1、Language and CognitionCognitive LinguisticsWhat Is Cognitive Linguistics?oCognitive linguistics is a newly established approach to the study of language that emerged in the 1970s.It is based on human experiences of the world and the way they perceive and conceptualize the world.Main Points in Cognit
2、ive Linguistics o Construal and Construal Operationso Categorizationo Image Schemaso Metaphoro Metonymyo Blending Theory Construal is the ability to conceive and portray the same situation in alternate ways through specificity,different mental scanning,directionality,vantage point,figure-ground segr
3、egation,etc.Attention/Salience Judgment/Comparison Perspective/Situatedness Construal and Construal Operations:Attention/Salienceo The operation in salience have to do with our direction of attention towards sth.that is salient to us.o In cognition,we direct our attention to the activation of concep
4、tual structures.o We use certain linguistic expressions to provoke certain patterns of activation.Construal and Construal Operations:Judgment/Comparisono The construal operations of judgment/comparison have to do with judging sth.by comparing it to sth.else.o The figure-ground alignment apply to spa
5、ce,with the ground as the prepositional object and the preposition expressing the spatial relational configuration.n Static and dynamic figure/groundo Trajector for a moving figureo Landmark for the ground of a moving figure Categorization is the process of classifying our experiences into different
6、 categories based on commonalities and differences.There are three levels in categories.Basic level Super-ordinate level Subordinate level Metaphor involves the comparison of two concepts in that one is constructed in terms of another.It is often described in terms of a target domain and a source do
7、main.Lakoff and John classify conceptual metaphors into three categories Three Categories of Metaphoro Ontological metaphors o Structural metaphors o Orientational metaphors Three Categories of Metaphoro Ontological metaphors n Ontological metaphors means that human experiences with physical objects
8、 provide the basis for ways of viewing events,activities,emotions,ideas,etc.as entities and substances.Three Categories of Metaphoro Structural metaphors n Structural metaphors allow us to go beyond orientation and referring and give us the possibility to structure one concept according to another.T
9、hree Categories of Metaphoro Orientational metaphors n Orientational metaphors give a concept a spatial orientation Metonymy is defined as a cognitive process in which the vehicle provides mental access to the target within the same domain Two Conceptual Configurations Whole ICM and its part(s)Parts
10、 of an ICMMetonymy Whole ICM and its part(s)o Thing-and-Part ICM o Scale ICM o Constitution ICM o Event ICM o Category-and-Member ICM o Category-and-Property ICM o Reduction ICM Metonymy Parts of an ICM o Action ICM o Perception ICM o Causation ICM o Production ICM o Control ICM o Possession ICM o C
11、ontainment ICM o Location ICM o Sign and Reference ICMs o Modification ICM What Is Cognitive Linguistics?Blending Theory o Fauconnier and Turner propose and discuss blending or integration theory,a cognitive operation whereby elements of two or more“mental spaces”are integrated via projection into n
12、ew,blended space which has its unique structure.Conditions are needed when two input spaces I1 and I2 are blended:nCross-Space Mapping nGeneric Space nBlend nEmergent Structure What Is Cognitive Linguistics?Image Schemaso Image schema is a recurring,dynamic pattern of our perceptual interactions and
13、 motor programs that gives coherence and structure to our experience.What Is Cognitive Linguistics?Image Schemaso A center-periphery schema o A containment schema o A cycle schema o A force schema o A link schema o A part-whole schema o A path schema o A scale schema o A verticality schema 类属空间 输入空间1 输入空间2 合成空间施事经历者锋利的刀具工作场所程序（目标、方式）角色:外科医生(外科医生身份)角色:病人(病人身份)手术刀手术室目标:康复方式:手术角色:屠夫角色:商品(动物)屠刀屠宰场目标:切肉方式:屠宰外科医生身份病人身份切肉手术刀手术室目标：康复 方式：屠宰不称职
