1、高中英语语法时态一、概说：英语一共有十六个时态（8种基本时态 +8种合成时态）各个时态的构成法归纳如下:（以”write”为例）一般时态进行时态完成时态完成进行时态现在writewritesam/is/are +writing拼十年寒窗挑灯苦读不畏难；携双亲期盼背水勇战定夺魁。如果你希望成功，以恒心为良友，以经验为参谋，以小心为兄弟，以希望为哨兵。have/has +writtenhave/has + been writing过去wrotewas/were +writinghad + writtenhad + been writing将来shall/will +writeshall/will+
2、be writingshall/will+have writtenshall/will + have been writing过去将来should/would +writeshould/would+be writingshould/would+ have writtenshould/would +have been writing二、考点聚焦 1、动词时态考查要点简述 （1）一般现在时考点分析 表示客观事实、客观规律和客观真理谚语格言等（不受时态限制）The geography teacher told us the earth moves around the sun.Water boils
3、 at 100oC. He said that the earth turns round the sun.Actions speak louder than words.表示经常发生、习惯性的动作,与 every day, usually, once a week 等时间状语连用。He goes to school on foot every day.We always care for each other and help each other.表示知觉、态度、感情、某种抽象的关系或概念的词常用一般现在时：see、hear、smell、taste、feel、notice、agree、be
4、lieve、like、hate、want、think、belong seem等。如：I know what you mean.Smith owns a car and a house.All the students here belong to No.1 Middle School.在when 引导的时间状语从句和if引导的条件状语从句中常用一般现在时代替将来时。注意，此时，主句用将来时态，从句用一般现在时态表示将来。但要注意由if 引导的条件状语从句中可以用shall或will表“意愿”，但不表示时态。If it is fine tomorrow, we will go to the co
5、untryside. I will write to her when I have time.Do you know when he _will come_(come) back? When he comes back, please let me know. I wonder if he _will come_ ( come) back tonight. (if 在此表示“是否”，而不是引导条件状语从句，表示“如果”)If you will accept my invitation and come to our party, my family will be pleased.如果你愿意
6、接受并参加我们的舞会，我的家人会非常高兴。少数用于表示起止的动词如come、go、leave、arrive、fly、return、start、begin、pen、close、end、stop等常用一般现在时代替将来时，表示一个按规定、计划或安排要发生的动作。The shop closes at 11:00 p.m. every day.Tomorrow is Wednesday.（2）一般过去时的考点分析。一般过去时的基本用法：表示过去的事情、动作或状态常与表示过去具体的时间状语连用（或有上下文语境暗示）；用于表达过去的习惯；表示说话人原来没有料到、想到或希望的事通常用过去式。如：I met
7、her in the street yesterday.I once saw the famous star here.They never drank wine. 表达过去的习惯I thought the film would be interesting, but it isnt. 表示两个紧接着发生的动作，常由以下词语连接，用一般过去时。如：but, and, when, as soon as, immediately, the moment, the minute。The moment she came in, she told me what had happened to her.
8、He bought a watch but lost it.常用一般过去时的句型：Why didnt you - I didnt notice it.I forgot to tell you I had been there with my brother before.I didnt recognize him.（3）一般将来时考点分析。一般将来时的6种表达形式(1) “will/shall+动词原形”：将要发生的动作或状况，也可表示“预见”（带有说话人的主观态度和看法）。 Will you be busy tonight? You will feel better after taking
9、 this medicine.(2) “be going to + do”有两种意义， 一是表示“意图”，即打算在将来做某事；二是表示“预见”，即现在已有迹象表明将要发生某种情况。 The wall is going to be painted soon. George is putting on weight. Hes going to be quite fat. Look at the dark clouds over there. Its going to rain.注：“will + v.” 和 “be going to + v.” 均可表示意图， “be going to + v.”
10、 表示的意图是事先 经过考虑的，而 “will + v.” 所表示的意图则是说话时临时想到的。 e.g. A: You left the light on for the whole night . B: Oh, did I? I will go and turn it off now. e.g. A: Why are you taking down all the pictures? B: Im going to repair the house.(3) “be + v.-ing” 某些瞬间动词特别是趋向动词用现在进行时刻表示按计划、安排即将发生的动作，如：go, come, leave,
11、begin, start, get, reach, arrive, return, meet, etc.Were moving to a different hotel the day after tomorrow.She is spending her winter vacation in Australia this year.(4) “be to + 动词原形”有两种含义：一是表示按计划、安排即将发生的动作，常可与“be+ v.-ing” 交换使用， “be to + 动词原形”较正式; 二是表示义务、应该（相当于should)。 可用于if 条件句表示打算、想要。I am to hav
12、e tea with Betty this afternoon.Youre to answer for what youve done.Tell her shes not to be back late. If you are to succeed, youd better work hard.(5)既定的时间如生日、日历、课时安排、交通时刻表等，通常用一般现在时表示将来的动作。The plane takes off at 5:30 a.m.The new school year begins on September 1.(6) “be about to+ 动词原形”表示正要、马上做某事，这
13、种结构的将来时不与表示将来的时间状语连用。Take your seat. The meeting is about to begin.I was about to go to bed when someone knocked at the door. “will+动词原形” 有时还可以表示一种倾向性或惯性的动作。Oil will float on water. This machine wont work. (won 可以用来表示“不能，没法”，表示主体不具有某种功能)Whats the matter with the pen? The ink wont come out.Whenever h
14、e has time, he will come and see us.（4）现在进行时考点分析 （主语be 现在分词）现在进行时的用法注意点:(1)现在进行时与一般现在时的用法比较。现在进行时既可表示现在时刻正在进行的动作，也可表示现阶段一直进行的动作（说话时不一定正在进行）， 强调动作的暂时性和未完成性短暂的事实；而一般现在时强调动作的长久性或反复性。He works in a chemical factory. (长久性工作）He is working in a chemical factory these days. (临时性工作) I dont work here, Im just
15、helping until the secretary comes back. (2) 现在进行时与always, constantly, continually, all the time, all along, 等频度状语连用，对现阶段经常发生的动作表示某种感情色彩，如赞叹、惊讶、厌烦、不满等。She is always borrowing money and forgetting to pay me back.You are continually finding faults with me.(3) 现在进行时用于时间或条件状语从句中，可代替将来进行时.When you are tal
16、king with him, take care not to mention this.Ill think about it while you re writing the report.If you are standing at the corner, Ill give you a lift into town.(4) 现在进行时表示委婉口气，常与hope, wonder 等连用。Im hoping that youll give me some advice.Im wondering if I may have a word with you.注意：下面四类动词不宜用现在进行时。（A
17、）表示心理状态、情感的动作：like, love, hate, care, remember, believe, want, mind, wish, agree, mean, need。（B）表存在的状态的动词：appear, exist, lie, remain, seem belong to, depend on。（C）表示一时性动作的动词：allow, accept, permit, promise, admit, complete。（D）表示感官的动词：see, hear, notice, feel, smell, sound, taste, look。（5）现在完成时。（主语have
18、/has 动词的过去分词）现在完成时表示过去开始发生一直持续到现在的动作，强调对现在的影响。We have lived separately since last year.现在完成时用法注意点：(1)两种意义的现在完成时 a.持续到现在（动词要用延续性动词）；时间状语：表示从过去延续到现在并包括现在在内的一段时间状语，如 lately, recently，up to now，so far，these days, in/over/during the last/past ten days/months/years, etc.I havent had enough sleep lately.Gr
19、eat changes have taken place in the past twenty years in China.b. 对现在有影响；时间状语： already, just, ever, never ,before, not yet, etc.Have you ever found out her telephone number?(2) have been to VS have gone toHave been to表示曾经去过某地，现在人在说话的现场，而 have gone to 表示已经去了某地，现在人不在说话的现场。I have been to Beijing for th
20、ree times. 我曾经去过北京三次。She has gone to Beijing. 她去北京了。注意： 现在完成时除可以和for、since引导的状语连用外，还可以和下面的介词短语连用：during / in /over the last(past)few years (months, weeks)、in recent years等。下列句型中常用现在完成时It is (has been) + 一段时间 + since从句This(That / It)is the first(second)time that + 完成时This(That / It)is the only + that
21、 + 完成时This(that / It)is the best / finest / most interesting + that 从句 + 完成时This is the first time that I have come to Beijing. This was the first time that I had come to Beijing.This is the most interesting film that I have ever seen.在时间或条件状语从句中，现在完成时可以代替一般将来时。如：I shall post the letter as soon as I
22、 have written it.If you have done the experiment, you will realize the theory better.Dont get off the bus until it has stopped.（6）现在完成进行时 （主语have/has been 动词 ing） 表示从过去某时开始一直持续到现在的动作，并且可能继续持续下去。The Chinese have been making paper for two thousands years.中国有2000年的造纸历史。（动作还将继续下去） 表示在说话时刻之前到现在正在进行的动作。 W
23、e have been waiting for you for half an hour. 我们应经等你半个钟头了（人还没到，如同在电话里说的，还会继续等下去）.（7）过去完成时考点分析。 (主语had过去分词)1.表示“过去的过去”，两个动作有明显的先后关系。He told me that he had made great progress since he came here.Tom returned by plane, but his mother had already died.2.在by、by the end、by the time、until、before、since后接表示过
24、去某一时间的短语或从句以前发生的动作。如：By the end of last year, we had produced 20,000 cars. The train had left before we reached the station.The concert had been on for twenty minutes by the time we got there.3. 动词expect, hope, intend, mean, plan, suppose, think, want, wish 等动词用过去完成时表示过去本来打算、希望、计划作而未做的事。表示曾实现的希望、打算、
25、意图、诺言等。常用had hoped / planned / meant / intended/I had intended to attend the party, but was stopped by the heavy rain.4. 用在表示“一就”的几个句型中：Hardly/scarcelywhen, no soonerthan, Hardly / No sooner + 主语 + 过去分词 + when / than / + 一般过去时。如：We had no sooner been seated than the bus started. = No sooner had we b
26、een seated than the bus started. 我们刚一坐下，车子就启动了。Hardly had the thief seen the police when he ran away.5. “时间名词 + before”在句子中作状语，谓语动词用过去完成时；“时间名词 + ago”在句中作状语，谓语动词用一般过去式。如：He said his first teacher had died at least 10 years before. Xiao Hua left school 3 years ago.6. 在before或after引导的时间状语从句中用一般过去时态代替过
27、去完成时。After he (had)left the room, the boss came in.We arrived home before it snowed.（8）将来完成时：will/shall+have+过去分词，用于第一人称，will+have+过去分词用于其他人称。表示将来某一时刻之前已完成的动作。By the end of next month we will have learnt 1000 words.（9） 将来进行时：shall/will + be + 现在分词，表示将来某一时刻正在进行的动作。What will you be doing (at eight) ne
28、xt week?I wont be free Friday morning. Ill be seeing a friend off.（10）注意几组时态的区别：1. 现在完成时与现在完成进行时的用法比较 现在完成时表示动作已完成，侧重结果；现在完成进时既可表示动作在说话时刻之前刚刚结束，也可表示动作还将继续下去，侧重于动作的持续性、暂时性和未完成的含义。They have repaired the road. (表示路已修好)They have been repairing the road. （表示路还在修）The police have been looking into the matt
29、er, but they havent drawn a conclusion yet. 2. 一般过去时与过去进行时的用法比较(1) 一般过去时表示在过去某时发生过的动作或存在的状态，侧重动作已完成； 而过去进行时可以表示过去某个时间正在进行的动作，强调动作在持续，并未完成。 Last year, he wrote a book. Last year, he was writing a book, but hasnt finished till now.(2) 一般过去时和过去进行时同时出现在句中，表示一个动作发生在另一个动作进行的过程之中时，通常表示较短的动作用一般过去时，表示较长的动作用过
30、去进行时。其中一个在由when或while引导的时间状语从句中。She broke a glass while she was cooking the dinner.I was running downstairs when I slipped and fell.3. 现在完成时与一般过去时的用法比较一般过去时只单纯表示过去发生过的动作或存在的状态，与现在时间没有联系，可和表示确切过去的时间、地点状语连用。现在完成时表示过去发生过的某动作对现在造成的影响或结果，强调现在的情况，不能和表示确切的过去时间、地点状语连用。(1) She has promised to help me. Last w
31、eek she promised to help me.(2) He has been caught by the police. He was caught by the police at a restaurant.(3) Mr. Black has lived in China for ten years. Mr. Black lived in China for 3 years in the 1990s.4. 过去完成时与一般过去时：过去完成时强调的是“过去的过去”；如出现同一主语连续几个动作（“连谓”）形式则只用一般过去时即可。He came up to the door of th
32、e house, stood for a while and then entered it.（11）固定句式或结构中的动词时态1.This/It is the first/second timethat从句。that从句中用现在完成时。 如把is改为was，则从句中用过去完成时。 This is the first time I have come here. It was the third time(that)he had made the same mistake. 2It is/has been一段时间since 从句。since从句中用一般过去时。 如 把is改为was，则从句中用
33、过去完成时。 It is/has been three years since we have had such a wonderful time. It was ten years since we had had such a wonderful time. 3was/were about to do.when. 意为“将要做(这时)突然”。 I was about to go out when the telephone rang.【典例精析】1.（2008全国I卷，27） Have you known Dr. Jackson for a long time?Yes, since she
34、 _ the Chinese Society.A. has joined B. joinsC. had joinedD. joined【解析】句意：你认识Dr. Jackson好久时间了吗? 是的，自从她加入汉语协会我就认识她。Since 自从.以来，引导时间状语从句，强调过去认识时的时间，第一句话所用的现在完成时是判断该句子时态的重要依据。正确答案为D2.（2008辽宁卷,23）We first met on a train in 2000. We both felt immediately that we _ each other for years.A. knew B. have kno
35、wn C. had known D. know【解析】句意：在2000年我们第一次在火车上相遇。我俩同时立刻赶到彼此认识多年了。根据题干第二句可知主句为过去时，而that 引导的宾语从句的谓语动词又发生在主句动词之前，即为过去的过去，故用过去完成时来表示。正确答案为C3.（2008天津卷，14） He _ football regularly for many years when he was young. A. was playing B. played C. has played D. had played【解析】句意：他年轻的时候踢了多年的足球。句中的when he was young
36、是表示过去的时间状语。题干中没有强调在过去的某个时间段正在发生某事，故排除A项；句中也没有信息词强调对现在造成的影响或与现在的联系，故排除C项；句中也没有以过去的某个时间点或动作点作为参照，故排除D项。正确答案为B.4.（09北京）27. The way the guests _ in the hotel influenced their evaluation of the service.A. treated B. were treated C. would treat D. would be treated【解析】B考查时态和语态的用法。The guests 与treat之间是被动的关系，
37、并且动作已经发生，所以用一般过去时的被动形式。5.（09天津）2. My parents _ in Hong Kong. They were born there and have never lived anywhere else.A. live B. lived C. were living D. will live【解析】考查时态。后句意思“他们出生在香港，从来没有去过别的地方”，由此可知前句“一直在香港住”，时态用一般现在时，说明事实，故选A。6.（09福建）6 -Why does the Lake smell terrible? -Because large quantities o
38、f water . A. have polluted B. is being polluted C. has been polluted D. have been polluted【解析】D考查动词时态，语态和主谓语一致。根据前一分句可知所填动词表示过去发生的动作对现在产生的影响，时态用现在完成时，动词与主语是被动关系，用被动语态。主语是large quantities of water，其中心词是quantities，是复数，谓语动词用复数，选D。7.（09湖南）9. The food here is nice enough. My friend _ me a right place.A.
39、introduces B. introduced C. had introduced D. was introducing【解析】B考查时态的用法。句意为：这里的食物不错。我的朋友介绍给我一个正确的地方。表示过去的行为。10.（09江西）10. At present, one of the apartments in favor of the new airport _ that it will going a lot jobs to the area. A. is B. are C. will be D. were 【解析】本题考查时态的用法。A。根据at present =now 可知，应
40、用一般现在时。11.（09江西）11. - What is the price of petrol these days? -Oh, it _ sharply since last month. A. is raised B. has risen C. has arisen D. is increased 【解析】本题考查时态的用法B。 根据since last month 可知应用现在完成时。12.（09江西）12. -Do you want a lift home? -Its very kind of you, but I have a much late in the office. I
41、 overslept this morning because my morning clock _. A. doesnt go off B. wont gone C. wasnt going off D. didnt go on 【解析】本题考查时态的用法。D根据I overslept this morning 可知应用一般过去时。13.（09海南）13. His sister left home in 1998, and _ since.A. had not been heard of B. has not been heard ofC. had not heard of D. has n
42、ot heard of【解析】句意为：他的妹妹在1998年离开家，自从那时就没有音讯了。用现在完成时的否定结构B。14.（09海南）14. Edward, you play so well. But I _ you played the piano.A. didnt know B. hadnt knownC. dont know D. havent known【解析】句意为：爱德华,你打得好。但我不知道你弹钢琴。A所谈论的是指过去行为，故用过去式。15.（09山东）15. The number of foreign students attending Chinese universities
43、 _ rising steadily since1990. A. is B. are C. has been D. have been 【解析】本题考查主谓一致和时态，主语是 the number故谓语动词用单数，又因时间状语是since 1997所以用完成时态C。16.（09山东）16. I was out of town at the time, so I dont know exactly how it _. A. was happening B. happened C. happens D. has happened 【解析】本题考查具体语境中的时态，后一句隐藏的时间状语是at the
44、 time. B【专题突破】动词时态做题技巧如下：1. 根据题干中的时间标志词选择时态动词时态须与句中时间状语一致。高考题常在题干中加入具体情景,以测试考生对动词时态知识的实际运用能力。因此敏锐捕捉时间标志词,并结合具体的语境,选择出正确的动词时态。2. 根据主从句时态呼应的原则选择时态近年来的高考试题一般不再单纯考查主从句的时态呼应,而是将其放在真实的并且符合实际的语境中进行考查,也会结合强调结构等其它语法现象进行考查。 考生在根据时态呼应原则解题时,要把握好以下几点：在时间、条件等状语从句中,用一般现在时态表示一般将来时态,一般过去时态表示过去将来时态,用现在完成时态表示将来完成时态。 正
45、确认定主句动词及从句动词两个动作发生的时间,并认真体会命题者所给出的语境。 解答宾语从句与主句时态呼应题时,考生应熟知以下规则: 如果主句动词为现在时态,则从句动词可根据需要使用任何时态，如果主句动词为过去时态,则从句动词须用合适的过去的某种时态(表示客观真理时使用一般现在时态)。3. 根据具体的语言环境选择时态近年来高考试题对时态考查的要求越来越高,大部分试题趋向情境化、实际化。考生要捕捉信息,理解情境,综合运用,灵活答题。练习：1So far this year we _ a fall in house prices by between 5 and 10 percent. A. saw B. see C. had seen D. have seen2Scientists think that the continents _ always where they _ today. Aarent; are Barent; were Cwerent; are Dwerent; were 3They _ on the program for almost one week before I joined them, a
