1、陈福康.中国译学理论史稿M.上海：上海外语教育出版社，1992.马祖毅.中国翻译史Z.北京：中国对外翻译出版公司，1988.谭载喜.西方翻译简史Z.北京：商务印书馆，1991.Western translation history undergoes six translation climaxes.Translation studies of the RomansTranslation Studies in the Middle Ages (Bible Translation)Translation studies during the RenaissanceTranslation Stud
2、ies in the Early Modern Times(17th-19th century)Translation studies in the twentieth centuryStudies on translation go back to the Romans.Eric Jacobson claims that translating is a Roman invention.Cicero and Horace(1st century BC)were the first theorists who made an important distinction between word
3、-for-word translation and sense-for-sense translation.Their views on translation influenced successive generations of translators up to the twentieth century.The underlying principle of enriching their native language and literature through translation leads to a stress on the aesthetic criteria of
4、the TL product rather than on more rigid notion of“fidelity”.lHorace,in his Art of Poetry,warns against overcautious imitation of the source model:A theme that is familiar can be made your own property so long as you do not waste your time on a hackneyed(outdated)treatment;nor should you try to rend
5、er your original word for word like a slavish translator,or in imitating another writer plunge yourself into difficulties from which shame,or the rules you have laid down for yourself,prevent you from extricating(liberating)yourself?只要你不受陈腐之举的牵绊，你便能将一个熟悉的主题写出自己的个性。千万不要把精力花在逐字逐句的死搬死译上，如同一个被奴役的译者；也不要在
6、模仿作者的时候作茧自缚，既怕人耻笑又怕犯了写作规则，不敢越出雷池一步lRoman translation may be perceived as unique in that it arises from a vision of literary production that follows an established canon of excellence across linguistic boundaries.l古罗马时代的翻译有其独特的价值，因为它源于一种文学创作的视角，这一视角遵循着公认的卓越原则，跨越了语言界限。(1)Livius Andronicus(284?-204 B.C
7、.)(translated Homers Odyssey,Aischulos and Sophokles tragedies,Menandros comedies)(2)Marcus Tulluis Cicero西塞罗(106-43 B.C.)(translated Homers Odyssey,Platos Timaeus and Protagoras,Xenophons Economics,Aratuss Phenomena)(3)Quintus Horatius Flaccus贺拉斯(65-8 B.C.)(in the Middle Ages-from the end of the Ro
8、man Empire to the Renaissance)The Bible translation holds a very important position in the Western translation history.With the spread of Christianity,translation came to acquire another role,that of dissemination the word of God.Translation of the New Testment was marked by St Jerome(fourth century
9、 CE).His approach to translating the Greek Septuagint Bible into Latin would affect later translations of the scriptures.“Translators of the Bible:(1)Philo Judacus(20?-50?B.C.)(translated the Bible)(2)St Jerome(331-420 A.D.)(translated the New testament from Greek and the Old Testament from Hebrew i
10、nto Latin)(3)St.Augustine(345-430 A.D.)lIn the sixteenth century the history of Bible translation acquired new dimensions with the advent of printing.lThe sixteenth century saw the translation of the Bible into a large number of European languages,in both Protestant and Roman Catholic versions,and r
11、evised version of existing translations continued to appear in English,Dutch,German and French.lTranslation in Renaissance Europe came to play a role of central importance.And translation was by no means a secondary activity,but a primary one,exerting a shaping force on the intellectual life of the
12、age,and at times the figure of the translator appears almost as revolutionary activist rather than the servant of an original author or text.Renaissance and TranslationlRenaissance is the period in Europe between the 14th and 17 centuries,when the art,literature,and ideas of ancient Greece were disc
13、overed again and widely studied,causing a rebirth of activity in all these things.lThe role translation plays in Renaissance:means of transplanting new ideas and thoughts,compared to war trophies in literature and art.Renaissance in turn influenced translation greatly in terms of attitudes toward tr
14、anslation and translation methods or approaches.Summary of translation in RenaissanceThe Renaissance period witnessed a considerable increase in the number of translations,due to the stimulating influence of the Renaissance and the introduction of printing technology and perception of translation as
15、 a means of disseminating knowledge to a wider audience.In addition,new views on translation appeared and translation activities centered not only on the Bible and classical literary texts,but also on other kinds of texts such as scientific ones and helped develop the national languages.(17th-19th c
16、entury)l Brief Introductionl 17th century-19th century is a very important period of translation and translation studies in the west.lFeatures of western translation in this period:1)Translation became prosperous because of boosting of production,prosperous economy,more and more people receiving edu
17、cation and being eager to read and write;2)Each period differs from the other and each country differs from the other in translation;3)Translation is characterized by inaccurate representation of the original message in the TL in many cases in some countries;4)Translation theories began to develop s
18、ystematically in terms of their framework in the 18th century and found its center in the 19th century Germany;5)The focus of translation practice began to be shifted from classics to modern works;6)Jesus Christ school:inaccurate translation,making classics religious in translation version.Port-Roya
19、l school:stressing the present,often adding something to the original content or omitting something of the ST in the translation.7)The 19th century French translators such as Francoise-Rene de Chateaubriand(1768-1848),Gerard Nerval(1808-1855)and Charles Baudelaire(1821-1867)focused their attention o
20、n translating modern works such as those of Shakespeare and Allen Poe.lBy the mid-seventeenth century the widening of the gap between traditional Christian Humanism and science had all led to radical changes in the theory of literature and hence to the role of translation.lJohn Dryden(1631-1700),for
21、mulated the trichotomy of translation:(1)Metaphrase(直译),or turning an author word by word,and line by line,from one language into another;(2)Paraphrase(意译),or translation with latitude(flexibility),the Ciceronian“sense-for-sense”view of translation.(3)Imitation(仿译),where the translator can abandon t
22、he text of the original as he sees fit.l Of these types Dryden chooses the second(paraphrase)as the more balanced path,provided the translator fulfils certain criteria:To translate poetry,he argues,the translator must be a poet,must be a master of both languages,and must understand both the characte
23、ristics and spirit of the original author,besides conforming to the aesthetic canons of his own age.l He uses the metaphor of the translator/portrait painter,that was to reappear so frequently in the eighteenth century,maintaining that the painter has the duty of making his portrait resemble the ori
24、ginal.Drydens views on translation were followed fairly closely by Alexander Pope(1688-1744),who advocates the same middle ground as Dryden,with stress on close reading of the original to note the details of style and manner whilst endeavoring to keep alive the“fire”of the poem.lUnderlying Drydens a
25、nd Popes concept of translation is another element,beyond the problem of the debate between overfaithfulness and looseness:the whole question of the moral duty of the translator to his contemporary readers.lThe impulse to clarify and make plain the essential spirit of a text led to large scale rewri
26、tings of earlier texts to fit them to contemporary standards of language and taste.Hence the famous re-structuring of Shakespearian texts,and the translations of Racine.l Towards the end of the eighteenth century,in 1791,Alexander Fraser Tytler published a volume entitled The principles of translati
27、on,the first systematic study in English of the translation processes.l Tytler set up three basic principles:1.The translation should give a complete transcript of the idea of the original work2.The style and manner of writing should be of the same character with that of the original.3.The translati
28、on should have all the ease of the original composition.lSo many texts were translated at this time that were to have a seminal effect on the TL.Stress on the impact of the translation in the target culture in fact resulted in a shift of interest away from the actual processes of translation.Moreove
29、r,two conflicting tendencies can be determined in the early nineteenth century:one exalts translation as a category of thought,with the translator seen as a creative genius in his own right,in touch with the genius of his original and enriching the literature and language into which he is translatin
30、g;the other sees translation in terms of the more mechanical function of“making known”a text or author.l In the second half of the twentieth century,studies on translation became an important course in language teaching and learning at schools.l What adds to its value is the creation of a variety of
31、 methods and models of translation:For instance,the grammar-translation model studies the grammatical rules and structures of foreign languages.The cultural model is also a witness for the development of translation studies in the period.It required in translation not only a word-for-word substituti
32、on,but also a cultural understanding of the way people in different societies think.With this model,we can distinguish between the ethnographical-semantic method(民俗学-语义学方法)and the dynamic equivalent method.lAnother model that appears in the period is text-based translation model,which focuses on tex
33、ts rather than words or sentences in translation process.lThis model includes a variety of sub-models:the interpretative model,the text linguistic model and models of translation quality assessments that in turn provide us with many models such as those of Riess,Wilss,Koller,House,North.规范研究的篇章语言学派代
34、表人物首推德国人诺伊贝特(Neubert),他把翻译定义为“原语文本导致的译语文本的生产”。(Schaffner,1999)他认为,翻译的基本单位是文本,译者首先应把握整个文本的宏大陈述,然后将文本划分为较小的单个的可转换的语义单位。他主张文本层次上的对等。为了达到文本对等,译本必须做到“真正的连贯”。他强调,“真正的连贯”是翻译较大篇幅的文本应遵循的规范。(Gentzler,1993)不少译论者把文本按不同的规律分成不同的类型。赖斯(Reiss)将文本划分为3 种类型:信息文本(着重于内容和信息)、形式文本(着重于语言形式)和呼吁文本(着重于对读者发出呼吁)。翻译主要是受原文中居于支配地位的
35、某种功能的制约。纽马克(1988)则根据不同的内容和文体,将文本分为表达功能(expressive function)、信息功能(informative function)和呼唤功能(vocative function),其文本类型的划分法与赖斯颇为相似。在此基础之上,译论者们企图通过对原语和目的语系统的比较和描述建立文本类型的样板(prototype 或genreprofile)。不同文本类型样板要求不同的翻译方法与之相适应。例如,纽马克主张,在以表达功能为主的文本中,作者独特的语言形式和内容应视为同等重要,翻译方法应以语义翻译(semantic translation)为主;翻译以信息功能
36、为主的文本和以呼唤功能为主的文本,宜主要采用交际翻译(communicative translation)的方法。lThe period is also characterized by pragmatic and systematic approach to the study of translation.The most famous writings and figures that characterize the twenties are those of Vinay and Darbelnet(1958),who worked on a stylistic comparative
37、 study of French and English,John C.Catford(1965),Eugene Nida(1964),who is affected by the Chomskys generative grammar in his theories of translation,De Beaugrand who writes a lot about translation,and many others who worked and still work for the development of the domain.lVinay and Darbelnet(1958)
38、:“翻译是一个真正的学科,具有自身特殊的技巧和问题,”值得在语言学分析手段的启示下进行系统研究。lVinay and Darbelnet(1958)列举了7 种翻译方法:意译法、借词译法、直译、换位译法、调整译法、等值译法和归化法。(许钧、袁筱一,1998)30时间时间特点特点译著译著公元前3世纪中叶打开了欧洲翻译的局面，使古希腊文学得以传播和继承Septuagint(希伯来语希腊语)Odyssey 大批希腊戏剧(希腊语拉丁文)公元世纪至世纪之间与基督教的发展有关(忠实地传达原文意旨必须采用直译的方式)圣经各种译本（希伯来语、希腊语拉丁文），如The Vulgate by Jerome11至12世纪基督教与穆斯林对彼此的文化深感兴趣大批作品（阿拉伯语拉丁文；希腊语古叙利亚语）、托莱多（西）14至16世纪文艺复兴，翻译活动深入到宗教、思想、政治、哲学、和文学等众多领域，翻译思想活跃、译作类别、数量和质量达到巅峰圣经（民众喜闻乐见的德语）马丁路德 King James Version（英语中最伟大的译著）、希腊、罗马名人比较列传阿米欧（法）、伊利亚特奥得赛查普曼（英）第二次世界大战结束以来翻译活动的规模、翻译研究的深度和广度令人瞩目
