1、Module 3The Violence of NaturePeriod 3Grammar语法专题课语法专题课过去完成时的被动语态和间接引语过去完成时的被动语态和间接引语.过去完成时的被动语态过去完成时的被动语态【课前热身课前热身】用所给词的正确形式填空用所给词的正确形式填空By the time the tornado ended,more than 700 people_(kill).Coghlan travelled back to Canadaafter he _ _(bury)in Texas.had been killedhadbeen buriedShe returned hom
2、e and found all her furniture _(ruin)by the flood.When he woke up,he found his house _ _(destroy)by the thunderstorm.hadbeen ruinedhad beendestroyed【课堂诠解课堂诠解】过去完成时的被动结构由过去完成时的被动结构由“had been+过去分词过去分词”构成构成,表示在过去某一时刻或某一动作之前发生的被动表示在过去某一时刻或某一动作之前发生的被动的动作的动作,句中常用句中常用by,before,until,when等词引导时间等词引导时间状语。状语。过
3、去完成时的被动语态常用于以下情况过去完成时的被动语态常用于以下情况:1.主句的动作发生在从句的动作或过去的时间之前且主句的动作发生在从句的动作或过去的时间之前且表示被动时表示被动时,要用过去完成时的被动语态。常用于要用过去完成时的被动语态。常用于before,by the time,until,when,after,once,as soon as等引导的状语从句中谓语动词是一般过去时等引导的状语从句中谓语动词是一般过去时,以及以及by,before,until+过去的时间点。过去的时间点。By the end of last year,20,000cars _ _.到去年年末到去年年末,(该厂
4、该厂)已经生产了两万辆轿车。已经生产了两万辆轿车。The classroom _ _ _ before the teacher came.老师来之前老师来之前,教室还没有打扫。教室还没有打扫。had beenproducedhadnt been cleanedHow many buildings _ _ _ when thehurricane ended?飓风结束时有多少建筑被毁飓风结束时有多少建筑被毁?All of the dishes _ _ _ till then.到那时盘子全部洗完了。到那时盘子全部洗完了。had been destroyedhad been washed2.在在tol
5、d,said,knew,heard,thought等动词之后的宾语等动词之后的宾语从句中从句中,若表示过去某一被动动作时若表示过去某一被动动作时,用过去完成时。用过去完成时。They said the production costs _ _ _.他们说生产成本降低了。他们说生产成本降低了。I was told that the book _ _ _ in the room.我被告知把那本书落在那个房间里了。我被告知把那本书落在那个房间里了。had been reducedhad been left3.根据语意可以判断出动作先后的用过去完成时。根据语意可以判断出动作先后的用过去完成时。(用所给
6、词的正确形式填空用所给词的正确形式填空)As the work _(do),he began to watch TV.The girl did what she _(tell)to.had been donehad been told.间接引语间接引语【课前热身课前热身】将下列句子中直接引语转化为间接引语将下列句子中直接引语转化为间接引语Tom said,“I want to go shopping.”Tom said(that)_ _ to go shopping.The girl asked me,“Can you help me?”The girl asked me _ _ could
7、help _.he wantedif IherI asked the boy,“Why are you late again?”I asked the boy _ he _ late again.He said to me,“Shut the window,please.”He told me _ _ the window.whywasto shut【课堂诠解课堂诠解】直接引述别人的原话直接引述别人的原话,叫做直接引语。用自己的话叫做直接引语。用自己的话转述别人的话转述别人的话,叫做间接引语。将直接引语改为间接引叫做间接引语。将直接引语改为间接引语时语时,人称、时态、时间状语和地点状语作相应的
8、变化。人称、时态、时间状语和地点状语作相应的变化。1.直接引语是陈述句直接引语是陈述句,变为间接引语时由连词变为间接引语时由连词that引引导。导。He said,“I like it very much.”He said _ _ _ _ very much.他说他非常喜欢它。他说他非常喜欢它。He said,“You told me this story.”He said that _ _ _ _ that story.他说我给他讲过那个故事。他说我给他讲过那个故事。that he liked itI had told him【名师指津名师指津】口语中口语中that可以省略可以省略;that
9、从句之前常用从句之前常用say,tell等动等动词。词。2.直接引语是一般疑问句直接引语是一般疑问句,变为间接引语时变成变为间接引语时变成if/whether引导的宾语从句。引导的宾语从句。He said,“Can you swim,John?”He asked John _ he could swim.他问约翰是否会游泳。他问约翰是否会游泳。if/whetherI asked him,“Will you stay at home or go to see a film tonight?”I asked him _ he would stay at home _ go to see a fil
10、m that night.我问他那天晚上他是待在家里还是去看电影。我问他那天晚上他是待在家里还是去看电影。whetheror【名师指津名师指津】大多数情况下大多数情况下if和和whether引导宾语从句时可以互引导宾语从句时可以互换换,但后紧跟但后紧跟or not时时,一般用一般用whether。3.直接引语是特殊疑问句直接引语是特殊疑问句,变为间接引语时特殊疑问句变为间接引语时特殊疑问句变为由变为由who,what,when,where,why,how等疑问词引等疑问词引导的宾语从句导的宾语从句(但注意从句须是陈述语序但注意从句须是陈述语序)。He said,“Where is Mr Wan
11、g?”He asked _ _ _ _.他问王先生在哪里。他问王先生在哪里。where Mr Wang wasHe asked,“How did you find it,mother?”He asked his mother _ _ _ _it.他问他妈妈是怎么找到它的。他问他妈妈是怎么找到它的。how she had found4.直接引语是祈使句直接引语是祈使句,变为变为“主语主语+ask/order/tell/beg等等+宾语宾语+宾语补足语宾语补足语(动词不定式动词不定式)”这一句型。这一句型。The teacher said,“Listen to me carefully.”The
12、teacher _ us _ listen to her carefully.老师告诉我们认真听她讲。老师告诉我们认真听她讲。toldto“Dont touch anything in the lab.”the teacher saidto us.The teacher _ us _ _ touch anything in the lab.老师告诉我们不要动实验室里的任何东西。老师告诉我们不要动实验室里的任何东西。toldnot to【巧学助记巧学助记】人称的变化人称的变化一随主一随主,二随宾二随宾,第三人称不更新。第三人称不更新。即直接引语的第一人称取决于主句的主语即直接引语的第一人称取决于
13、主句的主语,第二人称取第二人称取决于主句的宾语决于主句的宾语,第三人称一般不变。第三人称一般不变。*He said,“Im forty.”He said that he was forty.(一随主一随主)*She said to me,“Your pronunciation is better than mine.”She told me that my pronunciation was better than hers.(二随宾二随宾)*They said,“Is everything OK?”They asked if everything was OK.(第三人称不更新第三人称不更新
14、)5.直接引语变间接引语时直接引语变间接引语时,如果谓语动词是过去式如果谓语动词是过去式,时时态的变化如下态的变化如下:直接引语的时态直接引语的时态间接引语的时态间接引语的时态一般现在时一般现在时一般过去时一般过去时现在进行时现在进行时过去进行时过去进行时一般将来时一般将来时过去将来时过去将来时一般过去时一般过去时过去完成时过去完成时现在完成时现在完成时过去完成时过去完成时过去完成时过去完成时过去完成时过去完成时注意注意:情态动词也作相应改变情态动词也作相应改变:cancould;maymight;mustmust/had toHe said,“I usually watch TV on Su
15、nday.”He said that he usually _ TV on Sunday.He said,“Im using the knife.”He said that he _ _ the knife.watchedwas usingHe said,“Ill give you an examination next Monday.”He told us that he _ _ us an examinationthe next Monday.He said,“I came to help you.”He said that _ _ _ to help me.She said,“I hav
16、e not heard from him since May.”She said that she _ _ _ from him since May.would givehe had comehad not heardHe said,“I had finished my homework before supper.”He said that he _ _ his homework before supper.He said,“I went to college in1994.”He told us that he _ to college in1994.had finishedwentOur
17、 teacher said to us,“Light travels faster than sound.”Our teacher told us that light _ faster than sound.travels【名师指津名师指津】(1)直接引语是客观事实、普遍真理等直接引语是客观事实、普遍真理等,主句尽管是过主句尽管是过去时态去时态,变成间接引语时变成间接引语时,时态仍然用一般现在时态。时态仍然用一般现在时态。(2)直接引语变间接引语时直接引语变间接引语时,指示代词、时间状语、地指示代词、时间状语、地点状语、动词等要作相应的变化。但是点状语、动词等要作相应的变化。但是,如果转述时
18、对如果转述时对话人双方就在原来的地方话人双方就在原来的地方,或在说话的当天或在说话的当天,就不必改就不必改变相应的时间状语、地点状语等。总之变相应的时间状语、地点状语等。总之,对这些变化不对这些变化不能机械理解能机械理解,应根据实际情况来决定所作的变化。应根据实际情况来决定所作的变化。(3)间接引语一般要用陈述句的语序间接引语一般要用陈述句的语序,即主、谓、宾的即主、谓、宾的顺序。顺序。【课堂小结课堂小结】1.过去完成时的被动语态由过去完成时的被动语态由“助动词助动词had+been+过去过去分词分词”构成。表示在过去某一时间或动作之前已经完构成。表示在过去某一时间或动作之前已经完成了的被动动作。可根据时间状语、语意或过去时动成了的被动动作。可根据时间状语、语意或过去时动词后跟宾语从句三种情况进行判断。词后跟宾语从句三种情况进行判断。2.直接引语变间接引语就是用自己的话转述别人的话直接引语变间接引语就是用自己的话转述别人的话的过程。通常涉及连词、时态、人称、指示代词、时的过程。通常涉及连词、时态、人称、指示代词、时间状语、地点状语、方向性动词的变化。间状语、地点状语、方向性动词的变化。3.变间接引语时变间接引语时,还要注意特殊情况还要注意特殊情况:疑问句应使用陈疑问句应使用陈述语序、客观事实或真理应使用一般现在时等。述语序、客观事实或真理应使用一般现在时等。
