1、English WritingUnit I:The Correct Word(II)1Objectives1.To identify false friends in English and learn to choose the correct word for an idea;2.To learn to avoid making errors in subject-verb agreement;and3.To write a simple note.2Teaching Points 1.How to distinguish false friends in English?2.Discus
2、sion about subject-verb ageement in four contexts3.How to write a simple note?3False Friends Read the following conversation between Alice and the Red and White Queens in Lewis Carrolls Through the Looking Glass and What Alice Found There.Question:Can you find out the cause of the misunderstanding?4
3、False Friends-“Can you answer useful questions?”asked the Red Queen.“How is bread made?”-“I know that!”Alice Cried eagerly.“You take some flour”-“Where do you pick the flower?”the White Queen asked.“In a garden or in the hedges?”-“Well,it isnt picked at all,”Alice explained,“its ground”-“How many ac
4、res of ground?”said the White Queen.“You mustnt leave out so many things.”5False Friends -Words like flour and flower,ground(pp.)and ground(n.)in this dialogue are troublesome and their misuse can easily cause misunderstanding.-We call pairs of words similar in appearance or pronunciation but differ
5、ent in meaning false friends.6 False Friendsadvise vs.adviceaffect vs.effectcomplement plimentcontinually vs.continuouslyangel vs.anglecapital vs.capitolcredible vs.credulous7Fill in the blanks below with the right word in brackets,change the form where necessary.a.Your fever _(rise,raise)yesterday.
6、b.That racket is bad enough to make Aunt Ellas eyebrows _(raise,rise).c.Jack has been _(lie,lay)around all day.d.The soldiers _(lie,lay)aside their weapons.e.A heavy fog _(lie,lay)over the land.8Answers for Classroom Activities 2a.Your fever rose(rise,raise)yesterday.b.That racket is bad enough to m
7、ake Aunt Ellas eyebrows raised(raise,rise).c.Jack has been lying(lie,lay)around all day.d.The soldiers laid(lie,lay)aside their weapons.e.A heavy fog lay(lie,lay)over the land.9Answers for Classroom Activities 3 fair vs.fare:Its not fair to put all the blame on him Bus fares are going up again.passe
8、d vs.past:I passed the landlady on the stairs this morning.Several boys went past（pre.）us on mountain bikes.Months went past(adv.)and nothing happened.几个月过去了，什么都没有发生。10 intense vs.intensive:She suddenly felt an intense pain in her stomach.He took an intensive course on English.farther vs.further：The
9、 fogs so thick;I cant see farther than about five meters.Every day she sinks further and further into depression.11Making a sentence by using each pair of words.1、course&coarse(rough)Over the course of time,jagged(参差不齐的参差不齐的),coarse rocks will be polished to smoothness by the pounding waves.122、pass
10、ed&past Jewis asked for a meeting with his boss to learn why he had been passed over for promotion twice in the past year.133、peace&piece Upon hearing that piece of music,my angry mood was gradually replaced by one of peace.144、principal&principle Our principal insists that all students adhere to ev
11、ery school principle regarding dress,tardiness and smoking.155、threw&through As the president moved slowly through the cheering crowd,the Secret Service agent suddenly threw himself at a man waving a small metal object.166、to/two/too The two of them have been dating for a year,but lately they seem t
12、o be arguing too often to pretend nothing is wrong.177、weather&whether The gloomy weather report in the paper this morning ended all discussion of whether to pack a picnic lunch for later.189、effect&affect Scientist have studied the effect of large quantities of saccharine(糖精糖精)on lab animals but ha
13、ve yet to learn how similar amounts affect human beings.198、accept&except Ved would accept the position,except that it would add twenty minutes to his daily commute(通勤，上下班往返通勤，上下班往返).2010、loose&lose A loose wire in the television set was causing us to lose the picture.21Grammar-Subject-Verb Agreemen
14、tThree basic principlesGrammatical Agreement语法一致语法一致Notional Agreement意义一致意义一致The principle of proximity就近原则就近原则Agreement helps readers understand the relations between elements in a sentence.22Practice 1.Rising standards of literacy are the governments priority.Rising standards of literacy is the g
15、overnments priority.（提高文化素质是政府的首要任务。）动名词和不定式作主语的时候谓语动词一定是单数。To rear a child alone are challenging to any parent.（独立抚养一个小孩对任何父母亲都是有挑战性的。）To rear a child alone is challenging to any parent.23Practice 2.The adequacy of financial resources are crucial to the operation of a not-for-profit organisation.Th
16、e adequacy of financial resources is crucial to the operation of a not-for-profit organisation.（资金的充足对于非营利机构的运作是至关重要的。）不可数名词作主语的时候谓语动词一定是单数；如果主语是“.of.”的词组，谓语的数需要和“of”之前的名词保持一致。动词用单数的名词动词用单数的名词：the press,the public,news,the government,the police force,advertising动词用复数的名词动词用复数的名词：authorities,people24P
17、ractice 3.Overworking,coupled with poor diet,lead to physical degeneration.Overworking,coupled with poor diet,leads to physical degeneration.（工作过度，连同不好的饮食，会导致体质下降。）当主语后跟着当主语后跟着“with,together with,coupled with,combined with,as well as,like”的时候，谓语动词跟随主的时候，谓语动词跟随主语变化。语变化。25Practice 4.Even if somebody f
18、all sick，everthing go on as usual.Even if somebody falls sick，everthing goes on as usual.（即便有人病了，一切还是照常进行。）有一些不定代词（有一些不定代词（indefinite pronoun）后面的谓语动词一）后面的谓语动词一定是单数定是单数（anybody,anything,everybody,everything,nobody,nothing,somebody,someone,something,each,much,neither,no one,none）。）。26Practice 5.There
19、is a number of countries which perform poorly in containing pollution.There are a number of countries which perform poorly in containing pollution.（有不少国家在控制污染上表现很差。）“There be”句型中谓语句型中谓语动词的数随着其后面的名动词的数随着其后面的名词改变。词改变。27Practice 6.How we cope with massive technolgical change in the 21st century are an
20、interesting issue.How we cope with massive technolgical change in the 21st century is an interesting issue.（我们如何处理21世纪的大规模技术变化是一件有趣的事情。）由由“what,whether,how,that,where”引起的主语引起的主语从句中，谓语动词常用单从句中，谓语动词常用单数。数。28When subject is compound1 1、A compound subject with and A compound subject with and takes a plu
21、ral verb in takes a plural verb in most casesmost cases,but when,but when it expresses a singular it expresses a singular meaningmeaning or when or when each of the singular subjects is each of the singular subjects is considered individuallyconsidered individually,it takes a singular verb.,it takes
22、 a singular verb.2 2、After a compound subject with After a compound subject with or,nor,eitheror,or,nor,eitheror,neithernor,not but,neithernor,not but,the verb agrees in number and the verb agrees in number and person with the nearer part of the subject.person with the nearer part of the subject.Whe
23、n subject is compound Intervening phrasesIntervening phrases（插入语）（插入语）or clauses not or clauses not introduced by coordinating conjunctions do not introduced by coordinating conjunctions do not affect the number of a verb.Such phrases are affect the number of a verb.Such phrases are normally introdu
24、ced by prepositions or normally introduced by prepositions or prepositional phrases such prepositional phrases such as as well as,as much well as,as much as,rather than,along with in addition to,as,rather than,along with in addition to,together with,with,plus,and includingtogether with,with,plus,and
25、 including.When the subject expresses quantity1 1、Nominal phrases of Nominal phrases of time,money,weight and time,money,weight and measurementmeasurement normally take a singular verb.normally take a singular verb.2 2、Some words or phrases,such as Some words or phrases,such as all,most,half,all,mos
26、t,half,the last,the restthe last,the rest,take a singular or plural verb,take a singular or plural verb,depending on the meaning of the noun or depending on the meaning of the noun or pronoun that follows.pronoun that follows.When the subject expresses quantity3 3、Phrases likPhrases like e lots of,h
27、eaps of,loads oflots of,heaps of,loads of take take singular or plural verbs depending on the form of singular or plural verbs depending on the form of the nouns that follow.the nouns that follow.4 4、In sentences with In sentences with more than onemore than one or or many amany a modifying the subj
28、ect nouns,the verb should modifying the subject nouns,the verb should take a singular form though it is plural in meaning.take a singular form though it is plural in meaning.When the subject is a relative pronoun,a what-clause,or in the there-be structurea.a.He was one of the candidates who He was o
29、ne of the candidates who were were able to able to carry out their campaign pledges.carry out their campaign pledges.He was the only one of the candidates who He was the only one of the candidates who waswas able to carry out his campaign pledgesable to carry out his campaign pledgesWhen the subject
30、 is a relative pronoun,a what-clause,or in the there-be structureb.b.What he wantsWhat he wants is is just a little love from his just a little love from his foster parents.foster parents.What one thinks and says What one thinks and says areare not always the not always the same.same.When the subjec
31、t is a relative pronoun,a what-clause,or in the there-be structurec.c.There There is is a cherry tree and several orchid a cherry tree and several orchid flowers in the garden.flowers in the garden.There There are are hundreds of applicants on the hundreds of applicants on the waiting list for the j
32、ob.waiting list for the job.Summary After a relative pronoun(After a relative pronoun(who,which,thatwho,which,that),the),the verb has verb has the same person and number as the the same person and number as the antecedentantecedent.(In the second sentence in Pair a,the.(In the second sentence in Pai
33、r a,the antecedent isantecedent is the only one the only one,not,not the candidates.the candidates.)After a After a what-what-clauseclause,the verb is usually singular,.,the verb is usually singular,.But if theBut if the what-what-clause is in a compound structure clause is in a compound structure p
34、lural in meaningplural in meaning,the verb is in plural form.,the verb is in plural form.In the In the there-bethere-be structure,the verb is singular or structure,the verb is singular or plural plural depending on the number of the subjectdepending on the number of the subject.The singular The sing
35、ular there isthere is may be used to introduce a may be used to introduce a compound subject when the first noun or nominal compound subject when the first noun or nominal phrase is singular.phrase is singular.Others1、Indefinite pronouns such as anybody,anyone,each,everybody,nobody,no one,and somebo
36、dy generally require a singular verb.2、The pronouns any and none take either singular or plural verbs.3、The complement of the verb be does not affect its number.4、A collective noun takes a singular verb when the class it names is thought of as a unit,but a plural verb when the members of the class a
37、re thought of as individuals.37Others5、Titles of books,magazines,movies,newspapers,plays,and the like take a singular verb.6、Certain nouns which are plural in form but singular in meaning generally take a singular verb.Some of these are physics,mechanics,news,statistics,and whereabouts.38 Writing a
38、simple note!39 Indented form 缩进式 April 11 Dear George,Yesterday I read on the notice board that our university library is looking for a part-time library assistant who can work at weekends.I know youve been looking for a part-time job,so Im writing to tell you about the vacancy.I think youre the rig
39、ht person for the post,since you meet all the listed requirements.I suggest that you go for an interview.Yours truly,TomCompany LogoBlock form齐头式齐头式 Dec.28th Dear Lisa,I have got two tickets to the old film Gone with Wind at the new cinema near your home.Please meet me at the Children Park on Sunday
40、 afternoon,at 4.After the film,we may dine out in a restaurant.If you cant come,call me as soon as possible or leave a message in my mail box.Yours,PaulCompany LogoWriting a Simple Note（sample 1）page 101、Notes are the simplest and shortest form of written communication and they are quick,easy and co
41、nvenient.2.A note has three essential components:u -the addressee-the person(s)to whom the note is written;u -the message;u -the sender.3.Notes are characterized by their brevity,informality in style,and dedication to a single topic.Company LogoWriting a Simple Note（sample 2）page 10u The date is put
42、 at the upper right-hand corner.Besides the date or weekday,you may,at times,need to state the hour or even the minute.u 2.You can add the word Dear before the addressees name and a complimentary closeu 3.A complimentary close is put before your signature as the sample shows.Company LogoUnit Summary (see students book page 10)Company LogoHomeworkuEx.1-Ex.6(Page 11-13)uEx.7 Write a note.(Page 13)Company Logo46
