1、阅读专题-细节题一、题型特点与命题方式所谓细节题，是指原文提到了某事物、现象或理论，题干针对原文具体叙述本身发问。细节事实理解题主要考查考生对文章中某一些特定细节或文章的重要实事的理解能力。它一般包括直接理解题和语义理解题两种。直接理解题的答案与原文直接挂钩，从阅读材料中可以找到。这种题难度低，只要学生读懂文章，就能得分，属于低层次题。而语义理解题须将题目信息与原文相关信息进行语义上的转换才能得出结论。这类题目要求考生能理解原文中某个短语或句子的含义，从而找到与答案意思相同的词语和句子。这类试题旨在考查考生对事实细节的确定。这类试题一般只针对文章中某一特定的细节，也可能涉及若干个细节，或者针对
2、文章的主要事实，或利用图形图表或地图来表示信息等。此类试题一般又可分为两类：一是直接理解题，答案可在原文中直接找到;二是词义转换题，答案是原文中有关词语和句子的转换，而不能在原文中直接找到。一般包括直接理解题（在原文中可直接找到答案，常用who, what, when, where, why和how等提问。）语义转化题（需要将题目信息与原文相关信息进行语义上的转换，两者存在表达上的差异，有时需要进行加工或整理后方能得出结论）、数字计算题、排列顺序题、图表图画题等。抓住文段中的事实和细节是做好该题型的关键，也是做好其它类型问题的基础。这类题型的题干常为：When / Where did the
3、story happen?Which of the following statements is (not) correct?Which of the following statements is (not) mentioned in the passage?Which is the right order of the events given in the passage?All the statements are true exceptWhichofthefollowingstatementsistrue/NOTtrue/false,accordingtothepassage?Ch
4、oosetherightorderoftheeventsgiveninthepassage?该题型几乎都可以在文章中直接找到与答案有关的信息，或是其变体。所以，搜查信息在阅读中非常重要，它包括理解作者在叙述某事时使用的具体事实、数据、图表等细节信息。在一篇短文里大部分篇幅都属于这类围绕主体展开的细节。做这类题一般采用寻读法，即先读题，然后带着问题快速阅读短文，找出与问题有关的词语或句子，再对相关部分进行分析对比，找出答案。二、解题思路与应试技巧 细节题是针对文中某个细节、某句话或某部分具体内容设置问题，正确答案的根据一定可以在原文中找到，即原文的改写往往成为正确选项。通常细节题的正确选项有以下
5、特征：1、对原文句子中的关键词进行替换。把原文中的一些词换成意义相近的词，成为正确选项。2、词性或者语态的变化。把原文中的一些词变换一下词性，或者改变原文句子的语态，给考生制造障碍。3、语言简化。把原文中的复杂语言现象进行简化，成为正确答案。4、正话反说。把原文中的意思反过来表达而成为正确选项（适用于寻找错误选项的题目）。干扰项也是以文章中的某个细节设题，若不仔细辨别，很容易把它当成正确选项。干扰项有以下特征：1、将原文内容扩大或缩小。把原文中的限定词去掉或替换，使该选项看似正确，实际上却是错误选项。2、把未然当已然。改变文中某句话的时态，如把将来时变成现在时，把未发生的事情当成已发生的事情。
6、3、无中生有。即选项内容是根据主观想象或推测得出的结论，而文中并未涉及。4、偷换概念。把原来做该事的“张三”换成“李四”，所述细节确实与原文一致，一不小心就会误选。5、文不对题。这类题最不容易辨别，选项中的描述与原文完全一致，确属原文中的一个细节，这时要回到题干，看该选项是否能回答题干所提的问题。解读细节题的不同类型：1、直接信息题对此类题型，考生可以首先从问题中找到关键词，然后以此为线索，运用略读及查阅的技巧在文中迅速寻找这一细节，找到后再把这一部分内容仔细阅读一遍，仔细比较所给选项与文中细节的细微区别，在准确理解细节的前提下，最后确定最佳答案。 2、间接信息题做这类题目时，考生需要对原文信
7、息进行加工处理，然后再进行进一步的推理或鉴别，这是介于事实细节题和推理判断题之间的一种题型，对考生来说有一定难度。3、数字计算题数字计算题也是近几年高考中常考的内容，此类试题是在文章中直接表现出来细节事实，有的要经过具体的计算才能够得出正确的答案。具体的计算题可以是对年代的计算、月份的计算或比例的计算等。文章中经常会出现许多数字，它们对解题产生一定的影响。解答此类试题的方法是先来理解文章的大意，然后经过对比、分析、计算等就能够得出正确的答案。4、排列顺序题这种试题要求考生根据事件发生的先后顺序和句子之间的逻辑关系，找出事件发生的正确顺序。做这种题时可采用“首尾定位法”，即最先找出第一个事件和最
8、后一个事件，迅速缩小选择范围，从而快速选出正确答案。5、图表图画题在有图表图画的阅读理解中，有的图表图画出现在阅读理解文章中，有的出现在选项中，这些图片的出现增加了试题的直观性，同时也暗含着和文章内容相关的信息。在解答此类试题的时候，一定要把握图表图画中所暗含的信息，特别是有些事实是通过图片来叙述的，我们可以采用按图寻找正确答案的方法。【例】71. The chart shows that from 2005 to 2008, _. A. the percentage of the Spanish families with a computer rose 35 points B. the p
9、ercentage of the White families with a computer remained unchanged C. the number of the Black families with a computer was on the decrease D. the number of the Asian families with a computer showed the sharpest increase【解析】D。请看原文中的柱形图：由柱形图可以清楚地看出，拥有电脑的亚洲家庭的数量急剧增加，其他三项表述都与图表不符，故D项正确。专项练习：【考例1】For man
10、y parents, raising a teenager is like fighting a long war, but years go by without any clear winner. Like a border conflict between neighboring countries, the parent-teen war is about boundaries: Where is the line between what I control and what you do?Q:Why does the author compare the parent-teen w
11、ar to a border conflict?A. Both can continue for generations B. Both are about where to draw the line C. Neither has any clear winner D. Neither can be put to an end 【考例2】 The researchers studied cultural differences in the recognition of facial expressions by recording the eye movements of 13 Weste
12、rn Caucasian and 13 East Asian people while they observed pictures of expressive faces and put them into categories: happy, sad, surprised, fearful, disgusted, angry, or neutral. They compared how accurately participants read those facial expressions using their particular eye movement strategies.Q:
13、What were the people asked to do in the study?A. To make a face at each other. B. To get their faces impressive.C. To classify some face pictures. D. To observe the researchers faces.【考例3】 Confucius suggested Rule as a principle for the conduct of “Do not do to others what you would not want others
14、to you. ”He assumed that all men were equal at birth, though some potential than others, and that it was knowledge that set men apart. Socrates focused on individual, and thought that the greatest purpose of man was to seek wisdom. He believed that some had more potential to develop their reason tha
15、n others did. Like Confucius, he believed that the superior class should rule the inferior(下层的)classes.Q:Socrates shared with Confucius the idea that .A. all men were equal when they were bornB. the lower classes should be ruled by the upper classC. the purpose of man was to seek freedom and wisdomD
16、. people should not ask others to do what they did not want to【考例4】Since Beijings first ski resort was opened ten years ago, the sport has enjoyed astonishing increase. There are now more than a dozen resorts. Clothes markets in the cityhave added bright colored ski suits to their winter collections
17、. Mr. Wei, a manager of a newly-opened ski resort in Beijing, sees the growth of an industry that could soon lead Chinese to head for the ski resorts of Europe. In recent years ski resorts offering natural snow have opened in China. But many are in faraway areas of the country and cant really match
18、the equipment and services of some ski resorts in Europe.Q:Why are some Chinese likely to go skiing in Europe?A. To visit more ski areas. B. To ski on natural snow.C. For a large collection of ski suits. D. For better services and equipment.【考例5】He longs for conversations with an editor who will hel
19、p him turn his good ideas into great ones. He wants someone to get excited about what hes doing and to help him turn his story idea upside down and inside out, exploring the best ways to report it. He wants to be more valuable for your paper. Thats what you want for him, too, isnt it? Q:What does th
20、e reporter want most from his editors in their talks?A. Finding the news value of his stories. B. Giving him financial support.C. Helping him to find issues. D. Improving his good ideas【考例6】But Parbati doesnt catch elephants just for fun. “My work,” she says, “is to rescue man from the elephants, an
21、d to keep the elephants safe from man.” And this is exactly what Parbati has been doing for many years. Increasingly, the Indian elephant is angry: for many years, illegal hunters have attacked it and its home in the jungle has been reduced to small pieces of land. It is now fighting back. Whenever
22、wild elephants enter a tea garden or a village, Parbati is called to guide the animals back to the jungle before they can kill.Q:For Parbati, catching elephants is mainly to .A. get long lasting excitement B. keep both man and elephants safeC. send them back to the jungle D. make the angry elephants
23、 tame【考例7】Parbati hasnt always lived in the jungle. After a happy childhood hunting with her father, she was sent to boarding school in the city. But Parbati never got used to being there and many years later she went back to her old life. “Life in the city is too dull. Catching elephants is an adve
24、nture and the excitement lasts for days after the chase,” she says.Q:Before Parbati studied in a boarding school, _.A. she spent her time hunting with her father B. she learned how to sing love songsC. she had already been called an elephant princess D. she was taught how to hunt tigers【考例8】It is ha
25、rdly surprising that clothing manufacturers （生产商）follow certain uniform standards for various features（特征）of clothes. What seems strange , however, is that the standard adopted for women is the opposite of the one for men. Take a look at the way your clothes button. Mens clothes tend to button from
26、the right, and womens form the left. Considering most of the worlds population-men and women-are right-handed, the mens standard would appear to make more sense for women. So why do womens clothes button from the left? Q:What is surprising about the standard of the clothing industry?A. It has been f
27、ollowed by the industry for over 400 years.B. It is different for mens clothing and womens.C. It works better with men than with women. D. It fails to consider right-handed people.【考例9】 The engineer Camillo Olivetti was 40 years old when he started the company in 1908. At his factory in Ivera, he de
28、signed and produced the first Italian typewriter. Today the companys head office is still in Ivrea, near Turin, but the company is much larger than it was in those days and there are offices all around the world.By 1930 there was a staff of 700 and the company turned out 13,000 machines a year. Some
29、 went to customers in Italy, but Olivetti exported more typewriters to other countries. Q:From the text we learn that_.A. by 1930 Olivetti produced 13,000 typewriters a yearB. Olivetti earned more in the 1960s than in the 1950sC. some of Olivettis 700 staff regularly visited customers in ItalyD. Oli
30、vetti set up offices in other countries from the very beginning【考例10】After World War , the population of most large American cities decreased; however, the population in many Sun Belt cities increased. Los Angeles and Houston are cities where population shifts（转移）to and from the city reflect the cha
31、nging values of American society. In the late 1940s and early 1950s, city residents（居民）became wealthier. They had more children so they needed more space. They moved out of their apartments in the city to buy their own homes. They bought houses in the suburbs（郊区）. Q:Why did American city residents w
32、ant to live in the suburbs after World War ?A. Because older American cities were dying.B. Because they were richer and needed more space.C. Because cities contained the worst pare of society.D. Because they could hardly afford a live in the city.【考例11】When I was growing up in America, I was ashamed
33、 of my mothers Chinese English. Because of her English, she was often treated unfairly. People in department stores, at banks, and at restaurants did not take her seriously, did not give her good service, pretended not to understand her, or even acted as if they did not hear her.Q:Why was the author
34、s mother poorly served？ A. She was unable to speak good English. B. She was often misunderstood.C. She was not clearly heard. D. She was not very polite. W【考例12】My mother has realized the limitations of her English as well. When I was fifteen, she used to have me call people on phone to pretend I wa
35、s she. I was forced to ask for information or even to yell at people who had been rude to her. One time I had to call her stockbroker (股票经纪人).I said in an adolescent voice that was not very convincing, “This is Mrs. Tan.”Q:From Paragraph 2, we know that the author was .A. good a pretending B. rude t
36、o the stockbrokerC. ready to help her mother D. unwilling to phone for her mother【考例13】The little baby whaleactually as big as our boatwas obviously stuck and could not move. The mother dived under the water and came up suddenly, making big whirlpools(漩涡) and waves. “Shes trying to help her baby, bu
37、t on the wrong side,” my father said. At this point, my father moved our boat in a semicircle to the other side and, heading the boat towards the baby whale, pushed it gently.Q:The mother whale failed to help her baby because_.A. she had stayed in the polluted water for too long B. the whirlpools sh
38、e had made were not big enough C. she had no other whales around to turn to for helpD. the waves pushed her baby in the wrong direction 【考例14】Fashion designer Angela Barnard, who runs her own fashion business in London, said older women were much more affected by celebrity(名流) style than in previous
39、 years .She said, “When people see stars such as Judi Dench and Helen Mirren looking attractive and fashionable in their sixties, they want to follow them. Older women are much more aware of celebrities .Theres also the boom in TV programmes showing people how they can change their look, and many of
40、 my older customers do yoga to stay in shape well in their fifties.Q:What can we learn about old women in terms of fashion？A. They are often ignored by fashion designers. B. They are now more easily influenced by stars.C. They are regarded as pioneers in the latest fashion.D. They are more intereste
41、d in clothes because of their old age.【考例15】Andy rode slowly on his way to school, day-dreaming about the fishing trip that his father had promised him. He was so busy dreaming about all the fish he would catch that he was unaware of everything else around him.He rode along until a strange around dr
42、ew him to the present. He came to a stop and looked curiously up to the heavens. What he saw shocked him. A huge swarm of bees filled the sky like clack cloud and the buzzing mass seemed to be heading angrily towards him. Q:Why did Andy fail to notice the swarm of bees earlier?A. He was riding to sc
43、hool. B. He was listening to a strange sound.C. He was going fishing with his father. D. He was lost in the thought of the fishing trip.【考例16】Every day we experience one of the wonders of the world around us without even realizing it. It is not the amazing complexity of television. Nor the impressiv
44、e technology of transport. The universal wonder we share and experience is our ability to make noises with our mouths, and so transmit ideas and thoughts to each others minds. This ability comes so naturally that we tend to forget what a miracle（奇迹）it is. Q:According to the passage, the wonder we ta
45、ke for granted is .A. our ability to use language B. the miracle of technologyC. the amazing power of nature D. our ability to make noises with mouth【考例17】It was a village in India. The people were poor. However, they were not unhappy. After all, their forefathers had lived in the same way for centu
46、ries. Then one day, some visitors from the city arrived. They told the villagers there were some people elsewhere who liked to eat frogs legs. However, they did not have enough frogs of their own, and so they wanted to buy frogs from other places.Q:From paragraph 1 we learn that the villagers _.A. w
47、orked very hard for centuries B. dreamed of having a better lifeC. were poor but somewhat content D. lived a different life from their forefathers【考例18】This seemed like money for nothing. There were millions of frogs in the fields around, and they were no use to the villagers. All they had to do was
48、 catch them. Agreement was reached, and the children were sent into the fields to catch frogs. Every week a truck arrived to collect the catch and hand over the money. For the first time, the people were able to dream of a better future. But the dream didnt last long. Q:Why did the villagers agree to sell frogs?A. the frogs were easy money
