1、高考英语阅读专项技能细节理解题和词义猜测分类汇编及真题跟踪练第二讲 细节理解题和词义猜测一.细节理解题细节理解题一般分为表层信息题和深层信息题。表层信息题可直接定位找到答案；深层信息题考查获取和理解隐藏在词语之间的复杂信息能力。1.抓路标词衔接词（however, because, by contrast）,情态动词（could,should,might,must）,观点词（believe,indicate）2.题干关键词直接定位3.语篇段落特点，细节服务于段落首句或末句的主题句4.分析正确选项和干扰项特点 1）正确选项：替换关键词；改变关键词的词性或语态；简化表达方式；同义转述（不同表达形式
2、表达相同意思） 2）干扰项：答非所问，选项本身正确，不合题意；无中生有，选项本身错误或原文未提；似是而非；选项含原文信息，个别词描述不准确【例题】（2018卷）阅读下列短文，从每题所给的ABC和D四个选项中，选出最佳选项。 We may think were a culture that gets rid of our worn technology at the first sight of something shiny and new, but a new study shows that we keep using our old devices (装置) well after the
3、y go out of style. Thats bad news for the environment and our wallets as these outdated devices consume much more energy than the newer ones that do the same things. To figure out how much power these devices are using, Callie Babbitt and her colleagues at the Rochester Institute of Technology in Ne
4、w York tracked the environmental costs for each product throughout its life from when its minerals are mined to when we stop using the device. This method provided a readout for how home energy use evolved since the early 1990s. Devices were grouped by generation. Desktop computers, basic mobile pho
5、nes, and box-set TVs defined 1992. Digital cameras arrived on the scene in 1997. And MP3 players, smart phones, and LCD TVs entered homes in 2002, before tablets and e-readers showed up in 2007. As we accumulated more devices, however, we didnt throw out our old ones.The Living-room television is re
6、placed and gets planted in the kids room, and suddenly one day, you have a TV in every room of the house, said one researcher. The average number of electronic devices rose from four per household in 1992 to 13 in 2007. Were not just keeping these old devices-we continue to use them. According to th
7、e analysis of Babbitts team, old desktop monitors and box TVs with cathode ray tubes are the worst devices with their energy consumption and contribution to greenhouse gas emissions(排放) more than doubling during the 1992 to 2007 window. So whats the solution(解决方案)?The teams data only went up to 2007
8、, but the researchers also explored what would happen if consumers replaced old products with new electronics that serve more than one function, such as a tablet for word processing and TV viewing. They found that more on-demand entertainment viewing on tables instead of TVs and desktop computers co
9、uld cut energy consumption by 44%. （1）What does the author think of new devices? A.They are environment-friendly.B.They are no better than the old.C.They cost more to use at home.D.They go out of style quickly.（2）Why did Babbitts team conduct the research? A.To reduce the cost of minerals.B.To test
10、the life cycle of a product.C.To update consumers on new technology.D.To find out electricity consumption of the devices.（3）Which of the following uses the least energy? A.The box-set TV.B.The tablet.C.The LCD TV.D.The desktop computer.（4）What does the text suggest people do about old electronic dev
11、ices? A.Stop using them.B.Take them apart.C.Upgrade them.D.Recycle them.【答案】 ADBA【考点】推理判断题，细节理解题，科普环保类，说明文 【解析】这是一篇科普环保类阅读。文章介绍了人们继续使用一些老旧电器对环境的坏处，这不仅增加能源的消耗，而且也不利于环保，因此作者建议及时更新那些过时的电子设备。A 推理判断。根据第1段最后一句as these outdated devices consume much more energy than the newer ones that do the same things.这些
12、过时的装置比新装置消耗更多的能量，因而判断新装置消耗的能量少，所以环保。故答案为A。D 细节理解。根据第2段第一句To figure out how much power these devices are using, 故选D，为了查明这些装置的电消耗量。B 细节理解。由整个文章的最后一句They found that more on-demand entertainment viewing on tablets instead of TVs and desktop computers cut energy consumption by 44%.可知在tablets(平板电脑)而不是电视和台
13、式电脑上观看娱乐节目能够减少44%的能源消耗。故平板电脑使用最少的能源，选B。A 细节理解题。根据最后一段第二句but the researchers also explored what would happen if consumers replaced old products with new electronics及最后一句 They found that more on-demand entertainment viewing on tablets instead of TVs and desktop computers cut energy consumption by 44%.
14、研究者们探索用新电器代替旧产品，结果发现新的装置能够减少44%的能源消耗。故选A。【点评】本文属于说明文，阅读时在文章首段确定文章的中心句，然后快速浏览文章内容。阅读问题，找到问题中的关键词。在文章中定位问题中的关键词，答案就在关键词附近。【练习】阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C和D四个选项中，选出最佳选项。 Teens and younger children are reading a lot less for fun, according to a Common Sense Media report published Monday. While the decline over t
15、he past decade is steep for teen readers, some data in the report shows that reading remains a big part of many childrens lives, and indicates how parents might help encourage more reading. According to the reports key findings, the proportion (比例) who say they hardly ever read for fun has gone from
16、 8 percent of 13-year-olds and 9 percent of 17-year-olds in 1984 to 22 percent and 27 percent respectively today. The report data shows that pleasure reading levels for younger children, ages2-8, remain largely the same. But the amount of time spent in reading each session has declined, from closer
17、to an hour or more to closer to a half hour per session. When it comes to technology and reading, the report does little to counsel(建议)parenst looking for data about the effect of e-readers and tablets on reading. It does point out that many parents still limit electronic reading, mainly due to conc
18、erns about increased screen time. The most hopeful data shared in the report shows clear evidence of parents serving as examples and important guides for their kids when it comes to reading. Data shows that kids and teens who do read frequently, compared to infrequent readers, have more books in the
19、 home, more books purchased for them, parents who read more often, and parents who set aside time for them to read. As the end of school approaches, and school vacation reading lists loom(逼近)ahead, parents might take this chance to step in and make their own summer reading list and plan a family tri
20、p to the library or bookstore. （1）What is the Common Sense Media report probably about? A.Childrens reading habits.B.Quality of childrens books.C.Childrens after-class activities.D.Parent-child relationships.（2）Where can you find the data that best supports children are reading a lot less for fun? A
21、.In paragraph 2. B.In paragraph 3.C.In paragraph 4.D.In paragraph 5.（3）Why do many parents limit electronic reading? A.E-books are of poor quality.B.It could be waste of time.C.It may harm childrens health.D.E-readers are expensive.（4）How should parents encourage their children to read more? A.Act a
22、s role models for them.B.Ask then to write book reports.C.Set up reading groups for them.D.Talk with their reading class teachers.【答案】 ABCA 【考点】主旨大意题，推理判断题，细节理解题，社会文化类，说明文 【解析】【分析】本文属于社科类说明文，是一篇调查报告，调查发现青少年阅读量增多但为快乐而读的却在减少。A主旨大意题 本文是一篇关于青少年阅读情况的调查报告， 由第一段第二段就可知 主旨大意是关于孩子的阅读习惯，故答案为A。B细节理解题 根据第三段句子The
23、 proportion who says they hardly ever read for fun has gone from 8 percent of 13-year-olds and9 percent of 17-year-olds in 1984 to 22 percent and 27 percent respectively today可知答案为B。C 推理题 根据倒数第三段最后一句It does point out that.,mainly due to concerns about increased screen time.知父母限制孩子电子阅读是因为电子阅读时间长了会对孩子
24、健康有害，故答案为C。A细节理解 文中倒数第二段 第一句The most hopeful data shared in the report shows clear evidence of parents serving as examples and important guides for their children when it comes to reading 及最后一句Data shows that kids and teens., parents who read more often可知父母鼓励孩子多阅读应该自己多读书，为孩子树立榜样，以行的方式带动孩子阅读，故答案为A。二.
25、词义猜测要求在句中理解单词含义，理解上下文是解题关键。1.通过定义或解释猜测 尤其是科技文章会用逗号或破折号引出定义或解释说明（因果关系居多）,用于定义的词通常有mean, in other words, be defined as, be described as; be seen as; refer to; that is; that is to say2.通过所举例子猜测用于举例的词有like; including; such as; for example; for instance3.通过对比关系猜测but; however; although; while; yet; unlike
26、; even though; in contrast; instead of; in spite of; on the other hand4.通过类比关系猜测： likewise; similarly; in the same way5.通过因果关系猜测： so; because; sothat6.通过语境及常识猜测【例题】（2018卷）阅读下列短文，从每题所给的ABC和D四个选项中，选出最佳选项。 Languages have been coming and going for thousands of years, but in recent times there has been l
27、ess coming and a lot more going. When the world was still populated by hunter-gatherers, small, tightly knit(联系) groups developed their own patterns of speech independent of each other. Some language experts believe that 10,000 years ago, when the world had just five to ten million people, they spok
28、e perhaps 12,000 languages between them. Soon afterwards, many of those people started settling down to become farmers, and their languages too became more settled and fewer in number. In recent centuries, trade, industrialisation, the development of the nation-state and the spread of universal comp
29、ulsory education, especially globalisation and better communications in the past few decades, all have caused many languages to disappear, and dominant languages such as English, Spanish and Chinese are increasingly taking over.At present, the world has about 6,800 languages. The distribution of the
30、se languages is hugely uneven. The general rule is that mild zones have relatively few languages, often spoken by many people, while hot, wet zones have lots, often spoken by small numbers. Europe has only around 200 languages; the Americas about 1,000; Africa 2,400; and Asia and the Pacific perhaps
31、 3,200, of which Papua New Guinea alone accounts for well over 800. The median number （中位数）of speakers is a mere 6,000, which means that half the worlds languages are spoken by fewer people than that. Already well over 400 of the total of 6,800 languages are close to extinction (消亡), with only a few
32、 elderly speakers left. Pick, at random, Busuu in Cameroon (eight remaining speakers), Chiapaneco in Mexico (150), Lipan Apache in the United States (two or three) or Wadjigu in Australia (one, with a question-mark): none of these seems to have much chance of survival. （1）What can we infer about lan
33、guages in hunter-gatherer times? A.They developed very fast.B.They were large in number.C.They had similar patterns.D.They were closely connected.（2）Which of the following best explains dominant underlined in paragraph 2? A.Complex.B.AdvancedC.Powerful.D.Modern.（3）How many languages are spoken by le
34、ss than 6,000 people at present? A.About 6,800.B.About 3,400.C.About 2,400.D.About 1,200.（4）What is the main idea of the text? A.New languages will be created.B.Peoples lifestyles are reflected in languages.C.Human development results in fewer languages.D.Geography determines language evolution.【答案】
35、 BCBC 【考点】主旨大意题，词义猜测题，细节理解题，社会文化类，说明文 【解析】【分析】本文属于社科类说明文，介绍了世界语言随着人类的发展，许多语种已消失或正面临灭绝，世界语言种类越来越少。B 推理判断。 第一段第二三句When the world was still populated by hunter-gatherers, small ,tightly knit groups developed their own patterns of speech independent of each other。故答案为B。C 词义猜测。 根据第二段划线部分句子句中的such as Engl
36、ish Spanish and Chinese are increasingly taking over 可知，强大的语言如英语，西班牙语和汉语正在快速地接管，与前一句许多语言消失形成对比。故答案为C。B 细节计算。 根据倒数第二段第一句知现在世界语言种类总数有6800，及最后一句half of the total world languages可知6800的一半即3400，故答案为B。C 主旨大意。 第一段讲述了多年来语言的发展有新的语言产生也有一些语言消失，在人类以打猎为生的时代，语言种类很多;第二段主要描述了随着人类过上定居生活，语言的种类就逐渐减少，特别是近几十年来商业化，工业化及全球
37、化的发展导致许多小语种消亡，许多语言被强大的英语汉语等取代;第三段介绍了世界6800多种语言的地理分布情况最后讲述了400多种语言正面临消亡。 故答案为C【点评】本文属于说明文，阅读时在文章首段确定文章的中心句，然后快速浏览文章内容。阅读问题，找到问题中的关键词。在文章中定位问题中的关键词，答案就在关键词附近。【练习】（2018卷）阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C和D四个选项中，选出最佳选项。 Many of us love July because its the month when natures berries and stone fruits are in abundance.
38、These colourful and sweet jewels from British Columbias fields are little powerhouses of nutritional protection. Of the common berries, strawberries are highest in vitamin C, although, because of their seeds, raspberries contain a little more protein (蛋白质), iron and zinc (not that fruits have much p
39、rotein). Blueberries are particularly high in antioxidants (抗氧化物质). The yellow and orange stone fruits such as peaches are high in the carotenoids we turn into vitamin A and which are antioxidants. As for cherries (樱桃), they are so delicious who cares? However, they are rich in vitamin C. When combi
40、ned with berries or slices of other fruits, frozen bananas make an excellent base for thick, cooling fruit shakes and low fat ice cream. For this purpose, select ripe bananas for freezing as they are much sweeter. Remove the skin and place them in plastic bags or containers and freeze. If you like,
41、a squeeze of fresh lemon juice on the bananas will prevent them turning brown. Frozen bananas will last several weeks, depending on their ripeness and the temperature of the freezer. If you have a juicer, you can simply feed in frozen bananas and some berries or sliced fruit. Out comes a soft-serve
42、creamy dessert, to be eaten right away. This makes a fun activity for a childrens party; they love feeding the fruit and frozen bananas into the top of the machine and watching the ice cream come out below. （1）What does the author seem to like about cherries? A.They contain protein.B.They are high i
43、n vitamin AC.They have a pleasant taste.D.They are rich in antioxidants.（2）Why is fresh lemon juice used in freezing bananas? A.To make them smell better.B.To keep their colour.C.To speed up their ripening.D.To improve their nutrition.（3）What is a juicer in the last paragraph? A.A dessert.B.A drink.
44、C.A container.D.A machine.（4）From which is the text probably taken? A.A biology textbook.B.A health magazine.C.A research paper.D.A travel brochure.【答案】 CBDB 【考点】推理判断题，词义猜测题，细节理解题，说明文，医疗保健 【解析】【分析】这是一篇自然科学类说明文，介绍浆果和核果为人们的身体健康提供的各种营养物质。C 细节推理。 根据第二段中As for cherries，they are so delicious who cares？可知作
45、者说樱桃很好吃，谁又在乎他们的营养成分呢？所以作者喜欢樱桃的是在于它们的美味，故答案为C。B 细节理解。根据第三段中If you like，a squeeze of fresh lemon juice on the bananas will protect them turning brown。所以在香蕉上挤一点柠檬汁是为了不让香蕉变色。故答案为B。D 词义猜测。A.甜点；B .饮料；C.容器；D.机器。句意：如果你有，你可以只把冰冻香蕉和一些浆果或切片的水果喂进去，出来的一道软冰淇淋甜点，可以立马吃起来。所以可以推断juicer应该是“榨汁机”，另外根据最后一句中的“the machine”可知答案为D。B 推理判断。本题询问文章的出处：A. 生物教
