if we break the rule.A computer center is being built for the students.All the broken windows have b
16、een repaired.4. 被动语态的特殊结构含有情态动词的被动语态。其结构为：can/may/must/need/should/ + be + 过去分词例：The children should be taken good care of.带有双宾语动词的被动语态，一般是把间接宾语变为被动语态的主语，另一宾语仍然保留在谓语后面。例：He was given a person by his mother for his brother.带复合宾语（宾语+宾语补足语）动词的被动语态构成，一般是将宾语变为被动语态中的主语。例：The boy was caught smoking a cigar
17、ette.感官动词see, watch, notice, hear, feel, observe等和使役动词have, make, let等后面接不带to的不定式作宾语补足语，但其被动语态不定式要带to。例：A stranger was seen to walk into that building.一些相当于及物动词的短语动词，如“动词+介词”，“动词+副词”等，在被动语态中，介词和动词不可以省略。The meeting was put off till Friday.二， 动名词动名词由动词+ing构成，否定形式为not doing, 具有动词的特点，可以带有宾语和补语，同时具有名词的性质
18、，在句中起名词作用，可以充当主语，宾语，表语和定语。1. 作主语例：Seeing is believing.2. 作表语例：My job is teaching.3. 作宾语admit, appreciate, avoid, consider, delay, dislike, enjoy, escape, excuse, face, feel like, finish, forgive, give up, imagine, include, keep, mention, mind, miss, practice, put off, resist, risk, suggest, cant hel
19、p, cant stand等动词或词组后可以用动名词作宾语，但不能用不定式。例：What environment do you enjoy working in?Can you imagine doing such work?forget, remember, mean, regret, go on, stop, try等动词或词组可带动名词或不定式作宾语，但意义上有区别。forget doing sth. 忘记做过某事forget to do sth. 忘记去做某事remember doing sth. 记得做过某事remember to do sth. 记得去做某事mean doing s
20、th. 意味着做某事mean to do sth. 打算做某事regret doing sth. 后悔做了某事regret to do sth. 遗憾做了某事go on doing sth. 继续做某事go on to do sth. 接着做另一件事try doing sth. 试着做某事try to do sth. 尽量做某事allow/advise/forbid/permit + doing sth. 允许/建议/禁止/准许做某事；allow/advise/forbid/permit sb. To do sth. 允许/建议/禁止/准许某人做某事。例：They dont allow smo
21、king here.They dont allow me to smoke here.need, require, want作“需要”解，其后用动名词的主动形式表示被动意义；be worth doing主动形式表示被动意义。例：The flowers need watering.=The flowers need to be watered.短语devote to, look forward to, stick to, be used to, be busy in, have difficulty/trouble/problem(in), have a good/wonderful/hard
22、time (in), theres no use/good/need, feel like, get down to等需用动名词形式作宾语。例：We look forward to hearing from you soon.love, hate, prefer, like等动词后用动名词作宾语时指一般情况；跟不定式作宾语时指某一具体行为。例：I like swimming, but I prefer diving.4. 作定语，说明被修饰名词的特征，功能或作用。现在分词作定语则与被修饰的名词是主谓关系。例：There is a large reading room in the librar
23、y.Unit12一， 接不定式或动名词作宾语的动词1， 常用的只能接动词不定式作宾语的动词：agree, ask, choose, decide, demand, expect, fail, hope, manage, offer, offer, plan, promise, pretend, refuse, want, wish等。They agrees to put two foreign students up over the summer. 他们同意夏季为两个外国留学生提供膳宿。The only difference is how you choose to spend your t
24、ime. 唯一区别就是你选择怎么花费你的时间。2. 常用的只能跟动名词作宾语的动词：admit, avoid, appreciate, consider, delay, deny, enjoy, escape, excuse, fancy, finish, imagine, mind, miss, practice, suggest, keep(on), feel like, devote oneself to, give up, get/be used to, be worth, cant help, insist on, look forward to等。He admitted havin
25、g done wrong. 他承认做错了。I suggest trying once more. 我建议在试一次。3. 常用的既能跟动词不定式也能跟动名词形式作宾语的动词：begin, start, continue, hate, like, love, prefer等。I was about to leave when it began to snow. 我正准备离开这时天突然下起大雪。4. try, mean, stop, go on等接动词不定式和动名词意思不同。We try to provide them with direction and help. 我们试图给他们提供指导和帮助。
26、5. need, want跟动名词形式作宾语时表示被动意义，跟动词不定式作宾语时表示主动意义。You need to touch up the poem. 你需要把这首诗润色一下。The company needs repairing. 这台电脑需要修理。二， 现在分词的用法1. 作状语现在分词表示时间，条件，原因，让步关系时，常位于句首，且用逗号隔开，可以转换相应的状语从句；现在分词作结果，方式，伴随状语时多位于句中，可用逗号隔开，也可以不用。Walking in the street(When I was walking in the street), I met an old frien
27、d of mine. 走在大街上，我遇到一位老朋友。（时间）Working hard(If you work hard), you will surely succeed. 如果用功，你一定会成功的。（条件）Not knowing her address (As I dont know her address), I cant write to her. 由于不知道她的地址，我没能给她写信。（原因）Having failed (Although he had failed) many times, he didnt lose heart. 虽然屡次失败，但他没有灰心丧气。（让步）Please
28、answer the question using another way (by using another way). 请换一种方式回答这个问题。（方式）A terrible hurricane struck the area, making thousands of people homeless. 飓风袭击了那个地区，使成千上万人无家可归。（结果）They were walking in the woods, singing happily. 我们漫步在树林里，欢乐地唱着歌。（伴随）2. 作定语现在分词可单独作定语放在被修饰的名词前。现在分词短语放在被修饰的名词后，相当于一个定语从句。
29、被修饰的名词与现在分词之间是主谓关系，动名词作定语表示被修饰的名词的功能和用途。The flying kites are high in the sky. 飞行的风筝在天空中飘扬。3. 作宾语补足语现在分词常用在感官动词see, hear, watch, feel, notice, observe, listen to, look at等和使役动词have, get, leave, set等的宾语后面作宾语补足语，宾语与现在分词之间是主谓关系，也就是说宾语实际上是现在分词动作的发出者。My breathing quickened, and I felt heart beating faster. 我呼吸开始变得急促，心跳也加快了。4. 作表语现在分词作表语可被very等副词修饰。The teachers words were greatly inspiring whenever I met with difficulties. 无论我什么时候遇到困难，老师的话都极具感召力。
