1、Unit Two Word ChoiceTeaching aims: Students should be able to 1) master some basic information about word choice 2) choose various wordsI. Brief introduction1.1 Levels of WordsFormal, Common, Colloquial.（正式的、一般的、口语的）Slang words (俚语）Dialectal words (方言）Tip for writing: Formal words are often used in
2、academic writing.Informal Adj: a lot, manyFormal Adj: several, various, numerousInformal Adj: not much Formal Adj: littleInformal Adj: very Formal Adj: highly, extremely, ratherInformal Verb: happen getFormal Verb: occur receive/obtain1.2 The meaning of WordsDenotative (原义） Connotative（涵义）Tips: No t
3、aking the Chinese equivalent of English words as its exact meaning, or understanding the meaning of an English word from its Chinese equivalent.Eg. Send 送He came to send me the letter. (He brought me the letter.)I sent my wife to the station yesterday. (I went to the station with my wife to see her
4、off.)1.3 General and Specific WordsTips: Both of them are useful. But specific words help to make writing clear, exact, vivid, and striking, for they are more informative and expressive than general words.A good man: kind, honest, just, generous, brave, warm-heartedGood food: tasty, delicious, nouri
5、shing, freshLaugh: smile, grin, beam, chuckle, giggle, titter, snigger, guffaw Look at: gaze, stare, leer, glare, watch, peep, glanceII. Choice of words2.1 Using correct wordsACT: Accidence Collocation Tense动词词组1）常跟动名词的动词abandon (放弃)、deny(否认)、escape (逃避)、evade (逃避)、feel like (喜欢)、mind (介意)、regret (后
6、悔)、resume (重新)、stop (停止)、 detest (反对)、 finish (完成)、 resist (反对)、risk (冒险)、 suggest (建议)、delay (延迟)、miss (错过)、 anticipate (期望)、admit (承认)、 to spend time doing (花时间干某事)、cant help doing (禁不住干某事)、Its no use doing (干某事无济于事)、2）跟介词on和for的动词搭配及词组pride oneself on doing 以干某事为荣congratulate sb on doing 祝贺某人干某事m
7、ake a start on doing 开始着手干某事admire sb for doing 羡慕某人干某事apologize for doing 对干某事表示歉意criticize sb for doing 批评某人干某事forgive sb for doing 原谅某人干某事have a gift for doing 有干某事的天赋blame sb for doing 责备某人干某事find an excuse for doing 为干某事找借口have a talent for doing 有干某事的才能have a reason for doing 有干某事的理由punish sb
8、for doing 因某事惩罚某人reward sb for doing 因某事奖励某人3）From 词组benefit from doing 受益于干某事dissuade sb from doing 阻拦某人干某事discourage sb from doing劝阻某人干某事get pleasure from doing从干某事中得到乐趣prohibit sb from doing禁止某人干某事prevent sb from doing防止某人干某事protect sb from doing保护某人以免、4)Of 词组approve of doing同意干某事boast of doing吹嘘
9、干某事complain of doing抱怨干某事deprive sb of doing剥夺某人干某事的权力despair of doing对干某事绝望dream of doing梦想干某事find a means of doing找到干某事的方法have no intention of doing没有干某事的意图suspect sb of doing怀疑某人干某事have the likelihood of doing有干某事的可能run the risk of doing冒、的危险have the responsibility of doing有责任干某事5)with 词组agree wi
10、th doing 同意干某事 content oneself with doing满意干某事credit sb. with doing承认某人干某事有功reproach sb. with doing指责某人干某事threaten sb. with doing以干某事威胁某人put up with doing 容忍干某事6）in, at 词组believe in doing 相信干某事make progress in doing在干某事方面取得进展preserve in doing 坚持干某事succeed in doing 成功地干某事take delight in doing 高兴干某事ta
11、ke the initiative in doing 主动干某事7）跟动词不定式的arrange attempt deserve fail happen promise refuse manage pretend make up ones mind to do take pains to do 2.2 Using accurate words思想表达和选词的高度吻合以漂亮为例：“穿得漂亮、长得漂亮、干得漂亮、说得漂亮、漂亮的言辞、漂亮的女孩、漂亮的女人、漂亮的小伙子和漂亮的衣着”pretty, handsome, beautiful, charming, elegant, decent, we
12、ll done, to the nines (完美地）准确用词关系到表达的正确和地道，一般而言涉及四个“C”：第一个“C”为connotation(内涵)，它比meaning(意义)更为深入。第二个“C”为collocation(搭配)。 第三个“C”为context(上下文)。生意兴隆通四海，财源茂盛达三江Far and wide trade booms；here and there money comes. (Informal)Home and abroad business thrives；hither and thither profit arrives. (Formal)第四个“C”
13、为culture(文化) 。一般来说，要把握选词的准确性, 可以从下面三方面入手。一、Read extensively 二、pay attention to the synonym三、master the difference between E and C. 用词注意四事项：( CACA)1、学会用词正确。即符合语法规范2、学会用词准确。即准确表达思想3、注意用词的交际效果。4、注意用词的艺术性。III.英语写作中常见错误及分析英语写作中，所谓重大语言错误，通常是指语法和词汇错误，我们可以把学生易犯的语言错误归纳为：词汇问题、语法错误、中文式英语 3.1词汇问题同一汉语意思的动词、名词和形容
14、词混用。Eg.a. 如果你努力学习，你一定会成功。If you work hard, you will be sure to succeed.b. 他是一位成功的商人。 He is a successful businessman.(2) 用词不确切 学生所接触的词汇主要来自精读和泛读，他们所掌握的词汇有口语、一般用语、正式用语，也有俚语、方言；有美国英语，也有英国英语。他们对同义词或近义词的细微区别不太了解，英语词与近义汉字区别不清。Eg. 1)她轻轻抚摸了一下他的脸.学生译成“She slapped him on the face.”（她打了他一耳光）2)她由于不小心掉到河里了。 学生将其
15、译成“She fell into the river with the mistake of foot.”将“由于不小心” 译成“由于脚的错误”。应将其改为“because of carelessness”更好。可见写文章时，必须认真斟酌词句，不能用汉语式的英语往上搬。平时应注意同义词的学习，吃不准时，应多查词典。 3.2语法错误语法错误的类型有：名词单复数变化错误；时态不一致谓语或句型出错，句子不完整；介词、冠词遗漏等。1)时态、人称和数用错Eg. I study English about seven years. (wrong) I have studied English for se
16、ven years. (right)2) be 动词遗漏在主系表结构中，汉语中没有动词的句子是允许的，英语中每个完整的句子都必须有动词来承担谓语，如：“我累了。”这个句子没有动词作谓语，而用形容词，但英语形容词不能作谓语，一定要写成 : Im tired. Eg. I studying E at home. (3) 句子不完整因为对句子结构认识模糊，所以出现只写半句的现象 Eg. I believe success in future. (wrong) I believe I will make success in the future.(4) 介词、冠词遗漏I try to make a
17、plan to improve my E.3.3表达方式错误懂得了语法，掌握了语义，写起文章来还有表达方式对不对、好不好的问题，在这方面，汉语同样会干扰英语。 Eg. My English base is still very poor.Im poor at English. / My English is poor Some useful synonyms1. 解决：Solve, deal with, cope with, handle, resolve, address, tackle 2. 损害：Damage, hurt, injure, harm, impair, undermine,
18、 jeopardize 3. 给与：Give, offer, render, impart, provide, supply, afford 4. 培养：Develop, cultivate, foster 5. 优势：Advantage, merit, virtue, benefit, upside, strength 6. 缺陷：Disadvantage, demerit, drawback, downside, weakness 7. 使迷惑：Puzzle, bewilder, perplex, baffle 8. 重要的：Key, crucial, critical, importan
19、t, significant, vital, substantial, indispensable, imperative9. 认为：Think, believe, insist, maintain, assert, conclude, deem, hold, argue, be convinced, be firmly convinced, be fully convinced 10. 保护：Protect, conserve, preserve 11.确保：Assure, ensure, guarantee, pledge 12.有害的：Bad, baneful, evil, harmfu
20、l, detrimental, hazardous13.要求 ：Request, demand, needs, requisition14.消除 ：Eliminate, remove, clear up, take away, smooth away 15.导致：Lead to, bring about, result in, cause, spark off, conduce to, procure, induce, generate 16.宣称：Allege, assert, declare, claim 17.发生：Happen, occur, take place 18.原因：Reas
21、on, factor, cause 19.发展：Development, advance, progress 20.有益的：Useful, helpful, beneficial, profitable, rewarding，advantageous 21.影响Influence, impact, effect 22.明显的：Clear, obvious, evident, self-evident, manifest, apparent, crystal-clear 23.占：Comprise, take up, account for, constitute, consist of, ma
22、ke up, occupy, compose 24.与相比：Compared with，compared to，in comparison with，in comparison to，by comparison with，by comparison to 25.对比而言：By contrast，in contrast，on the other hand，on the contrary，conversely 26.展示：Show, reveal, illustrate, demonstrate, depict, present, represent, describe 27.大约：Approxi
23、mately，almost，about，around，nearly，roughly28事实上：Practically，in practice，essentially，in essence，in reality，in effect，in fact，as a matter of fact，it is a fact that 29.换言之：Namely，that is to say，in other words，to put it like this，to put it differently，to put it from another way，to put it from another ang
24、leHomework Task I. Note-writing: Directions: You have a ticket to the Russian National Ballet Troupe, which is visiting and you want to give it to your friend Alice. Write a note to her and say:1) the time of the show,2) the place where you will wait for herYou should write about 60 words.Task II. Some people like a big family, but others prefer a nuclear family, which one do you like best?10 / 10
