1、精品文档 你我共享ap宏观经济学知识点【篇一：ap宏观经济学知识点】开考科目：详情查看请点击：【】【新航道提供免费服务，优先抢考位，如需代报名，详情查看： ，或者在线咨询我们的老师】六、 ap经济学考试中的十三大要点1 、fundamentals of economic analysisscarce resourcesproduction possibilitiesfunctions of economic systems2、 demand, supply, market equilibrium, and welfare analysisdemandsupplymarket equilibri
2、umwelfare analysis3、elasticity, microeconomic policy, and consumer theoryelasticitymicroeconomic policy and applications of elasticityconsumer choice4、the firm, profit, and the costs of productionfirms, opportunity costs, and profitsproduction and cost5、market structures, perfect competition, monopo
3、ly, and things betweenperfect competitionmonopolymonopolistic competitionoligopoly6、factor marketsfactor demandleast-cost hiring of multiple inputsfactor supply and market equilibriumimperfect competition in product and factor markets7、public goods, externalities, and the role of governmentpublic go
4、ods and spillover benefitspollution and spillover costsincome distribution and tax structures8、 macroeconomic measures of performancethe circular flow modelaccounting for output and incomeinflation and the consumer price indexunemployment9、 consumption, saving, investment, and the multiplierconsumpt
5、ion and savinginvestmentthe multiplier effect10、aggregate demand and aggregate supplyaggregate demandaggregate supplymacroeconomic equilibriumthe trade-off between inflation and unemployment11、fiscal policy, economic growth, and productivityexpansionary and contractionary fiscal policydifficulties o
6、f fiscal policyeconomic growth and productivity12、money, banking, and monetary policymoney and financial assetsfractional reserve banking and money creationmonetary policy13、 international tradecomparative advantage and gains from tradebalance of paymentsforeign exchange ratestrade barriers【篇二：ap宏观经
7、济学知识点】阅读，只需一秒。精彩，尽在掌握！今天和明天主页君将给大家带来ap经济学两连发！今天是宏观经济学，主页君约了一个叫leo的学霸给大家整理了考点的的精髓，最后还有宏观经济学最重要的5张图，祝大家怒考5分！昨天微信好像抽风了，一部分小伙伴没收到统计的福利，现在回复统计就能看到啦！macro econ1 macroeconomics: branch of economics that focus on economy as a whole2 microeconomics: branch of economics that analyze inpgdp3 gdp per capita: gd
8、p/population. a measurement of living standard.4 gdp=c+i+g+nx5 consumption:(a)only final good counts: any intermediate good are not counted to prevent double count(b) resale is not counted: people know they can resale it later so the value of that good is not as high as the price shows.(c) transacti
9、on without money does not count(d) underground economy does not countinvestment: purchase of equipment, new construction and unsold inventories(存货)government spending: all spending on goods or services, does not count welfare. sometimes it can over state quality of life as some spending does not cre
10、ate so much export: export: produced but not consumed in a country, does not matter if a foreigner produces them. import: consumed but not produced in a country.gdp can be an overstatement of life if negative externality exists. it can be an understatement of lifegdp= wages +rent +interest +profiti
11、nflation6 inflation: an increase in the overall price level=decrease of purchase power of currency7 when increasing money supply, real wealth shifts to money maker8 money neutrality: a pone time change in money supply will have no real effect in the long run.9 shoe leather costs: the effort made to
12、decrease the effect of inflation. like withdrawing money to purchase real good.10 menu costs: cause of price stickiness. there is cost to change price so company will not change price immediately until mb mc11 contract: cause of wage stickiness, usually for a year12 rational expectation: people expe
13、ct inflation and act accordingly. the average error of expectation is zero.13 gdp deflator: one way to calculate inflation: p14 cpi: takes a fixed basket of good and calculate their price 15. cpi vs. gdp deflator: cpi only looks at consumer goods. also people tend to buy less of one thing if price i
14、ncreases so cpi is not accurate. a common problem for both ways is that they do not take into account the quality. a good with better quality now is still counted the same as before. 16. deflation: inflation is negative. it is very harmful as interest rate can not be lower than zero.unemployment15 p
15、eople employed/total labor force=unemployment rate16 those not looking for a job, too young and prisoner or patient are not counted in labor force17 discouraged worker: people who give up looking for a job. more discouraged workers can increase employment rate.18 types of unemployment: seasonal, str
16、uctural, frictional and cyclical. seasonal, structural and frictional are unavoidable so no cyclical unemployment means full employment, or natural rate of unemployment.19 effect of unemployment: lower output(okuns law: for every percent of unemployment higher than natural rate, gdp is 2percent lowe
17、r than potential), stress, workers loses skill, send a bad signal to employer20 bias about unemployment: the leisure people experience when not having a job decrease the negative effect of unemployment. however, the life is stressful and people may spend some of the time looking for a job and these
18、factors make things worse.aggregate demand egate demand21 ad: total expenditure in a country22 ad is downward sloping because:(a)wealth effect: the higher the price level, the less you can buy with a fixed amount of money(b) interest rate effect: higher price levelcarry more moneyless savingshigher
19、interest ratelower investment(c) exchange rate effect: higher price levelcarry more moneyless savingshigher interest rateappreciate currencymore import and less export3. shifts of ad: changes in expectations, animal spirit (confidence), change in money supply, fiscal policyaggregate supply23 aggrega
20、te supply: total supply. the long run as curve is vertical, only affected by change in resources and technology. short run as is upward sloping. 24 as is upward sloping because:(a)sticky price: lower price level and same nomial pricemore real priceless demand-less supply(b) sticky wages: lower price
21、 level and same wagemore real wagehigher costproduce less (sticky wages may caused by money illusion, labor contracts, labor regulation and union power)3. shifts of as: real factors of production will cause both lras and sras to shift. expectations and change in price or wages will cause sras to shi
22、ft.4. demand pull inflation: increase in ad (may caused by increase in money supply or fiscal stimulus)decrease in asequilibrium and higher price level5. cost push inflation: decrease in asincrease in adequilibrium and higher price level6. inflation gap: ad increases and the gap between the sr and l
23、r level of output is inflation gap.7. recessionary gap: ad decreases and the gap between sr and lr level of output is recessionary/output gapsupply side economics25 supply side economics tend to solve problem in macroeconomics by changing as. they would agree a cut of tax if it can increase peoples
24、incentive to work. so they do not agree a fund back of last years tax. 26 laffer curve: when tax rate is higher than a number, tax revenue may decrease when government increases tax rate because the decrease in efficiency is so great.what is money27 uses of money: medium of exchange, unit of account
25、 and store of value28 properties of money: portable(easy to carry around), fungible(can be p29 definition of money: m0: only currencym1:m0+checking depositm2: m1+close money substitutesquantity theory of money30 mv=py31 ex: when fed prints money but does not use them, v=0 so there is no real effect
26、in the economysavings and investment:32 an economy can only save by building constructions that might be used in the future33 in a closed economy: c+i+g=gdp=c+g+savings (total spending +that are not spent)monetary policy34 monetary policy is the policy taken by federal reserve to control economy35 o
27、pen market operation: buy or sell treasury bond to increase or decrease total money supply in the economy36 discount rate: rate of interest rate banks borrow money from the fed37 federal funds rate: the interest rate that the fed targeted with open market operation38 reserve requirement: the require
28、d amount of money a bank need to hold, usually not used as a tool as:1. if fed raises rr during expansion, bank may have a difficult time to get enough rr2. if fed decreases rr during recession, it has no effect as the bank can not loan out the extra amount of moneyfiscal policy39 fiscal policy is t
29、he action of government to control the economy, usually include government spending and change of tax rate40 expansionary fiscal policy may cause an increase in interest rate as government must borrow before spend. this will crowd out private investment.fiscal and monetary policy41 fiscal and moneta
30、ry policy may help or cancel out each other. there is a chart in the hand out42 after fed multiplier: is the overall effect of fiscal and monetary policy. if ad increases, it is positive; if ad decreases, it is negative; if ad does not change, it is zero.interest rate determination43 short run: if f
31、ed takes expansionary policyms increasessaving shifts to the rightlower interest rate44 long run: if fed takes expansionary policymd increasessaving shifts backinterest rate back to former oneall formulas for calculation1. fiscal policy:(a)spending multiplier=1/mps=1/(1-mpc)(b) tax multiplier=mpc/mp
32、s(c) balance multiplier=spending multiplier+ tax multiplier=12. omo:(a) change in money supply: 1/rr*bp (bond)(b) new loans: 1/rr*bp-bp(c) reserves: bp3. new deposit:(a) change in money supply:1/rr*dd (deposit money)-dd(b) demand deposit: 1/rr*dd(c) loans: 1/rr*dd-dd(d) reserves: ddinternational tra
33、de46 current account: account of physical good. export counts as positive and import counts as negative. 47 capital account: account of liability. when other countries invest in your country it is positive. 48 capital account +current account=0 49 exchange rate: price of other currency. when it take
34、s more foreign currency to but the same amount of your currency, your currency is appreciate. otherwise, it is depreciate. 50 shift of demand and supply of currency: an increase in interest rate will increase the demand of a currency and increase the supply of other currency. thus your currency is a
35、ppreciated. 51 effect of exchange rate on imports and exports: currency appreciates is good for import and bad for export. 52 law of one price (inflation and exchange rate): increase in inflation will decrease the purchasing power of currency. according to law of one price, price everywhere will be
36、the same if transaction cost is neglectable. thus this currency will depreciate. 53 fixed exchange rate: means nominal exchange rate stays the same all the time. if your country undergoes inflation while holding the exchange rate the same, its currency is actually appreciated.growth54 technology adv
37、ance is the basic factor that affects long run growth. 55 capital: capital is the equipment used to produce other goods. higher capital means higher labor productivity (this is showed in the labor productivity section in microeconomics). 56 human capital: the skill and education a labor has. higher
38、human capital can be obtained by training and education. it has diminishing marginal return as a change from non-literacy to literacy has greater effect than a change from an undergraduate to a graduate. 57 savinginvestmentcapitallabor productivity(k/l)gdp per capita(y/l)宏观的各种复杂的图标一直是一大难点，过完所有的知识点，接
39、下来主页君就为大家讲讲宏观中最重要的5个图。宏观经济学以总供求模型为核心，通过对四个主体消费者、生产者、政府、国际贸易，三个市场产品市场、要素市场、货币市场的分析，来探求宏观经济的秘密，即如何使物价稳定、就业充分、经济增长。产品市场：劳动力市场：货币市场：对应着宏观经济循环图，我们可以清楚地看到这四个主体和三个市场是怎样联系在一起的。价格的变动会影响产品市场短期均衡，生产的变动依托于劳动力市场的变动和资本市场的变动，三个市场相互关联，任何一个市场的变动都会导致其他市场的变动，从而给政府用政策来调节经济奠定了基础。我们看一下总供求模型是怎样建立的。以价格为纵轴、gdp（或产量、收入）为横轴，建立
40、直角坐标系。由生产函数y=f(k, l)导出了总供给曲线，其中短期内价格具有黏性，经济中有闲置资源，短期总供给曲线向右上方倾斜；长期内价格可以自由变动，经济中闲置资源得到了充分利用，生产已经达到最大，稳定在潜在产出，所以它跟价格无关，垂直于横轴。总需求曲线可由交易方程式mv=py导出，当货币供给量和货币流通速度不变时，y与p呈反比关系，所以总需求曲线向右下方倾斜，这就是上图所表示的总供求模型。同时，将总需求分解，y=c+i+g+nx，总需求由消费、投资、政府购买、净出口四部分组成，消费受收入和利率影响，投资受利率影响，政府购买则是政府政策的直接结果，净出口受汇率影响。正是这种影响，给了政府政策
41、的具体依据，即财政政策（税收、政府支出变化等）、货币政策（货币供给、利率等）、贸易政策（汇率、关税、贸易配额等），但是政策会有两种不同方向的影响，一是所谓的乘数效应，二是挤出效应，当经济中存在大量闲置资源时，政府购买的增加会使这些闲置资源得到利用，生产的扩张会使收入增加，收入的增加导致消费的增加，消费的增加又导致产出的增加，这个过程循环下去，从而使产出相对于初始的扩张成倍的增加，即乘数效应。挤出效应起作用时则是经济中无闲置资源，生产已经达到极限，当政府再次实施扩张政策时，会拉高资本市场的需求，从而导致利率的升高，进而压低了投资和消费，这就是挤出效应。需求的扩张会导致价格的升高和失业的下降，这是
42、菲利普斯曲线揭示的内容，从短期总供给曲线上也可以看出这一点。价格的升高伴随着产出的增加，产出增加必然意味着投入的增加（短期内不存在技术进步），资本投入在短期内不变（这是短期的定义），那必然就是劳动投入的增加，在总人口不变的情况下，雇佣劳动力增多就意味着失业人数的下降，从而失业率下降。但在长期内则不同，需求的扩张只会引起价格的升高，不会改变失业率。微信抽风了的缘故，有不少小伙伴们没能收到昨天的推送，回复推送主页君为你呈上昨日好文。还是因为抽风的缘故，统计的福利貌似也跪了。今天回复统计小伙伴们就能看到ap stats的福利啦，内含考点，公式，计算器等各种知识汇总，大家加油！欢迎免费订阅insigh
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44、，此皆良实，志虑忠纯，是以先帝简拔以遗陛下：愚以为宫中之事，事无大小，悉以咨之，然后施行，必能裨补阙漏，有所广益。将军向宠，性行淑均，晓畅军事，试用于昔日，先帝称之曰“能”，是以众议举宠为督：愚以为营中之事，悉以咨之，必能使行阵和睦，优劣得所。 亲贤臣，远小人，此先汉所以兴隆也；亲小人，远贤臣，此后汉所以倾颓也。先帝在时，每与臣论此事，未尝不叹息痛恨于桓、灵也。侍中、尚书、长史、参军，此悉贞良死节之臣，愿陛下亲之、信之，则汉室之隆，可计日而待也。臣本布衣，躬耕于南阳，苟全性命于乱世，不求闻达于诸侯。先帝不以臣卑鄙，猥自枉屈，三顾臣于草庐之中，咨臣以当世之事，由是感激，遂许先帝以驱驰。后值倾覆，受任于败军之际，奉命于危难之间，尔来二十有一年矣。先帝知臣谨慎，故临崩寄臣以大事也。受命以来，夙夜忧叹，恐托付不效，以伤先帝之明；故五月渡泸，深入不毛。今南方已定，兵甲已足，当奖率三军，北定中原，庶竭驽钝，攘除奸凶，兴复汉室，还于旧都。此臣所以报先帝而忠陛下之职分也。至于斟酌损益，进尽忠言，则攸之、祎、允之任也。愿陛下托臣以讨贼兴复之效，不效，则治臣之罪，以告先帝之灵。若无兴德之言，则责攸之、祎、允等之慢，以彰其咎；陛下亦宜自谋，以咨诹善道，察纳雅言，深追先帝遗诏。臣不胜受恩感激。今当远离，临表涕零，不知所言。腹有诗书气自华
