1、-非谓语形式非谓语形式(1)一一 非谓语形式非谓语形式在英语中，一个句子(主句或从句)中只能有一套主谓结构，每个句子中必须有一个谓语部分谓语部分，除谓语部分之外的动词就应当用非谓语形式非谓语形式 如果一个动词在句子中不作谓语时，就必须使用下面表格中的某一种形式，即非谓语形式非谓语形式：名 称种 类 主 动 形 式 被 动 形 式 不定式一般式 to+V to+be+V-ed 进行式 to+be+V-ingto+be+being+V-ed 完成式 to+have+V-edto+have been+V-ed 动 名 词 一般式 V-ing being+V-ed 完成式 having+done ha
2、ving+been+V-ed 现在分词 一般式 V-ing being+V-ed 完成式 having+donehaving+been+V-ed 过去分词 一般式 V-ed 无如：他坐在那里看小说如：他坐在那里看小说 He is sitting there reading a novel.在上面这个句子里,我们用了is sitting 来作谓语,那么,“看”(read)这个动词就要用非谓语形式非谓语形式来表达.这里的reading是现在分词一般式的主动式现在分词一般式的主动式,当然这里为什么要用现在分词一般式的主动式,我们下面会详细地讲述.一个句子中除谓语之外还有那些句子成份呢？一个句子中除谓
3、语之外还有那些句子成份呢？主语主语,宾语宾语,表语表语,定语定语,状语状语,补语共补语共6 种种(注：同位语一般不用动词来作注：同位语一般不用动词来作!)有这么多的非谓语形式,如果一个动词作非谓语(比如说:定语),我们到底选用那一种形式呢?我们先来看下面的句子我们先来看下面的句子:(1).The boy standing there is my elder brother.(2).The problem discussed yesterday is very important.(3).The meeting being held in the next room is about envir
4、onment protecting.上面三个句子中划线部分在句中都是作定语,但是用了不同的非谓语形式！(1).第一个句子中用了第一个句子中用了现在分词一般式的主动式现在分词一般式的主动式,表示表示“说话时说话时正站在正站在 那里那里,并且被修饰的名词并且被修饰的名词the boy与动词与动词 站站的关系是的关系是主动关系主动关系.”(2).第二个句子中用的是第二个句子中用的是过去分词过去分词,表示表示“说话时说话时已经发生过已经发生过的事情并且的事情并且 动词动词“讨论讨论”与被修饰的中心词与被修饰的中心词problem是是被动关系被动关系”(3).第三个句子中用的是第三个句子中用的是现在分词
5、一般式的被动式现在分词一般式的被动式,表示表示“说话时说话时正在发正在发生生 并且动词并且动词“举行举行”与被修饰的中心词与被修饰的中心词meeting为为被动关系被动关系 从上面的例句可以看出从上面的例句可以看出,要正确使用非谓语形式要正确使用非谓语形式,我们应该我们应该了解两个方面的内容了解两个方面的内容:1.非谓语动词相对于谓语动词的非谓语动词相对于谓语动词的时间时间含义；含义；2.非谓语动词和与之相关的词之间的非谓语动词和与之相关的词之间的关系关系.下面我们来系统地学习非谓语形式下面我们来系统地学习非谓语形式.二 非谓语形式的功能 并不是任何一种非谓语形式都可以用作谓语之外的任何成份！
6、我们先来看一看下面的表格：成份名称主语宾语表语定语状语补语不定式不定式动名词动名词不能作不能作不能作不能作现在分词现在分词不能作不能作不能作不能作过去分词过去分词不能作不能作不能作不能作(非谓语形式功能表非谓语形式功能表)从上表中我们只能得出这样的结论从上表中我们只能得出这样的结论：当非谓语动词用状语和补语时，：当非谓语动词用状语和补语时，不需要考虑动名词；当非谓语动词作主语和宾语时，不需要考虑分词不需要考虑动名词；当非谓语动词作主语和宾语时，不需要考虑分词(包包括现在分词和过去分词括现在分词和过去分词)对于其它的形式，从表格中不难看出对于其它的形式，从表格中不难看出,一种非谓语成份都有两种或
7、一种非谓语成份都有两种或两种以上的非谓语形式可以充当两种以上的非谓语形式可以充当.怎么办呢怎么办呢?我们只要把我们只要把同一种成份同一种成份的不同非谓语形式的不同含义的不同非谓语形式的不同含义了解清楚就可以了了解清楚就可以了 三 非谓语形式的不同含义1.作主语时作主语时:作主语时可以用两种形式：不定式和动名词，如：(1).To learn English is not easy.(2).Eating too much is bad for your health.区别：不定式表示具体或一次性的动作，也可表示将来的动作。区别：不定式表示具体或一次性的动作，也可表示将来的动作。动名词表示经常或泛指
8、的动作。动名词表示经常或泛指的动作。不定式和动名词作主语时常用不定式和动名词作主语时常用一般式一般式！不定式和动名词作主语时请注意以下几点：1.常用it作形式主语;2.当用于It is no use/good doing sth的句型时常用动名词；当用于for sb./sth.to do 或疑问词+to do的 结构时常用不定式.如：(1).Its not easy to learn English well.(2).Its no use asking him for help.(3).Its no use crying over the spilt milk.(谚语：覆水难收)(4).How
9、 to solve the problem is a hot potato.(5).Its necessary for you to read books 2.作宾语时作宾语时:作宾语与作主语时一样作宾语与作主语时一样,也可以用不定式或动名词也可以用不定式或动名词.如如:(1).He tried to catch up with his classmates.(2).The baby stopped crying and listened to the radio.(3).Thank you for treating me.区别：区别：1.介词后面的宾语一般用动名词，不用不定式！介词后面的宾语
10、一般用动名词，不用不定式！2.及物动词后面有些用动名词，有些用不定式，我们一般及物动词后面有些用动名词，有些用不定式，我们一般 记住那些只带动名词作宾语的动词！记住那些只带动名词作宾语的动词！再如：How about planning for a trip?We are looking forward to seeing you again.(to为介词)admit 承认 appreciate 感激,欣赏 avoid 避免 complete 完成 consider 考虑 cant help 忍不住 delay 耽误 deny 否认 endure 忍受 enjoy 喜欢 escape 逃脱 ex
11、cuse原谅 finish 完成 forgive 宽恕 imagine 想象 include 包括 keep 继续 mind 介意 miss 错过 prevent 阻止 postpone 推迟 practise 练习 recall 回忆 resist 抵抗，risk 冒险 suggest 建议 stand 忍受 常带动名词作宾语的及物动词有：常带动名词作宾语的及物动词有：可带不定式也可带动名词作宾语但含义有区别的及物动词有：可带不定式也可带动名词作宾语但含义有区别的及物动词有：remember forget regret stop go on mean try cant helpto do:表
12、示表示“记得要去做某事记得要去做某事”doing表示表示“记得做过某事记得做过某事”to do表示忘记要做某事表示忘记要做某事doing表示忘记做过了某事表示忘记做过了某事to do表示对于要做某事感到遗憾表示对于要做某事感到遗憾doing表示后悔做过某事表示后悔做过某事to do表示停止在做的事而去做另一件事表示停止在做的事而去做另一件事doing表示停止正在做的事表示停止正在做的事to do表示接着做另一件事表示接着做另一件事doing表示继续做同一件事表示继续做同一件事to do表示打算做某事表示打算做某事doing表示意味着什么表示意味着什么to do表示设法去做某事表示设法去做某事d
13、oing表示尝试做某事表示尝试做某事(to)do表示不能帮忙做某事表示不能帮忙做某事doing表示忍不住做某事表示忍不住做某事(1)I decided to ask for my money back.(2)He feels it his duty to help the poor.(3)I suggest spending our summer vacation in a seaside town.(4)Have you forgotten meeting her in Beijing Airport?(5)This means wasting a lot of money.(6)They
14、couldnt help jumping up at the news.(1)He apologized for having broken his promise.(2)I remember having seen her somewhere.【Ex】:请找出下面句子中的宾语成份：请找出下面句子中的宾语成份：再看下面两个句子：再看下面两个句子：动名词的一般式和完成式都可表示发生在谓语动作之前的动作，有动名词的一般式和完成式都可表示发生在谓语动作之前的动作，有时两者可互换时两者可互换(用一般式往往显得更简洁用一般式往往显得更简洁),如上面例句如上面例句(2)可改为可改为:I remember
15、seeing her somewhere.动词动词need/want/require+doing=need/want/require+to do 表示表示“主语需要被做主语需要被做”，如：如：(1)The bike needs to be repaired.=The bike needs repairing.(2)The flowers need watering.=The flowers need to be watered.be worth doing“值得被做值得被做”，后不能用，后不能用to do!如：如：His suggestion is worth considering.上面句子
16、中的considering不能换成to be considered或being considered!如：(1)The library needs_,but itll have to wait until Sunday.A.cleaning B.be cleaned C.clean D.being cleaned(2)The novel is well worth_.A、reading B、to be read C、being read D、read1.Remember _ the newspaper when you have finished it.A.putting back B.hav
17、ing put back C.to put back D.will put back2.Im sorry I forgot _ your dictionary.Lets borrow one from Li Ming.A.to take B.taking C.to bring D.bringing3.Henry always forgets things he has done.Yesterday he forgot _ and looked for it everywhere.A.to post the letter B.to have the letter posted C.to have
18、 posted the letter D.having posted the letter4.My brother regretted _ a lecture given by Professor Liu.A.missing B.to miss C.missed D.being missed5.I regret _ you that we are unable to offer you a job.A.informing B.having informed C.to inform D.to informing6.I felt tired with walking,so I stopped _
19、a break for an hour.A.havingB.to haveC.taking D.to taking 巩固练习巩固练习7.The teacher told the students to stop _ to him.A.to write and listen B.writing and listening C.to write and listeningD.writing and to listen8.-“What can we do to help Li Hai.”-“All we can do is to try _ that he ought to study more.”
20、A.making him to realizeB.making him realize C.to make him realize D.to make him to realize9.You didnt hear us come in last night.Thats good.We tried _ noisy.A.to be not B.not to be C.not being D.being not10.He finished his homework,then he went on _ a letter.A.write B.writing C.with D.to write-非谓语形式
21、非谓语形式(2)让我们继续学习非谓语形式让我们继续学习非谓语形式 3 作表语作表语 作表语可用不定式、动名词、现在分词和过去分词作表语可用不定式、动名词、现在分词和过去分词区别：区别：1.不定式和动名词作表语用来解释主语的内容；不定式和动名词作表语用来解释主语的内容；2.分词作表语用来表示主语的性质！如：分词作表语用来表示主语的性质！如：(1).His dream is to become a sports star.(2).The football match is exciting.(3).The audience are bored with the boring speech.(4).
22、His hobby is collecting stamps 分词作表语时，与句子的主语一般构成逻辑上的主谓关系！分词作表语时，与句子的主语一般构成逻辑上的主谓关系！【Ex】:用括号内的词的正确形式填空用括号内的词的正确形式填空(1)Traveling is _(interest)but _(tire)(2)The argument is very _(convince)(3)My English teacher was _(satisfy)with my homework.(4)The father was _ with the _ son.(disappoint)4 作定语作定语 作定语可
23、用不定式、动名词、现在分词和过去分词作定语可用不定式、动名词、现在分词和过去分词区别：区别：1.动名词只作前置定语，用来表示被修饰的名词的内容或用途；动名词只作前置定语，用来表示被修饰的名词的内容或用途；2.不定式作后置定语，表示将要发生的动作；不定式作后置定语，表示将要发生的动作；3.现在分词作定语时，表示正在发生的动作；现在分词作定语时，表示正在发生的动作；4.过去分词作定语时，表示已经发生的动作。过去分词作定语时，表示已经发生的动作。如：如：(1).The waiting room at the station was very crowded at that time.(2).The
24、housing problem is serious in most cities.(3).The boy playing under that tree is my younger brother.(4).Most of the artists invited to the party are from South Africa.(5).We need someone to go and get a doctor.【Ex】:用括号内的词的正确形式填空用括号内的词的正确形式填空(1)The man _(work)over there now is my father.(2)The girl _
25、(call)Lily is my sister.(3)The matter _(discuss)now is of great importance.(4)The meeting _(hold)tomorrow is about how to deal with the problem.非谓语的完成式一般不作定语！非谓语的完成式一般不作定语！5 作状语作状语 作状语可用不定式、现在分词和过去分词作状语可用不定式、现在分词和过去分词.区别：区别：1.不定式作状语时，一般用来表示目的；有时可用在一些表示人不定式作状语时，一般用来表示目的；有时可用在一些表示人 的情绪的形容词或分词后表示原因状语；的
26、情绪的形容词或分词后表示原因状语；2.分词用作状语时，可以表示时间、原因、条件、结果以及分词用作状语时，可以表示时间、原因、条件、结果以及 伴随等含义伴随等含义.如：如：(1).Arriving in Paris,I lost my way.(2).I am pleased to be invited to give a talk here.(3).To learn English well,we should practice more.(4).Crossing the street,the old woman was hit by a car.(5)The _(injure)workers
27、 are now being taken good care of in the hospital.(1).Having done the work very well,he was praised by the teacher.(2).Following the old man,he stepped into the room.注意下面两组句子的区别：注意下面两组句子的区别：(1)Seeing from the top of the hill,we find the city very beautiful.(2)Seen from the top of the hill,the city l
28、ooks very beautiful.分词作状语时，与句子的主语一般构成逻辑上的主谓关系！分词作状语时，与句子的主语一般构成逻辑上的主谓关系！【Ex】:用括号内的词的正确形式填空用括号内的词的正确形式填空(1)_(follow)by some officials,Napoleon inspected his army.(2)_(look)out of the window,he found the murderer.(3)_(write)in a haste,the composition is full of mistakes.(4)_(graduate)from college,he w
29、ent to a village and worked as a teacher there.(1).I would like you to help me with the bags.(2).I noticed him enter the teachers office.(3).We find our country developing very fast.(4).He had his house painted last week.6 作补语作补语:作补语可以用不定式、现在分词和过去分词作补语可以用不定式、现在分词和过去分词区别：区别：1.不定式作补语时，一般表示将要发生的动作；不定式作
30、补语时，一般表示将要发生的动作；但作使役动词但作使役动词 和感观动词的补语时，可以表示将要发生的动作，也可以表示和感观动词的补语时，可以表示将要发生的动作，也可以表示 已经发生的动作；已经发生的动作；2.现在分词作补语一般表示正在发生，现在分词作补语一般表示正在发生，3.过去分词一般表示已经完成，而且和宾语是被动关系；过去分词一般表示已经完成，而且和宾语是被动关系；有时分词也可以表示宾语的性质或状态。如：有时分词也可以表示宾语的性质或状态。如：分词作补语时，与宾语构成逻辑上的主谓关系！分词作补语时，与宾语构成逻辑上的主谓关系！(1)I heard someone _ at the door?(
31、knock)(2)heard the song _ everywhere.(sing)【Ex】:用括号内的词的正确形式填空用括号内的词的正确形式填空 1.I searched all the drawers to find my lost necklace.2.-What makes your manager so angry?-Losing the papers.3.My work is cleaning the room every day.4.She pretended to be sleeping when his mother entered theroom.5.The man sh
32、aking hands with Mr.Li visited our class yesterday.6.The old man wanted to leave here because he couldnt stand sleeping in the noisy room.7.When I came,she was lying on the bed,listening to the music.8.Devoted to his work,the expert cares little about any other things.9.The film is well worth seeing
33、.10.Having finished his speech,he answered our questions.巩固练习巩固练习【EX.1】:说出下列句子中的非谓语形式的说出下列句子中的非谓语形式的名称名称,以及在句中所作的以及在句中所作的成份成份：(1)In the past,people used _ that the moon was too far away _.But now it is possible for man _ there by spaceship.A.to think,not to reach,to get B.to think,to reach,to get C.
34、to thinking,to reach,will get D.thought,to reach,to get to(2)Her son promised _ in the bedroom until the baby stopped _.A.staying,to cry B.to stay,crying C.for staying,to cry D.to stay,to cry(3)I wondered whether the film was _ worth _.A.very,to see B.well,seeing C.very,begin seen D.well,to be seen4
35、)The man managed to make himself _ with his _ French.A.understood,breakingB.understand,broken C.understand,breakingD.understood,broken(5)I forbid _ here.Who has permitted you _ here?A.smoking,to smokeB.smoke,smoking C.smoking,smokingD.to smoke,smoking【EX.2】：选择正确的选项填空：】：选择正确的选项填空：(6)Mrs.Smith warned
36、her daughter _ after drinking.A.never to drive B.to never drive C.never driving D.never drive(7)A person _ a foreign language must be able to use the foreign language _ all his own.A.learning,forgetting B.who learns,to forget C.to learn,to forget D.using,but(8)_ from the moon,our earth,with water _
37、seventy percent of its surface,appear as a“blue ball”.A.Seen,covered B.Seeing,covering C.Seen,covering D.To see,to cover(9)As she is looking forward to _ from me,please remember _ this letter on your way to school.A.hear,post B.hearing,to post C.be heard,posting D.be hearing,to posting-非谓语形式非谓语形式(3)
38、一一 非谓语形式的复合结构：非谓语形式的复合结构：含义：含义：表示三种非谓语的逻辑主语，如：表示三种非谓语的逻辑主语，如：(1)Its very important to study science.(2)Would you mind smoking here?上面句(1)中的不定式to study science,说话人没有说明是谁学习科学，如果要说清楚是谁学习科学，我们只要在不定式前面加上for sb.to study science就可以了，句子可以变为：(1)Its very important for us/you/themto study science.这里的for us/you
39、/themto study science就叫做动词不定式的复合结构动词不定式的复合结构！同样，句中(2)的动名词smoking，说话人也没有说明介不介意谁抽烟，如果要说明介不介意谁抽烟，我们就在前面加上sb.或sbs smoking,句子变为：(2)Would you mind me/my/him/his/Jim/Jimssmoking here?这里的me/my/him/his/Jim/Jimssmoking 就叫作动名词的复合结构！动名词的复合结构！1.不定式的复合结构：不定式的复合结构：(1)It is incredible for Peter to swim across the A
40、tlantic Ocean in three days(for Peter to swim 在句子中充当主语)(2)This can make it possible for agriculture and industry to develop rapidly.(for agriculture and industry to develop 在句子中充当宾语)(3)There are too many things for every one of us to learn in life.(for every one of us to learn 在句子中充当定语)(4)The best c
41、hoice is for us to keep it as a secret from her.(for us to keep 在句子中充当表语)不定式的复合结构除了for sb./sth.to do 之外还有一种形式:of sb.to do用法:当前面有表示人的品质的形容词时,就用of sb.to do的复合结构的复合结构!(1)Its very kind of you to help me.(2)Its clever of you to work out the maths problem.(3)Its very nice of you to offer me a seat.(4)It i
42、s careless of him to lose so many things.(5)It is wise of them to turn down the suggestion.从上面5个例句可以看出，这些句子都有两个共同点：a.不定式前面都有一个表示人的性质或特征的形容词；b.这些形容词与不定式的逻辑主语都存在逻辑上的系表关系，如句(1)中的you are kind;句(2)中的you are clever;句(3)中的you are nice;句(4)中的he is careless;句(5)中的they are wise等等.而在Its difficult for you to de
43、al with the problem.这个句子中就不能说you are difficult！(1)It was impolite _ without _ good-bye.A.of him to leave;saying B.of him leaving;to say C.for him to leave;to say D.for him leaving;saying(2)Im surprised to find it easy _ on it in a short time.A.them working B.for them working C.of them to work D.for
44、them to work【Ex】选择正确的选项填空】选择正确的选项填空 2.动名词复合结构动名词复合结构形式：名语/名词所有格或形容词物主代词/代词宾格+doing作主语时只能用名词所有格或形容词物主代词！作主语时只能用名词所有格或形容词物主代词！(1)Li Mings joining in our physics group is agreed by all of us.(Li Mings joining在句子中作主语，不能用Li Ming joining)(2)I cant understand you/your leaving without saying good-bye to me.
45、(you/your leaving在句子中作宾语)(3)I was surprised at Robert/Roberts having completed the task so soon.(Robert/Roberts having completed在句子中作宾语)(4)The surprise is her coming here.(her coming在句子中作宾语)1.I would appreciate _ back this afternoon.A.you to call B.you call C.your calling D.youre calling【Ex】选择正确的选项填
46、空】选择正确的选项填空(2)I dont mind _ the decision as long as it is not too late.A.you to delay making B.your delaying making C.you delaying to make D.you delay to make(3)She apologized to me for _to inform me of the change in the plan.A.her not being able B.her being not able C.not being able D.that shes not
47、 able to(4)_ made her parents worried a lot.A.Her not to come back B.Not her to come back C.Not her coming back D.Her not coming back(5)_ the prize was the pride of our class.A.Mary to win B.Mary winning C.Marys winning D.Mary won 3.分词的复合结构分词的复合结构 分词的复合结构又称作分词的独立主格结构分词的独立主格结构.形式：名词或代词主格形式：名词或代词主格+现在
48、分词或过去分词现在分词或过去分词用法：当分词作状语时，它有自己独立的逻辑主语，而不再用句用法：当分词作状语时，它有自己独立的逻辑主语，而不再用句 子的主语当作自己的逻辑主语！如：子的主语当作自己的逻辑主语！如：(1)Hearing the news，they all jumped with joy(2)Encouraged by the speech,the young people made up their minds to take up the struggle.句(1)中作原因状语的hearing(“听见”)的逻辑上的主语就是句子的主语they;同样句(2)中Encouraged的逻
49、辑上的主语也是句子的主语the young people.句(1)两者之间的关系为主动关系，所以用现在分词的主动式，句(2)两者之间的关系为被动关系，所以用过去分词(1)Having arrived,the meeting was declared open.(2)Painted white,we like the house better.分析下面两个句子，你觉得它们对吗？分析下面两个句子，你觉得它们对吗？(1)All the guests having arrived,the meeting was declared open.(2)The house painted white,we l
50、ike it better.上面两个句子在英语中是不对的！因为作状语的分词与句子的主语不上面两个句子在英语中是不对的！因为作状语的分词与句子的主语不能构成逻辑上的主谓关系，要使它们正确，我们可以在分词前面加出其能构成逻辑上的主谓关系，要使它们正确，我们可以在分词前面加出其逻辑主语：逻辑主语：这就是英语中分词的独立主格结构分词的独立主格结构！再如：(1)The day being fine,we decided to go swimming.(独立主格结构The day being fine在句中作原因状语)(2)The job done,we went home.(独立主格结构The job
