1、2021年高考英语阅读矩阵法则问鼎满分体系阅读10大题型高分密码教案在复杂的高考英语阅读问题中，往往存在许多成对的质量因素将这些成对因素找出来，分别排列成行和列，其交点就是其相互关联的程度，在此基础上再找出存在的问题及问题的形态，从而找到解决问题的思路，联通，移动并形成网通脉络。主旨题与文章中心句或中心词倾向做题的类型还有：1. 作者对文章主题的观点或看法2. 不对应文章细节题(或选项)3. 全文第一题4. 例子题5. 推断题6. 包含文章主题词的题目写作目的题例子题文章取材题文章结构题推论题指代题作者态度题词汇题细节题（考题占高考阅读部分的60-70%）名师题型Tactics（一）：主旨题方
2、法一：找中心句文章核对位置：全文首段首、末句(一段末出现转折)；第二段第一句、二句(二段对一段进行总结或否定)；尾段首末句。1.举例子的句子不是主题句，注意前句; 主旨句在首段问句的回答句上！问句不是主题句，注意问后句！2.首段转折提示文章主题; 表转折和因果处: but, yet, however, instead, today,now, Although, so, therefore, thus, as a result, because(since,as,for), one of the reasons was, The results are。包含主次之分的表达(not A, but
3、B. A rather than B等); 时间提示主题(recently, today，now等); 尤其是关注有汉语标注的地方！3.定义型的句子(be called as, be known as, is, are等);4.强调型的句子(surprisingly, of course, only等);5.总结型的句子(research indicates, study suggests / shows等)。There be后接抽象名词!I, We, My, our; 及It shows / suggests / turns out / proves等表示结论意思的动词,在如: find o
4、ut, find, discover, research was proved that, his study is told that。从句看主句,短语看名词,将定语去掉,再对比.文章写的一定是积极向上的!定从、状从看主句. 方法二：找中心词1.首先看首尾段,看反复出现了哪个名词或名词词组? 各段首尾句相加，其中共有词汇为主题词，必须出现在正确答案中。一般为名词或名词词组； 出现频率较高！2.发现两个都是中心词, 就选择出现频率高的,范围大的!3.the Amazon rainforest，重点是名词rainforest而不是前面的定语名词Amazon!4.有两个或三个选项都含有中心词，而文
5、章却没有中心句做验证点，则可通过答案特征来解决！前后矛盾通常是出题者概括主旨答案的有效手段。5. 中心句或中心词找主旨，可能遇到哪些问题? 方法三：另外解决方案 总分关系看首段首尾句或与文章标题题目内容倾向；分总关系看尾段首尾句或与文章标题题目内容倾向！备选项中，两个或三个同类项有一个是答案！Function等高频率答案词！（写作目的题答题技巧中有延伸）方法一：找中心句文章核对位置：全文首段首、末句(一段末出现转折)；第二段第一句、二句(二段对一段进行总结或否定)；尾段首末句。1.举例子的句子不是主题句，注意前句; 主旨句在首段问句的回答句上！问句不是主题句，注意问后句！2.表转折和因果处:
6、but, yet, however, instead, today,now, Although, so, therefore, thus, as a result, because(since,as,for), one of the reasons was, The results are。包含主次之分的表达(not A, but B. A rather than B等); 时间提示主题(recently, today，now等); 尤其是关注有汉语标注的地方！3.定义型的句子(be called as, be known as, is, are等);4.强调型的句子(surprisingly
7、, of course, only等);5.总结型的句子(research indicates, study suggests / shows等)。There be后接抽象名词!I, We, My, our; 及It shows / suggests / turns out / proves等表示结论意思的动词,在如: find out, find, discover, research was proved that, his study is told that。从句看主句,短语看名词,将定语去掉,再对比.文章写的一定是积极向上的!定从、状从看主句. 2014天津卷B篇The video
8、exchange between signer and receiver can be recorded on DVD for proof when legal documents are used. “Its really fun”, said the owner of a bookstore, who was present for one of the test runs. “Obviously you cant shake hands with the author， but there are chances for a connection that you dont get fr
9、om a regular book signing. The response to the invention has not been all favorable. Atwood has received criticism from authors who think she is trying to end book tours. But she said, “It will be possible to go to places that you never got sent to before because the publishers couldnt afford it.”45
10、. What could be inferred from Paragraphs 5 and 6? A. Atwood doesnt mean to end book tours. B. Critics think the LongPen is of little use C. Bookstore owners do not support the LongPenD. Publishers dislike the LongPen for its high cost 答案：45.A。表转折和因果处: but, yet, however, instead, today, now, Although
11、, so, therefore, thus, as a result, because(since,as,for), one of the reasons was, The results are。包含主次之分的表达(not A, but B. A rather than B等); 时间提示主题(recently, today，now等); 尤其是关注有汉语标注的地方！-2015湖南卷In its early history, Chicago had floods frequently, especially in the spring, making the streets so muddy
12、 that people, horses, and carts got stuck. An old joke that was popular at the time went something like this: A man is stuck up to his waist in a muddy Chicago street. Asked if he needs help, he replies, No, thanks. Ive got a good horse under me.The city planner decided to build an underground drain
13、age (排水) system, but there simply wasnt enough difference between the height of the ground level and the water level. The only two options were to lower the Chicago River or raise the city.An engineer named Ellis Chesbrough convinced me the city that it had no choice but to build the pipes above gro
14、und and then cover them with dirt. This raised the level of the citys streets by as much as 12 feet.This of course created a new problem: dirt practically buried the first floors of every building in Chicago. Building owners were faced with a choice: either change the first floors of their buildings
15、 into basements, and the second stories into main floors, or hoist the entire buildings to meet the new street level. Small wood-frame buildings could be lifted fairly easily. But what about large, heavy structures like Tremont Hotel, which was a six-story brick building?Thats where George Pullman c
16、ame in. He had developed some house-moving skills successfully. To lift a big structure like the Tremont Hotel, Pullman would place thousands of jackscrews (螺旋千斤顶) beneath the buildings foundation. One man was assigned to operate each section of roughly 10 jackscrews. At Pullmans signal each man tur
17、ned his jackscrew the same amount at the same time, thereby raising the building slowly and evenly. Astonishingly, the Tremont Hotel stay open during the entire operation, and many of its guests didnt even notice anything was happening. Some people like to say that every problem has a solution. But
18、in Chicagos early history, every engineering solution seemed to create a new problem. Now that Chicagos waste water was draining efficiently into the Chicago River, the citys next step was to clean the polluted river.65.The passage is mainly about the early Chicagos _.A. popular life styles and thei
19、r influences B. environmental disasters and their causesC. engineering problems and their solutions D. successful businessmen and their achievements答案：65.C。2015浙江卷If humans were truly at home under the light of the moon and stars，we would go in darkness happily，the midnight world as visible to us as
20、 it is to the vast number of nocturnal(夜间活动的) species on this planet. Instead，we are diurnal creatures, with eyes adapted to living in the suns light. This is a basic evolutionary fact, even though most of us dont think of ourselves as diurnal beings. Yet its the only way to explain what weve done t
21、o the night: Weve engineered it to receive us by filling it with light. The benefits of this kind of engineering come with consequences一called light pollution一 whose effects scientists are only now beginning to study. Light pollution is largely the result of bad lighting design，which allows artifici
22、al light to shine outward and upward into the sky.III-designed lighting washes out the darkness of night and completely changes the light levels 一and light rhythmsto which many forms of life, including, ourselves, have adapted. Wherever human light spills into the natural world, some aspect or life
23、is affected . In most cities the sky looks as though it has been emptied of stars, leaving behind a vacant haze(霾) that mirrors our fear of the dark. Weve grown so used to this orange haze that the original glory of an unlit nigh, - dark enough for the planet Venus to throw shadow on Earth, is wholl
24、y beyond our experience, beyond memory almost.Weve lit up the night as if it were an unoccupied country, when nothing could be further form the truth. Among mammals alone, the number of nocturnal species is astonishing, Light is a powerful biological force, and on many species it acts as a magnet(磁铁
25、). The effect is so powerful that scientists speak of songbirds and seabirds being“captured”by searchlights on land or by the light from gas flares on marine oil platforms. Migrating at night, birds tend to collide with brightly lit tall buildings.Frogs living near brightly lit highways suffer noctu
26、rnal light levels that are as much as a million times righter than normal, throwing nearly every aspect of their behavior out of joint including most other creatures ,we do need darkness .Darkness is as essential to our biological welfare, to our internal clockwork, as light itself.Living in a glare
27、 of our making,we have cut ourselves off from our evolutionary and cultural heritagethe light of the stars and the rhythms of day and night .In a very real sense light pollution causes us to lose sight of our true place in the universe, to forget the scale of our being, which is best measured agains
28、t the dimensions of a deep night with the Milky Waythe edge of our galaxy arching overhead.54. What might be the best title for the passage?A. The Magic light. B. The Orange Haze.C. The Disappearing Night. D. The Rhythms of Nature.两个高频中心词时，选择范围大的，看因果关系，选答案是“果”的选项。因为有了灯，夜才消失的，所以C是结果。中心句中night也离yet最近，
29、答案：54. C。2015广东卷It was once common to regard Britain as a society with class distinction. Each class had unique characteristics.In recent years, many writers have begun to speak the decline of class and classless society in Britain. And in modern day consumer society everyone is considered to be mid
30、dle class. But pronouncing the death of class is too early. A recent wide-ranging society of public opinion found 90 percent of people still placing themselves in particular class; 73 percent agreed that class was still a vital part of British society; and 52 percent thought there were still sharp c
31、lass differences. Thus, class may not be culturally and politically obvious, yet it remains an important part of British society. Britain seems to have a love of stratification.One unchanging aspect of a British persons class position is accent. The words a person speaks tell her or his class. A stu
32、dy of British accents during 1970s found that a voice sounding like a BBC newsreader was viewed as the most attractive voice, Most people said this accent sounded educated and soft. The accents placed at the bottom in this study, on the other hand, were regional（地区的）city accents. These accents were
33、seen as common and ugly. However, a similar study of British accents in the US turned these results upside down and placed some regional accents as the most attractive and BBC English as the least. This suggests that British attitudes towards accent have deep roots and are based on class prejudice.I
34、n recent years, however, young upper middle-class people in London, have begun to adopt some regional accents, in order to hide their class origins. This is an indication of class becoming unnoticed. However, the 1995 pop song Common People puts forward the view that though a middle-class person may
35、 want to live like common people they can never appreciate the reality of a working-class life.45. What is the main idea of the passage?A. The middle class is expanding B. A persons accent reflects his classC. Class is a key part of British society D. Each class has unique characteristics.答案：45.C。20
36、15安徽卷Food serves as a form of communication in two fundamental ways. Sharing bread or other foods is a common human tradition that can promote unity and trust. Food can also have a specific meaning, and play a significant role in a family or cultures celebrations or traditions. The foods we eatand w
37、hen and how we eat themare often unique to a particular culture or may even differ between rural (农村的) and urban areas within one country.Sharing bread, whether during a special occasion (时刻) or at the family dinner table, is a common symbol of togetherness. Many cultures also celebrate birthdays an
38、d marriages with cakes that are cut and shared among the guests. Early forms of cake were simply a kind of bread, so this tradition hits its roots in the custom of sharing bread.Food also plays an important role in many New Year celebrations. In the southern United States, pieces of corn bread repre
39、sent blocks of gold for prosperity (兴旺) in the New Year. In Greece, people share a special cake called vasilopita. A coin is put into the cake, which signifies (预示) success in the New Year for the person who receives it.Many cultures have ceremonies to celebrate the birth of a child, and food can pl
40、ay a significant role. In China, when a baby is one month old, families name and welcome their child in a celebration that includes giving red-colored eggs to guests. In many cultures, round foods such as grapes, bread, and moon cakes are eaten at welcome celebrations to represent family unity.Nutri
41、tion is necessary for life, so it is not surprising that food is such an important part of different cultures around the world.75. What is the passage mainly about? A. The custom of sharing food.B. The specific meaning of food.C. The role of food in ceremonies.D. The importance of food in culture.答案
42、：75.D。2014湖北卷Londons newest skyscraper (摩天大楼) is called the Shard and it cost about 430 million pounds to build. At a height of almost 310 metres, it is the tallest building in Europe. The Shard has completely changed the appearance of London. However, not everyone thinks that it is a change for the
43、 better.The Shard was designed by the famous Italian architect Renzo Piano. When he began designing the Shard for London, Piano wanted a very tall building that looked like a spire (尖顶). He wanted the glass surfaces to reflect the sky and the city. The sides of the building arent regular. So the bui
44、lding has an unusual shape. It looks like a very thin, sharp piece of broken glass. And that is how the building got the name: the Shard. Piano says that the spire shape of the Shard is part of a great London tradition. The shape reminds him of the spires of the churches of London or the tall masts
45、(桅杆) of the ships that were once on the river Thames.The Shard has 87 floors. At the top, there is an observatory. At the moment the building is empty, but eventually there will be a five-star hotel. There will also be top quality restaurants, apartments and offices.Before building work began, a lot
46、 of people didnt want the Shard though the plans were approved. Now they are still unhappy about the Shard. Some critics say that such a tall skyscraper might be good in a city like New York, but not in London. They say that the best thing about the Shard is its spire shape. But that is the only thi
47、ng. There is no decoration, only flat surfaces. The Egyptians did that 4,500 years ago. They also think the Shard is too big for London. It destroys the beauty of the city.Other critics dont like what the Shard seems to represent. They say that the Shard shows how London is becoming more unequal. On
48、ly very rich people can afford to buy the expensive private apartments and stay in the hotel. But the people who live near the Shard are among the poorest in London. So the Shard seems a symbol of the division in society between the very rich and the poor.The Shard now dominates the London skyline. It is not certain, however, that ordinary London citizens will ever accept it as a valuable add
