1、【一】中考语法考查课本、报刊杂志中的成语、名言警句等俯首皆是,但学生写作文运用到文章中的甚少,即使运用也很难做到恰如其分。为什么?还是没有彻底“记死”的缘故。要解决这个问题,方法很简单,每天花3-5分钟左右的时间记一条成语、一则名言警句即可。可以写在后黑板的“积累专栏”上每日一换,可以在每天课前的3分钟让学生轮流讲解,也可让学生个人搜集,每天往笔记本上抄写,教师定期检查等等。这样,一年就可记300多条成语、300多则名言警句,日积月累,终究会成为一笔不小的财富。这些成语典故“贮藏”在学生脑中,自然会出口成章,写作时便会随心所欲地“提取”出来,使文章增色添辉。 必考语法点之一:被动语态与当今“教
2、师”一称最接近的“老师”概念,最早也要追溯至宋元时期。金代元好问示侄孙伯安诗云:“伯安入小学,颖悟非凡貌,属句有夙性,说字惊老师。”于是看,宋元时期小学教师被称为“老师”有案可稽。清代称主考官也为“老师”,而一般学堂里的先生则称为“教师”或“教习”。可见,“教师”一说是比较晚的事了。如今体会,“教师”的含义比之“老师”一说,具有资历和学识程度上较低一些的差别。辛亥革命后,教师与其他官员一样依法令任命,故又称“教师”为“教员”。 考查形式:语选,完形,完成句子题型出现,尤其是完成句子。其实,任何一门学科都离不开死记硬背,关键是记忆有技巧,“死记”之后会“活用”。不记住那些基础知识,怎么会向高层次
3、进军?尤其是语文学科涉猎的范围很广,要真正提高学生的写作水平,单靠分析文章的写作技巧是远远不够的,必须从基础知识抓起,每天挤一点时间让学生“死记”名篇佳句、名言警句,以及丰富的词语、新颖的材料等。这样,就会在有限的时间、空间里给学生的脑海里注入无限的内容。日积月累,积少成多,从而收到水滴石穿,绳锯木断的功效。 考察难度:考查的动词都是比较简单、拼写不会超过5个字母的单词,过去分词一般都是直接+ed出现,出题不难,要求掌握被动语态的判断、被动语态的结构和动词过去分词的正确拼写。单靠“死”记还不行,还得“活”用,姑且称之为“先死后活”吧。让学生把一周看到或听到的新鲜事记下来,摒弃那些假话套话空话,
4、写出自己的真情实感,篇幅可长可短,并要求运用积累的成语、名言警句等,定期检查点评,选择优秀篇目在班里朗读或展出。这样,即巩固了所学的材料,又锻炼了学生的写作能力,同时还培养了学生的观察能力、思维能力等等,达到“一石多鸟”的效果。 要点归纳:“师”之概念,大体是从先秦时期的“师长、师傅、先生”而来。其中“师傅”更早则意指春秋时国君的老师。说文解字中有注曰:“师教人以道者之称也”。“师”之含义,现在泛指从事教育工作或是传授知识技术也或是某方面有特长值得学习者。“老师”的原意并非由“老”而形容“师”。“老”在旧语义中也是一种尊称,隐喻年长且学识渊博者。“老”“师”连用最初见于史记,有“荀卿最为老师”
5、之说法。慢慢“老师”之说也不再有年龄的限制,老少皆可适用。只是司马迁笔下的“老师”当然不是今日意义上的“教师”,其只是“老”和“师”的复合构词,所表达的含义多指对知识渊博者的一种尊称,虽能从其身上学以“道”,但其不一定是知识的传播者。今天看来,“教师”的必要条件不光是拥有知识,更重于传播知识。 1、主语不能发出对应的动作(主语是没有生命的东西,一定是被动语态。主语是人,从意识上去判断该动作是不是该主语发出的)2、结构:be+过去分词+(by+动作执行者)3、掌握的几种形式:一般现在时的被动语态:am/is/are/+动词的过去分词(v-ed)+(by+动作执行者)一般过去时的被动语态:was/
6、were+动词的过去分词(v-ed)+(by+动作执行者)现在完成时的被动语态:have/has+动词的过去分词(v-ed)+(by+动作执行者)一般将来时的被动语态:be going to/ will +动词的过去分词(v-ed)+(by+动作执行者)含有情态动词的被动语态:can/could/should/must+动词的过去分词(v-ed)+(by+动作执行者)3、感官动词或使役动词使用省略to的不定式,主动语态中不带to,但变为被动语态时,须加上toFeel,hear,listento,let,have,make,see,watchobserve,notice,lookat,help例
7、:makesbdosth=sb+be+made+todosth4、被动语态常考的固定搭配:BemadeofBemadefrom BemadeinBeusedforBeusedtodo注意下列短语和动词有“被动形式”,但没有被动的意思:beusedtodoing(习惯于做事)Usedtodosth(过去/曾经做某事)Bemadeupof(由成)Bewell-knownfor(众所周知)5、无被动语态的不及物动词常考的有:happen,takeplace,begin,start,end,belongto,cometrue.7、主动表被动的动词:sell,wash,write,和五个起来:feel,
8、smell,look,taste,sounde.g.:Thepenwriteswell. Helooksstrong.例题一:1.George11 that Grandma used to be a gentle lady, (2019年真题)A. tell B. told C. was told D. has told2.When it was time for the villagers_8_to market, they were greatly surprised to find that the mans potatoes_9_perfectly into three groups.
9、(2019年真题) 9.A. are divided B. were divided C. are dividing D. Divided3. they were greatly surprised to find that the mans potatoes were_9_perfectly into three groups.(2019年真题) 9.A. divideB divided C. are dividing D. divides例题二:在中国人民的帮助下,肯尼亚在几个月前建成了一条新的现代化铁路。With the help of the Chinese 60.people, a
10、new and modern railway in Kenya _ _ several months ago.(2019年真题)was built61.这项工程很快就会完成。The project _ _ _ soon.(2019年真题)will; be; finished/completed(考查一般将来时的被动语态)72. 根据奶奶的建议,这汤应该煮上两个小时以上。The soup_ _ _ for more than two hours according to Grandma.(2019年真题)should be cooked(考查情态动词的被动语态)74. 为了进一步美化校园,下个月
11、会在学校种很多树。Next month many trees _ _ _ in our school to make it more beautiful.will be planted必考语法点之二:宾语从句考查形式:语选、完成句子考察难度:考察全面,考查必须掌握引导词、时态和语序这三个要素。要点归纳:一、含义:用一个句子来充当另一个句子的宾语成分,把整个句子叫做宾语从句。二、三要素:1、陈述语序2、时态:主句为一般现在时,从句时态用相应的任何时候(根据从句句意确定) 主句为一般过去时,从句用相应的任何过去时态(根据从句句意确定) 从句是表示客观事实,从句一律用一般现在时3、连接词:that,
12、whether(or not),if,what,who,which,whose,when,whereect.注意:that引导宾语从句不充当任何成分,只起连接作用4、宾语从句的简化:但主句的主语和从句的主语为同一人时,从句可以简化为疑问词+不定式。例题一: Now you heard3 your mother said, George.(207年真题)3. A. that B. what C. where D. whichshe didnt know how _31 it, she decided to have a try. She played and played, the whole
13、day through, for months and years. The music she produced was never perfect, _32each time it sounded a little better.(2019年真题)A. played B. to play C. playing D. to playing例题二:62.我不明白为什么他们在这个时候踢足球。I cant understand _ _ _ _ football at this moment.(2019年真题)【解析】why they are playing(宾语从句,陈述语序,at this mo
14、ment现在进行时)我不知道他是否能准时到校。I wonder _ _ _ _ to school on time.(2019年真题)【解析】whether/if; he; can; get (宾语从句,陈述语序,主句一般现在时)例题三:75. 我们计划去北京,但还没决定何时去。We are planning to go to Beijing, but we havent decided _ _ _.【解析】考查宾语从句简单句when to do的形式。必考语法点之三:定语从句考查形式:语选、完型考察难度:主要考查引导词的选择关系代词that,which,who以及关系副词where,when
15、。要点归纳:一、含义:用一个句子来修饰另一个句子的名词或代词二、先行词及关系词1、that:人或物,人+物2、which:物3、who:人4、when&where:地点、时间记忆诀窍:从句完整则用when/where,不完整则用which、that,选项同时which&that,则一定不选which/that注意:that引导的定语从句,在从句中充当宾语可以省略 that不引导非限制定语从句(逗号隔开的定语从句叫做非限制定语从句)例题一:Georges grandma was a woman9 was always complaining about something or other.(2
16、019年真题) A. who B. which C. where D. whenOne year, there was a young man_4_received his share of the potatoes. (2019年真题)4. A. who B. which C. what D. WhoseOne year, there was a young man, _received his share of the potatoes.A.thatB. which C. who D. WhoseBut humans have created things like plastic bag
17、s _28_ cant be broken down by nature. 28. A. who B. which C. how D. where【解析】:定语从句之关系代词。先行词为 plastic bags 在定语从句中做主语,故选关系代词that。你在网上买的书,三天之后会送到你家。Youll receive the book which you ordered on the Internet after three days.必考语法点之四:状语从句考查形式:语选、完形、,完成句子,重点考查条件状语从句、目的壮语从句、时间状语从句、原因状语从句、结果状语从句,时间状语从句往往结合过去进
18、行时考查,主长从短:Iwassleepingwhenyoucamein.主短从长:WhenhewaswatchingTV,Iranin.完形填空出现一般都是选择正确的引导词。考查难度:考察较多的是引导词方面的,对于时态方面的考查较少。考生复习时除了要掌握状语从句各个连词的意义,同时也需要掌握“主将从现”“主祈从现”“主情从现”的时态要求。要点归纳1、时间状语从句:when&while的运用注:while有“然而”的意思,表转折2、 as soon as 一就3、 notuntil4、if&unless 5、so that 6、so that 7、because 例题一:His father w
19、as a farmer, and4 farm they lived on was miles away from anywhere,5 there were never any children to play (2019年真题)A. but B. if C. or D. so1.The king took it to the palace, but _27he played it, the harp sounded terrible.(2019年真题)27. A. A.when B. before C. if D. because2.The offer was so simple _31_
20、Eileen thought she had heard wrong. But Patty repeated she was willing to help, and their journey to the operating table began.(2019年真题)A.as B. which C. that D. until3. _30_ we continue making too much rubbish, the problem will only get worse. If nature cant reuse the rubbish, 30. A. When B. Whether
21、 C. Why D. If 例题二:昨晩我直到爸妈回家才睡觉。Last night I_ _ to bed_ my parents got home.答案:didnt go until必考语法点之五:感叹句考查形式:语选、完成句子考查难度:考查较简单,基本属于送分题。考生须掌握how和what引导的感叹句的基本句型,并且熟悉一些常用形容词和副词的拼写。要点归纳:1、what+a/an+adj.+单数名词(+主语+谓语)!2、What+adj.+复数名词(+主语+谓语)!3、What+adj.+不可数名词(+主语+谓语)!常考的几个不可数名词:food,news,weather,fun,musi
22、c,work,information,advice,suggestion。注意:what引导的感叹句,主语+谓语可以省略。4、What+adj.+a/an+单数名词(+主语+谓语)!5、How+adj./adv.+主语+谓语!6、How+句子!口诀:主谓排除,形后有名用what,形后无名用how例题一:59.小梅多么忙碌!她总是第一个来最后一个走。_ _ Xiao Mei is! She is always the first to come and the last to leave.(2019年真题)How busy63.这本书真有用啊!我看了很多遍。_ _ _ book it is! I
23、 have read it many times.(2019年真题)What; a; useful(考查考点:感叹句。中间不定冠词a易错填为an)74. 这部电影真乏味啊!我都快睡着了。 _ _ _ movie it was! I almost fell asleep.(2019年真题)What;a; boring73. 你们自己算出了这道数学题。多么聪明的孩子啊!Youve worked out the maths problem yourselves. _ _children you are!(2019年真题)What clever常考语法点之一:动词考查形式:时态、情态动词、动词短语、分
24、词做形容词、非谓语动词考查难度“动词是词法的核心,考查范围较大,难度较大一、时态要点归纳考点一:主将从现(在状语从句已经提到)考点二:现在完成时4大用法:结果,延续,经历,移位时间标志:for + 时间段、since+ 时间点/一般过去时的句子、already、yet、every、never、“How long?”、含有“time”表示次数的句子中要点归纳:区分: have been to + 地点 曾经去过某地 have gone to + 地点 已经到某地去了 have been in + 地点+ for + 时间段 瞬间动词与延续性动词间的转换: die be dead buyhave
25、borrowkeep leave/gobe away(from) make friendsbe friends begin/startbe on arrive/get to/reach/comebe in/be at/stay join (the Party)be a (Party) member /be in (the Party)核心句型:(现完)+since+(一般过去式)考点三:过去进行时(在时间状语从句中考查)考点四:一般现在时(客观真理)、一般过去时(在宾语从句中考查)例题一: George13 into the kitchen and made Grandma a cup of
26、tea with a teabag(2019年真题) A. goes B. went C. will go D. has gone Grandma2 in the chair by the window when she opened one little eye and said,.(2019年真题)A. sleep B. sleeps C. is sleeping D. was sleepingAs the other villagers_5_, he walked around the village laughing (2019年真题)5. A. work B. was working
27、 C. were working D. works本题考查过去进行时,本句话翻译为:“当其他的村民正在忙作时,.”。例题二:One day, a magic man _26 the king a harp(竖琴).(2019年真题)26. A. offer B. offers C. offered D. has offered例题三: “Can I give you one of mine?” _30_ the immediate reply.The offer was so simple(2019年真题)A. came B. comes C. come D. Coming二、情态动词归纳情态
28、动词有:must, have to, had better, can, could, be able to, may, might, need, will, would, shall, should + 动词原形考点一:must can 表示推测的运用must:必须/一定 can:可能/能够/可以考点二:mustnt的运用,意思是“一定不能/禁止”考点三:情态动词一般疑问句的回答Must ? Yes, S + must. No, S +needntNeed.? Yes, S + may No, S + musnt例题一:We12 be nice to the old, George, His
29、mother always told him.(2019年真题)12. A. should B. would C. might D. canThe rough roads we travel along can also_15_us.(2019年真题)15. A. to help B. help C. helps D. helped三、非谓语动词归纳:和介词一样非常灵活,在句法中,不作谓语,所有句子成分都可充当。只考查动词不定式、动名词作宾语 To + do ( 否定式not + to + do):1.可以表示目的。2.表示将来要去执行的动作。1、只能接to +do的动词有:decide, a
30、gree, hope, want, ask,refuse, plan, need, wish +to do2、有些动词加 to do 做宾语补足语,常见的有:Ask, tell, want, teach + sb. +to do +sth.3、加 to + do 的重点句型有:(1)It takes sb. Some time/money to do sth. 做某事花费某人多少时间、金钱(2)It is + adj. + for/of sb. to do sth. 做某事怎样(3)Would you like to.?4、后接省略to的动词不定式的动词有 一感(feel)二听(hear, l
31、isten to)三让(have, make, let)五看(watch, ,see, look at, notice, observe),半个帮助(help可以带to,也可以省略)改为被动语态时,to要还原例如:This little boy is made to clean his bedroom every week.5、省略to的情况有(1)情态动词后(2)Why not/why dont you(3)Would ratherthan例句:(一)And dont forget1 good care of Grandma. Then out she went.(2019年真题) A. t
32、ake B. taking C. to take D. takes(二)She spent all day10 on her chair by the window.(2019年真题)A. sitting B. sits C. sit D. sat(三)put her life in danger _27_ her best friend.(2019年真题) A. save B. saved C. saves D. to save(四)When it was time for the villagers_8_to market, they were greatly surprised to f
33、ind that (2019年真题)8. A. go B. going C. to go D. went(五)But it takes an average of 25 years for a new tree _35_.(2019年真题)A. grows B. for growing C. growing D. to growDoing (否定式not doing)1、加doing作非谓语动词常考的有:enjoy,mind,suggest,miss,admit,deny,imagine,practice+doing sth.2、加doing的情况有:(1)介词后+doing 例如:give
34、up doing sth., be interested in doing sth.等(2)Feel lilke + doing (喜欢做某事)/prefer doing sth. to doing sth.(更喜欢.)(3)To作介词时的几个常用短语:look forward to/be used to/pay attention to + doing3、既可加to do 也可加doing,并意思相近的动词有:begin, start, like, love, hate4、既可加to do 也可加doing,但意思不同的动词有:Forget to do 忘记去做某事(事情还没有做)Forge
35、t doing 忘记做过某事(事情已经做了,但是忘了)Remember to do 记得去做某事(事情还没有做)Remember doing 记得做过某事(事情已经做了)Regret to do (对将要做的事)遗憾Regret doing (对已经做过的事)遗憾Stop to do 停下来去做某事(去另外一件事情)Stop doing 停止做某事(停止正在做的事情)归纳记忆:stopfrom + doing = prevent from doing Try to do 尽力做某事 (区分:manage to do 设法做某事) Try doing 尝试去做某事 Keep/go on to d
36、o 继续去做某事(停止原来做的事情而继续另一件事情) Keep/go on doing 继续做同一件事情 Mean to do = plan to do 打算/计划去做某事 Mean doing 意味着做某事重点区分下列搭配:See / watch sb. do sth. 看到、看着某人做某事(已做了)See / watch sb. doing sth. 看到、看着某人正在做某事(在做)Hear / notice sb. do sth. 听到/注意到某人做某事(已做了)Hear / notice sb. doing sth. 听到/注意到某人正在做某事(在做)关注:have sth. done
37、/ get sth. done need doing / want doing四、动词短语近年广州中考高频动词短语归纳动词和动词短语在广州市中考里面主要是考察词义辨析,是历年中考的必考内容。1.speak (语言) say (说的内容) talk(谈论)tell (告诉)2. bring(带来) take (带走) carry(搬/携带/抗)3.borrow (向借)lend (借给) keep (保持) return = give back(归还)4. look after(照顾) look at(看一看) look for(寻找) look out (小心) look up (查找字典)l
38、ook down upon(瞧不起 look around (环顾四周) look forward to (doing) sth.(期盼)5. hear of = hear about(听说) hear from (收到来信)6.put on (强调穿的动作) wear = be in(强调穿的状态) dress sb/oneself (给某人穿衣)7. spend:sb+doing sth/on sth pay :sb+for sth cost:sth take:it to do collect (收集) afford (负担的起)8. find (强调寻找的结果) find out (查明
39、真相) look for(强调寻找的结果)9. 到达:get to+地点 reach +地点 arrive at/in+地点 注意:home、here、there后面不能加介词10. 与take有关的短语 take away (带走) take part in (参加) take care of(照顾) take place(发生) take off(起飞/脱下)13. 与put有关的短语 put on(穿上) put off(推迟) put away(收起来) put up(张贴)14.与get有关的短语 get on (上车) get off (脱下) get to(到达) get on
40、( well) with (相处融洽)14.与cut相关的短语cut down (砍到) cut off(切断)15:be filled with/ be full of (填满、装满、充满)16:in the middle of (在中间)17:keep in touch with(与保持联系)18:grow up(长大)19:throw away(扔掉)20:give up(2019年真题)五、分词作形容词考查形式:完形填空考查难度:一般,只要会判断是该考点,就能做对。要点归纳: exciting & excited interesting & interested surprising
41、& surprised boring & bored注意:“ing”形容物 “ed”形容人常考语法点之二:代词考查形式:语选,完形填空,完成句子考察难度:偏难,熟悉常用代词有帮助。1、another/other/the other/others/the othersanother “众多中的另外一个”; the other“两个中的另外一个”。对应的搭配为“one. another/one.the other一个.另一个other“其他的”,后面+名词复; the other后面 +名词others“其他的人/事物”;=other +名词any other+名单数2、a few / few / a little / littleA few / few+ 可数名词;a little / little + 不可数名词。Few 和 little具有否定意义,表示“量少、几乎没有”;a few 和 a little具有肯定意义,表示量“虽少,一些,一点点”。3.反身代词的搭配By oneself 靠某人自己 help yourself. 请随便吃点. lose oneself 迷路Enjoy oneself 玩得开心 teacher oneself自学 = learn sth. by oneself例题:(一)He