1、十一、主旨大意 文章/ 段落大意题(2018江苏，B)In the 1760s，Mathurin Roze opened a series of shops that boasted(享有) a special meat soup called consomm.Although the main attraction was the soup，Rozes chain shops also set a new standard for dining out，which helped to establish Roze as the inventor of the modern restauran
2、t.Today，scholars have generated large amounts of instructive research about restaurants.Take visual hints that influence what we eat：diners served themselves about 20 percent more pasta(意大利面食) when their plates matched their food.When a dark-colored cake was served on a black plate rather than a whi
3、te one，customers recognized it as sweeter and more tasty.Lighting matters，too.When Berlin restaurant customers ate in darkness，they couldnt tell how much theyd had：those given extra-large shares ate more than everyone else，but were none the wiserthey didnt feel fuller，and they were just as ready for
4、 dessert.Time is money，but that principle means different things for different types of restaurants.Unlike fast-food places，fine dining shops prefer customers to stay longer and spend.One way to encourage customers to stay and order that extra round：put on some Mozart(莫扎特)When classical，rather than
5、pop，music was playing，diners spent more.Fast music hurried diners out.Particular scents also have an effect：diners who got the scent of lavender(薰衣草) stayed longer and spent more than those who smelled lemon，or no scent.Meanwhile，things that you might expect to discourage spending“bad” tables，crowdi
6、ng，high pricesdont necessarily.Diners at bad tablesnext to the kitchen door，sayspent nearly as much as others but soon fled.It can be concluded that restaurant keepers need not “be overly concerned about bad tables”， given that theyre profitable.As for crowds，a Hong Kong study found that they increa
7、sed a restaurants reputation，suggesting great food at fair prices.And doubling a buffets price led customers to say that its pizza was 11 percent tastier.语篇解读本文是一篇说明文。它主要通过引入现代餐馆的鼻祖马蒂兰罗兹制订的标准以及学者对于餐馆的研究来介绍现代餐馆在经营中影响食客消费的几个要素：视觉要素(餐具、灯光)、听觉要素(音乐)、嗅觉要素(气味)、其他要素(桌位、拥挤程度和价格)。素材旨在通过现代餐馆的经营理念，让考生了解西方现代餐馆的
8、经营之道。58The underlined phrase “none the wiser” in Paragraph 3 most probably implies that the customers were .Anot aware of eating more than usual Bnot willing to share food with othersCnot conscious of the food quality Dnot fond of the food provided答案A解析词义猜测题。根据第三段中的“.those given extra-large shares a
9、te more than everyone else，but were none the wiserthey didnt feel fuller.”可知，那些被给以大份饭菜的食客比其他人吃得多，但他们没有饱腹感，这说明在黑暗的就餐环境下，食客并没有意识到自己比平时吃得多，所以none the wiser意为“不清楚，不知道”。故选A项。59How could a fine dining shop make more profit?APlaying classical music.BIntroducing lemon scent.CMaking the light brighter.DUsing
10、 plates of larger size.答案A解析细节理解题。根据第四段中的“When classical，rather than pop，music was playing，diners spent more.”可知，当演奏古典音乐而不是流行音乐的时候，食客们会花更多的钱。spent more就是对题干中make more profit的语义转化。故选A项。60What does the last paragraph talk about?ATips to attract more customers.BProblems restaurants are faced with.CWays
11、 to improve restaurants reputation.DCommon misunderstandings about restaurants.答案D解析段落大意题。根据最后一段首句“Meanwhile，things that you might expect to discourage spendingbadtables，crowding，high pricesdont necessarily.”可知，你可能认为会打消你消费的念头的东西位置“不好”的桌位、拥挤和价格高未必如此(指在某些人看来，这些不利因素未必不会带来利润的增加)。由此可知，作者认为这些对于餐馆的常见的观点是一种
12、误解，故选D项。一、文章大意题的题型解读说明文、记叙文、议论文三种文体涉及的多种话题如社会文化类、人物故事类、科普说明类，多会考查文章大意类题。设问形式常有：(1)What is the main theme/topic/idea of this passage?(2)The passage is mainly about .(3)The general/main idea of the passage is .(4)The passage mainly focuses on .二、文章大意题的解题技巧“主题句定位”寻主旨文章是由段落组成的。段落的主题就是段落的中心思想，具体段落的中心思想又是
13、为文章整体中心思想服务的。理解整篇文章的中心思想的方法是建立在理解具体段落中心的基础上的。找出每小段的主题句，各段的主题句常在该段的首句或尾句，各段主题句的整体归纳便是文章的中心思想。有的文章无明显主题句，主题句隐含在段意之中，这就需要进一步加工概括。观察全文的结构安排，理解文章的“重心”和支撑性细节。主题句的位置一般有以下几种：(1)主题句出现在文首。开门见山，提出主题，用细节来解释或拓展主题句所表达的主题思想，是最常见的演绎法写作方式。新闻报道、说明文或议论文通常采用这种写法。(2)主题句出现在文末。在表述细节后，归纳要点以概括主题，是最常见的归纳法写作方式。(3)主题句首尾呼应。为突出主
14、题，作者先提出主题，结束时再次点出主题。(4)主题句出现在中间。写作方式为：细节描述归纳主题进一步解释。以下是找主题句的四个小窍门：1段落中出现表示转折的词语(如however，but，in fact，actually等)时，该句很可能是主题句。2首段出现疑问句时，对该问题的回答很可能就是文章主旨。3作者有意识地重复的观点，通常是主旨；反复出现的词语，一般为体现文章主旨的关键词。4表示总结或结论的句子常包含therefore，thus，in short，conclude，conclusion等词。三、段落大意题的题型解读段落大意类题型多在说明文和议论文中所涉及的各类话题如社会文化类、科普说明类
15、等进行考查。设问形式常有：(1)The main idea of the second paragraph probably is .(2)What is the main idea of the first paragraph?(3)The first paragraph is mainly about .四、段落大意题的解题技巧(1)段首：说明文和议论文中的主题句常在段首句(2)段尾：先表述细节，后归纳概括，段落中心在段尾(3)段中间：先用一句或几句话引出要表达的主题，再陈述主题，再论述细节，即引出主题段落中心再论述(4)没有明显段落中心时，需概括段落内容，总结段落中心例如：真题感悟中第6
16、0题，根据文章最后一段首句“Meanwhile，things that you might expect to discourage spendingbad tables，crowding，high pricesdont necessarily.”可知，你可能认为会打消你消费的念头的东西位置“不好”的桌位、拥挤和价格高未必如此(指在某些人看来，这些不利因素未必不会带来利润的增加)。由此可知，作者认为这些对于餐馆的常见的观点是一种误解，故选D项。AMost of us have lost our wallet at some stage in our lives.But few would im
17、agine having it returned after a nearly seven-decade gap.Edward Parker dropped his wallet in 1950 into an inaccessible spot behind a bookshelf，while working as an electrician，repairing World War Two bomb damage in the palace.The wallet stayed there until this year when a builder，doing some 1restorat
18、ion work，finally found it.The wallet is a time capsule.Its leather and webbing has long ago started to disintegrate.But it contains numerous pictures of family，invoices(发票)，receipts，old union cards，results of a chest X-ray (sent to him in 1948，the same year as the NHS was founded)，a national service
19、 card dated 9 December 1944 and a medical insurance card.His business cardsE Parker，Electrical Contractorseem almost original.Reflecting the typical methods of contact of the time，they have an address but no telephone number.A month ago I was speaking to a 8press officer at Lambeth Palace and he men
20、tioned that the wallet had just been handed in.We thought it might be nice to try and work out whose it was and give it back to the family.Edward Parker is a pretty common name，but his medical card contained two places of residencePoets Road and Springdale Road in north London.From this，Islington Co
21、uncil were able to find details of a marriage between Edward Parker and Constance Butler in 1947.That information was enough to work out that he was still alive and in a care home in Essex，so I went to visit him.Now 89，Edward has dementia(痴呆)，but he was clearly happy to get the wallet and in particu
22、lar，the photographs back.He pointed out pictures of his mother and father，his brother，his cousins and his wife Constance，who was with him when I visited.“He hadnt seen a picture of his father since he lost the wallet，” Constance,90，says.语篇解读本文是一篇新闻报道，介绍了一个物归原主的故事。爱德华帕克曾是一名电工，他于1950年维修因二战受损的宫廷时，不慎将钱包
23、丢失。直到今年，钱包被一名宫廷修复工人发现。钱包里的物品充满了那个年代的回忆，89岁的爱德华帕克重新拿到钱包，非常开心。1We can possibly infer that Edward Parker .Aonce worked as an electrical technicianBalways lost his walletConce participated in World War Donce worked as a restoration builder答案A解析推理判断题。根据第一段第二句“Edward Parker dropped his wallet in 1950 into
24、 an inaccessible spot behind a bookshelf，while working as an electrician，repairing World War Two bomb damage in the palace.”可知，Edward Parker曾是一名electrician(电工)，因此A项正确。2Whats the main idea of the second paragraph?AThe material of the wallet.BThe producer of the wallet.CThe 9contents of the wallet.DTh
25、e shape of the wallet.答案C解析段落大意题。本题适合用排除法。A项钱包的材质；B项钱包的制造商；C项钱包里的东西；D项钱包的外形。根据文章第二段，其中提到了钱包的外皮及边线已破损，钱包里有pictures of family(家人照片)，invoices(发票)，receipts(收据)，old union cards(工会卡)，results of a chest X-ray(胸片报告)，a national service card(服务卡)，a medical insurance card(医保卡)，business cards(名片)等物品，可知A项表述片面，B、
26、D项未提及，仅C项符合题意。故选C。3What does the underlined word “disintegrate” in the second paragraph mean?A2Maintain. BDamage.CDisappear. DDestroy.答案B解析词义猜测题。根据第二段第二句“But it contains.(但是，钱包里有)”可知，钱包外皮还在，排除C、D项，A项“维护”，不符合文意；B项“损坏”，根据第二段前两句可知，“虽然钱包的外皮及边线已破损，但里面有”，符合题意。故选B。4What plays a key role in returning the wa
27、llet to its owner?ABusiness card. BNational service card.COld union card. DMedical card.答案D解析推理判断题。根据第三段第三句中的“but his medical card contained two places of residence”可知，他的医保卡上有两个住址，此处明确了医保卡是找到主人的关键物品。故选D。BIn third-world countries such as Swaziland and Haiti，a 15-dollar invention is making a world of
28、difference.Nokero，a company started by Brian Rants，sells lamps that do not require kerosene(煤油)These solar lamps have become a staple(主流产品) in countries in Africa，to provide light for reading and safety at night.Nokero has sold over 500,000 lamps in over 120 countries since it was first founded in 2
29、010 and Rants thinks the demand for his product will only continue to increase.Most lamps found in third-world countries 3currently require kerosene to run，but kerosene causes indoor pollution and has been linked to fires that have caused over a million deaths.Instead of experiencing the effects of
30、smoking 40 cigarettes a day from kerosene lamps，Rants thinks his solar lamps could be the answer for third-world countries.The Economist agrees，calling solar lights “the next big 4innovation for the worlds poor”Nokeros solar lamps are higher in quality and less expensive than a lot of solar technolo
31、gy，making them a practical 6option for many people in third-world countries.Rather than giving solar lamps to individuals in need，Nokeros 7mission is to make them 5affordable.Through research Rants has realized that individuals who buy a solar product would take better care of it and value it more t
32、han if they received it for free.Families who buy Nokeros solar lamps make up the cost in just a few months of not having to buy kerosene or pay for off-the-grid electricity.Some activists have attacked companies such as Nokero for selling products to the poor rather than simply giving them out for
33、free.They argue that these companies unfairly profit from the poor.However，Rants disagrees.Families receive a product that is much higher in quality than what they might receive for free and feel a sense of ownership having purchased it for themselves.语篇解读本文主要介绍了由Nokero公司发明的不需要煤油的太阳能灯具，这些太阳能灯已经成为非洲国
34、家的主流产品，为夜间的阅读和安全提供照明。5What do we know about the solar lamps in the passage?AThey save energy and cause no pollution.BThey equal the effect of 40 cigarettes a day.CThey are given to the individuals free of charge.DThey help to save kerosene in third-world countries.答案A解析细节理解题。根据第二段末句“Most lamps found
35、 in third-world countries currently require kerosene to run，but kerosene causes indoor pollution and has been linked to fires that have caused over a million deaths.”可知，这种太阳能灯既节约能源，又没有污染。故选A。6According to Rants，if the poor are given the lamps for free，they .Awill have to pay for kerosene or electric
36、ityBwont take good care of or value the lampsCwill feel a sense of ownership of the lampsDwont help to increase the sales of the lamps答案B解析细节理解题。根据第四段第二句“Through research Rants has realized that individuals who buy a solar product would take better care of it and value it more than if they received
37、it for free.”可知，如果免费送给穷人这种灯，他们就不会好好珍惜它们了。故选B。7What is Paragraph 3 mainly about?AAn innovation of the world.BAdvantages of the solar lights.CSolution to worlds poverty problems.DHeavy pollution caused by kerosene lamps.答案B解析段落大意题。根据第三段所说Nokero的太阳能灯质量更好，价格也比很多太阳能技术的灯便宜，适合发展中国家的人们使用，所以可知该段主要介绍了这种太阳能灯的优
38、点。故选B。.障碍词汇突破(一)阅读下列句子，并根据句意猜测画线部分的意思1Wed better do some restoration work to something such as an old building or a piece of furniture，so that it looks the same as it originally was.恢复，复原2Careers Officers still maintain contact with young people when they have left school.维持；保持3The matter which has
39、been confusing us is currently being discussed among many experts in the meeting room.目前，现在4We must promote originality，inspire creativity and encourage innovation.改革，革新5We thus have full belief in personal genomics and personalised medicine that they will certainly be affordable to most people in d
40、eveloping countries.支付得起(二)同义词语替换6Criminals are given the option of going to jail or facing public humiliation.choice7He was sent on over 200 missions before being killed in action.assignments(三)一词多义8press vt.压，按；逼迫；vi.重压；n.压，按；报刊；印刷媒体；报道；评论；记者；新闻工作者；出版社；印刷机(1)Dont press your opinions upon her.逼迫(2)
41、Press this button to start the engine.压，按(3)To judge from the press，the concert was a great success.报道；评论(4)Christie looked relaxed and calm as she faced the press afterwards.记者(5) A press or a printing press is a machine used for printing things such as books and newspapers.印刷机9content n内容；目录；容量，含量
42、；满足；满意；adj.满意的；vt.使满足(1) Im perfectly content with the way the campaign has gone.满意的(2)Sunflower margarine has the same fat content as butter.含量，容量(3) She is reluctant to discuss the contents of the play.内容(4)You have to content yourself with what you have.使满足.长难句理解1Edward Parker dropped his wallet
43、in 1950 into an inaccessible spot behind a bookshelf，while working as an electrician，repairing World War Two bomb damage in the palace.句式分析本句是一个复合句，句子的主干部分是Edward Parker dropped his wallet；in 1950作时间状语； into an inaccessible spot behind a bookshelf作地点状语；while working as an electrician，repairing World
44、 War Two bomb damage in the palace为while引导的时间状语从句。精美译文爱德华帕克在1950年作为电工维修王宫中二战中炸弹炸毁处时，把钱包掉在了书橱后面很难发现的地方。2Through research Rants has realized that individuals who buy a solar product would take better care of it and value it more than if they received it for free.句式分析本句是一个复合句，that individuals who buy a
45、 solar product would take better care of it and value it more than if they received it for free为宾语从句，其中又含有一个who引导的定语从句。精美译文通过调查研究，兰特意识到那些个体购买太阳能产品比免费得到这些产品，能更好地照顾和珍惜这些东西。专题强化练(二十五).单项填空1 many people said the smartphone made their lives easier，others pointed out its shortcomings.AIf BOnceCUnless DWhi
46、le答案D解析句意为：虽然很多人说智能手机让他们的生活更轻松，但也有人指出了它的缺点。if如果；once一旦；unless除非。前后句之间是让步关系，while在此是从属连词，意为“虽然，尽管”，符合语境。故选D。2Exerciseor at least get moving，which helps the blood to and gets ideas moving around.Acirculate BtransformCaccelerate Ddevelop答案A解析句意为：做锻炼，至少(身体)活动一下，有助于血液循环，想出好主意。circulate传播，循环；transform转变，改
47、变；accelerate加速，促进；develop发展，形成。故选A。3A large quantity of books and newspapers in foreign languages up to now，not to mention those in Chinese.Ahas been subscribed toBhave been subscribed toChad been subscribed toDis subscribed to答案B解析句意为：到目前为止，大量的外语书籍和报纸已经被订阅了，更别提那些中文的。主语是books and newspapers，谓语用复数，且主谓之间是被动关系，且由up to now可知应用现在完成时。故选B。4Do you have any shoes which my jacket?Im afraid not.But you may have more choices.Aagree with Bbegin withCgo with Dcompare with答案C
