1、American LiteratureA Survey of American Literature&Selected Readings in American LiteratureRevision1.What is the definition of Puritanism?2.What are the doctrines of Puritanism?3.Who is the first American woman poet?4.What are the two groups of writers of colonial period?Chapter TwoThe Period of Enl
2、ightenment Revolutionary Period (1775-1783)Historical BackgroundWhat happened in Europe in the 18th century?Enlightenment!In the 18th century,people believed in mans own nature and the power of human reason.With Franklin as its spokesman,the 18th century America experienced an age of reason.People w
3、rote a lot of political writings.Numerous pamphlets and printings were published.These works agitated revolutionary people not only in America but also around the world.The 18th-century American Enlightenment was a movement marked by an emphasis on rationality rather than tradition,scientific inquir
4、y instead of unquestioning religious dogma,and representative government in place of monarchy.Enlightenment thinkers and writers were devoted to the ideals of justice,liberty,and equality as the natural rights of man.The colonists who would form a new nation were firm believers in the power of reaso
5、n;they were ambitious,inquisitive,optimistic,practical,politically astute精明的,and self-reliant.Franklin Edwards富兰克林、爱德华兹富兰克林、爱德华兹Two representatives of Puritanism in two aspectsFranklin EdwardsBenjamin Franklin Jonathan EdwardsEdwards and Franklin P32 They were contemporaries,came from the same paren
6、t stock,the Puritanism of New England;they represented the whole of the colonial mind of America.religious idealism(理想的宗理想的宗教信仰教信仰)levelheaded common sense(明智冷明智冷静的判断力静的判断力)Newtons Deism(自然神论自然神论)Calvinist beliefsThe Universe became something mechanical,like a clock,not controlled by the GodMan was
7、evil and enslaved by his sense of sin,God was all,he would work for mans salvationTo study his handiwork,the natural world,the human worldin collision withTo worship the God himselfFranklinEdwardsTwo Basic Patterns of Thought Deism:P28 The deists hold that God is indeed the creator of the universe,“
8、the maker of the clock,”but He has left it to operate according to natural law.Thus the best way to worship God is to study his handiwork,namely,the natural world and the human world,and to do good things to mankind.（自然神教派，宗教（自然神教派，宗教与启蒙精神相结合的产物）与启蒙精神相结合的产物）Calvinism:P28 is also called Calvinist bel
9、iefs and tenets that man was,since the Fall,basically evil and enslaved by his sense of sin,and that God was all,and would in His mercy and love work for mans salvation,but as for man,all he could do(if ever there was anything he could do)was to worship the Almighty and hope.the stance of Calvinism
10、under the impact of Newtons idea(P28)Jonathan Edwards 爱德华兹(17031758)P29 Life Born in a very religious New England family Graduated from Yale Worked as a minister and was an important figure in“Great Awakening”Dismissed from his position because of fierce religious controversy at that time Lived and
11、meditated in solitude;wrote some books(P29)Great Awakening:宗教大觉醒运动 Edwards used Calvinist beliefs and tenets to stage a serious of religious revivals known as the“Great Awakening”in North America from 1735 to 1750.Analysis Influenced by the new ideas of Enlightenment,such as empiricismStill a pious
12、Puritan His sense of Gods overwhelming presence in nature and in soul anticipated the Transcendentalism.(P32)First modern American and the countrys last medieval man P29-30Edwards was obviously grappling in all his intellectual lift with the knotty problem of reconciling Puritan ideas with the new r
13、ationalism 新理性主语新理性主语of Locke洛克派洛克派 and Newton.Works P29(1)The Freedom of the Will论意论意志自由志自由(2)The Great Doctrine of Original Sin Defended 论原罪论原罪(3)The Nature of True Virtue论论真实德行的本原真实德行的本原Jonathan Edwards Points of view1)Passion for the religion:P31 “Personal Narrative”自述自述，a spiritual autobiograph
14、yJonathan Edwards Points of view我感觉这样一股力量：我感觉这样一股力量：.和耶稣单独相和耶稣单独相处，处，用神圣而神圣的爱爱他，相信他，依用神圣而神圣的爱爱他，相信他，依仗他，追随他，奉献所有，满心虔诚。仗他，追随他，奉献所有，满心虔诚。I felt an ardency热烈热烈 of soul to be.to be full of Christ alone;to love him with a holy and pure love;to trust in him;to live upon him;to serve and follow him;and to
15、be perfectly sanctified神圣化的神圣化的 and made pure,with a divine and heavenly purity.Jonathan Edwards Points of view(2)Regeneration of man(人的来人的来世世)P31 He urges his people to enjoy the sweetness of“conversion”(转变转变),the change of heart with the help of the grace of God.Jonathan Edwards Points of view(3)G
16、ods presence 上帝的存在上帝的存在:P31 God is the source of all being,the substance of all life.God made the world by an extension of Himself,he manifests Himself in nature and man,and that man,being a part of God,is divine(神圣的神圣的).Jonathan Edwards Points of view(4)Puritan idealism：P32 Everything is an image o
17、r shadow of the divine.The extreme fierceness and extraordinary power of lightning-the wrath of God The sun rises out of darkness and from under the earth-Jesus Christ rising from His grave and from a state of death and bringing happiness,life and light to the world of man.Benjamin Franklin 富兰克林富兰克林
18、(1706-1790)Benjamin Franklin(17061790)printer,editor,inventor,scientist,opened his own print shop for 20 yearsof the lightning rod 避雷避雷针针made experiment with a kite,proving that lightning was electricity.published the Pennsylvania Gazette(newspaper)Benjamin Franklin（17061790）a member of the group th
19、at wrote the Declaration of IndependenceMore about his political life?founded the first public library,organized the first fire department and the first paid police force,founded a school and a hospital.the great man of letters Autobiography自传自传 Poor Richards Almanac 穷穷理查德历书理查德历书 politician,public-s
20、pirited citizen,prose writer Franklins Contributions to SocietyP33 He helped found the Pennsylvania Hospital.He founded an academy which led to the University of Pennsylvania.And he helped found the American Philosophical Society美国哲学社团.Franklins Contributions to ScienceP33He was also remembered for
21、volunteer fire departments,effective street lighting,the Franklin stove,bifocal glasses and efficient heating devices.And for his lightning-rod,he was called“the new Prometheus who had stolen fire from heaven.”Franklins Contributions to the U.SP33-34.He was the only American to sign the four documen
22、ts that created the United States:The Declaration of Independence,The Treaty of Alliance with France,The Treaty of Peace with England,The ConstitutionPoor Richards Almanac 穷查理的年历穷查理的年历 P34 Was kept being published for a quarter of a century;includes poems and essays,a good many adages(格言格言)and witti
23、cisms(妙语连珠妙语连珠)Lost time is never found again,A penny saved is a penny earned,God helps those that help themselves,“Fish and visitors stink in three days,Early to bed,and early to rise,makes a man healthy,wealthy,and wise“.A book that is published every year giving information for that year Autobiog
24、raphy?A story that a person writes about his or her own life is called an autobiography.Autobiographies are written in first-person point of view,and biographies in third-person point of view.Autobiography自传自传P35 It is regarded as one of the most important works of American literature produced durin
25、g the 18th century.It is a record of a man rising to wealth and fame from a state of poverty and obscurity.an account of the colorful career of Americas first self-made 白手起家的白手起家的man.The Autobiographyfirst of its kind in literature Writing when he was 65 An introduction of his life to his own son In
26、cluding four parts written in different time Puritan document:Puritanisms influence,such as self-examination自我审视自我审视 and self-improvement自我完善自我完善(timetable,thirteen virtues,life style)Enlightenment spirits(mans nature good,rights of liberty,virtues includes“order”)AutobiographyIt is a Puritan docume
27、nt-it is a record of self-examination(自我审视自我审视)and self-improvement(自我完善自我完善)AutobiographyIt is an elucidation(阐述阐述)of the fact that Franklin was spokesman for enlightenment.AutobiographyThe style:it is the pattern of Puritan simplicity,directness,and concision(言简言简意赅意赅).The narrative is lucid(易懂的易懂
28、的),the structure is simple,the imagery is homely(朴素的朴素的).an exemplary illustration of the American style of writing.Autobiography“To help myself live without fault,I made a list of what I considered the 13 virtues.These virtues are:1.Temperance 2.Self-control 3.Silence 4.Order 5.Firmness 6.Savings 7
29、.Industry 8.Honesty 9.Justice 10.Cleanliness 11.Calmness 12.Morality 13.Humbleness”节制饮食，自我克制，沉默寡言，有条不紊，坚节制饮食，自我克制，沉默寡言，有条不紊，坚定信念，勤俭节约，工作勤奋，忠诚老实，办事定信念，勤俭节约，工作勤奋，忠诚老实，办事公正，衣履整洁，平心静气，品行高尚，谦虚恭公正，衣履整洁，平心静气，品行高尚，谦虚恭顺顺 The Autobiography is a record of self-examination自我审视 and self-improvement自我完善.Benjamin
30、Franklin was a spokesman for the new order of the 18th century enlightenment The Autobiography is a how-to-do-it book,a book on the art of self-improvement.(for example,Franklins 13 virtues)Through telling a success story of self-reliance,the book celebrates,in fact,the fulfillment of the American dream.The Autobiography is in the pattern of Puritan simplicity,directness,and concision.EvaluationFranklin美国文化传统中的两大因素：美国文化传统中的两大因素：精神上的理想主义精神上的理想主义idealismidealism和生活中的个人主义和生活中的个人主义individualismindividualism，在弗兰克，在弗兰克林的毕生实践中完满的结林的毕生实践中完满的结合在了一起。合在了一起。
