1、高中英语语法之动名词定义：动名词是一种兼有动词和名词特征的非限定动词。它可以支配宾语，也能被副词修饰。动名词有时态和语态的变化。解释：动词的ing形式如果是名词，这个词称动名词。特征：动词原形+ing构成，具有名词，动词一些特征 一、动名词的作用动名词具有名词的性质，因此在句中可以作主语、表语、宾语、定语等。1、作主语Reading is an art. 读书是一种艺术。 Climbing mountains is really fun. 爬山真是有趣Working in these conditions is not a pleasure but a suffer. 在这种工作条件下工作不是
2、一件愉快的事而是一件痛苦的事。动名词作主语，有时先用it作形式主语，把动名词置于句末。这种用法在习惯句型中常用。如：It is no use/no good crying over spilt milk. 覆水难收It is a waste of time persuading such a person to join us. 劝说这样的人加入真是浪费时间。It was hard getting on the crowded street car. 上这种拥挤的车真难。It is fun playing with children. 和孩子们一起玩真好。There is no joking
3、about such matters. 对这种事情不是开玩笑。动名词作主语的几种类型 动名词可以在句子中充当名词所能充当的多种句子成分。在这里仅就动名词在句子中作主语的情况进行讨论。 动名词作主语有如下几种常见情况： 1. 直接位于句首做主语。例如： Swimming is a good sport in summer. 2. 用 it 作形式主语，把动名词(真实主语)置于句尾作后置主语。 动名词做主语时，不太常用 it 作先行主语，多见于某些形容词及名词之后。例如： It is no use telling him not to worry. 常见的能用于这种结构的形容词还有：better，
4、wonderful，enjoyable，interesting，foolish，difficult，useless，senseless，worthwhile，等。 注意：important，essential，necessary 等形容词不能用于上述结构。 3. 用于“There be”结构中。例如： There is no saying when hell come.很难说他何时回来。 4. 用于布告形式的省略结构中。例如： No smoking ( =No smoking is allowed (here) ). （禁止吸烟） No parking. （禁止停车）5. 动名词的复合结构作主
5、语 当动名词有自己的逻辑主语时，常可以在前面加上一个名词或代词的所有格，构成动名词的复合结构(这时，名词或代词的所有格做动名词的逻辑主语)。动名词的复合结构也可以在句中作主语。例如： Their coming to help was a great encouragement to us. 6.例词 shopping fishing cycling这些都是很常见的动名词二、动名词作主语与动词不定式作主语的比较 动词不定式和动名词都可以用作主语。在意义上相近。但动名词多用来表示泛指或抽象动作，不定式多用来表示特指或具体动作。比较： Smoking is not good for health.
6、It is not good for you to smoke so much. 注意： 1)在口语中，用动名词作主语位于句首的较不定式多见。 2)在“It is no use.”，“It is no good.”，“It is fun.”，“It is a waste of time.”等句型中，通常用动名词作真实主语： It is no use/good/a waste of time talking about that. *It is no use/good/a waste of time to talk about that. 3)在疑问句中，通常用动名词的复合结构，而不用不定式的复
7、合结构作主语： Does your saying that mean anything to him? *Does for you to say that mean anything to him? 4)在“There be”句型中，只能用动名词，而不能用不定式作主语： There is no telling what will happen. It is impossible to tell what will happen. 5)当句子中的主语和表语都是非限定动词时，要遵循前后一致的原则，主语和表语在形式上要求统一： Seeing is believing. *To see is to b
8、elieve.2、作宾语（1）作动词的宾语某些动词后出现非限定性动词时只能用动名词作宾语，不能用不定式。常见的此类动词有：advise, allow, permit, avoid, consider, enjoy, finish, give up, cannot help, imagine, include, keep, keep on, mind, miss, put off, delay, practise, resist, suggest, depend on, think about, set about, succeed in, worry about, burst out, ins
9、ist on, cant stand, be used to, get used to, devoteto, look forward to, pay attention to, get down to,escape 等。如：They went on walking and never stopped talking. 他们继续走，说个不停。I found it pleasant walking along the seashore. 在海滩上走真是乐事。Mark often attempts to escape being fined whenever he breaks traffic r
10、egulations. 每当马克违反交通规则时，他常常企图逃避罚款的处分。（2）作介词的宾语We are thinking of making a new plan for the next term. 我们正考虑为下学期制定新的计划。Shall we have a rest or get down to doing our work? 我们休息呢还是开始干活？（3）作形容词的宾语The music is well worth listening to more than once. 这种曲子很值得多听几遍。We are busy preparing for the coming sports
11、 meet. 我们正为马上到来的运动会忙着做准备。3、作表语动名词作表语时句子主语常是表示无生命的事物的名词或what引导的名词性从句。表语动名词与主语通常是对等的关系，表示主语的内容，主语、表语可互换位置。Your task is cleaning the windows. 你的任务就是擦窗户。(Cleaning the windows is your task.)What I hate most is being laughed at. 我最痛恨的就是被别人嘲笑。 (Being laughed at is what I hate most.)4、作定语动名词作定语往往表示被修饰词的某种用途
12、。如：a walking stick a stick for walking=a stick which is used for walkinga washing machine=a machine for washing=a machine which is used for washinga reading room=a room for reading=a room which is used for readinga measuring tape=a tape for measuring=a tape which is used for measuringsleeping pills=
13、pills for sleeping=pills which is used for sleeping二、动名词的逻辑主语带有逻辑主语的动名词称为动名词的复合结构。当动名词的逻辑主语与句子的主语不一致时，要在动名词之前加上物主代词或名词所有格，这便构成了动名词的复合结构。其中物主代词（名词所有格）是逻辑上的主语，动名词是逻辑上的谓语。动名词复合结构在句中可作主语、宾语、表语等，分别相当于一个主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句。如：Her coming to help encouraged all of us. 他来帮忙鼓舞了我们所有人。 (=That she came to help encoura
14、ged all of us.) Janes being careless caused so much trouble. 简的粗心惹来了不少麻烦。 (=That Jane was careless caused so much trouble.)Whats troubling them is their not having enough food. 烦扰他们的是食物不足。 (=Whats troubling them is that they have not enough food.)在口语中，如果动名词复合结构作宾语，其中的物主代词常用人称代词宾格，名词所有格常用名词普通格来代替，但在句
15、首作主语时不能这样来代替。如：Would you mind my/me using your computer? 用下你的电脑介意吗？The father insisted on his sons/his son going to college. 爸爸坚决要求儿子上大学。Marys (不可用Mary) being ill made her mother upset. 玛丽病了，使她妈妈很着急。His (不可用Him)smoking made his family angry. 他抽烟使他一家人非常生气。在下列情况下动名词的逻辑主语必须用名词的普通格或人称代词宾语：a.无命名词The baby
16、 was made awake by the door suddenly shutting. 这个婴儿被猛烈的关门声吵醒。b. 有生命名词但表示泛指意义Have you ever heard of women practising boxing? 你听说过妇女练拳击吗？c. 两个以上的有生命名词并列Do you remember your parents and me telling about this? 你记得你父母和我都告诉过你这事吗？ 三、动名词的时态和语态动名词的时态和语态如下：主动语态、被动语态、一般式writing、being written、完成式having written、
17、having been written其否定形式是在doing前加上not1、动名词一般式表示的动作通常是一般性动作，即不是明确地发生在过去、现在或将来的动作，或是与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生的动作。如：I hate talking with such people. 我讨厌与这样的人说话。Being careless is not a good habit. 粗心不是一个好习惯。2、动名词的完成式表示的动作发生在谓语动词动作之前。如：I dont remember having met him before. 我记不得以前见过他。Thank you for having taking so
18、 much trouble to help. 谢谢你费力帮忙。3、动名词的逻辑主语同时也是动名词动作的承受者，动名词用被动语态。（1）它的一般式表示的动作与谓语动词动作同时发生，或在其前发生。如：I dont like being laughed at in public. 在公共场合下，我不喜欢被别人嘲笑。（2）它的完成式表示的动作发生在谓语动词之前。如：I am very pleased at your having been honoured with a medal. 我很高兴你能获得这样的奖牌。（3）在某些动词，我们常用动名词的一般式表示完成式，尽管动作发生在谓语动词动作之前，这似乎
19、是一种强大的习惯。如：Excuse me for being late. 我来晚了请你原谅。I dont remember ever meeting somewhere. 我记不得原来在什么地方见过。Thank you for giving us so much help. 谢谢给我们这么大的帮助。（4）在多数情况下都避免使用动名词被动语态完成式，而用一般式代替，以免句子显得累赘，尤其是在口语中。如：I forget once being taken (having been taken ) to the city zoo. 我曾被带到过这个动物园，可我忘了。（5）动名词被动语态一般式与现在分
20、词被动语态一般式同形，但无进行意义，being不可省略。如：She is afraid of being taken to the public. 她怕被领到大众面前。 四、常见题型：1） 动名词做主语时，谓语动词为单数2） 在动名词和不定式中，作为介词的宾语是动名词3） 动名词的否定直接在其前加否定词，通过代词的宾格或所有格形式给出逻辑主语例：I would appreciate_ back this afternoon.Ayou to call Byou call Cyou calling Dyoure calling（Key：C；换成your calling也对）4） 有些词后只能接动名
21、词admit; appreciate; avoid; celebrate; consider; contemplate; defer; delay; deny; detest; discontinue; dislike; dispute; enjoy; it entails; escape; excuse; explain; fancy; feel like; finish; forgive; cant help; hinder; imagine; it involves; keep; it means; mention; mind; miss; it necessitates; pardon
22、; postpone; practice; prevent; recall; report; resent; resist; risk; suggest; understand.5） 另外还有一些接-ing形式的常用说法its no good; its no/little/hardly any/ use; its not/hardly/scarcely use; its worthwhile; spend money/time; theres no; theres no point in; theres nothing worse than; whats the use/point.6） 有些
23、词后面加不定式和动名词均可remember, forget, try, stop, go on, cease, mean后面均可用不定式和-ing形式，但意义截然不容。例：remember to do/doing：I remembered to post the letters.（指未来/过去未来将要做的动作）I remembered posting/having posted the letters.（我记得做过这个动作）forget与remember的用法类似。regret的用法：I regret to inform you that（我很遗憾地通知你） I regretted havin
24、g left the firm after twenty years.（为了“二十年前的离开”而遗憾。）try to（努力）与try +ing（试验）：You really must try to overcome your shyness.Try practicing five hours a day. 五、动名词与现在分词的同与不同动名词它在形式上与现在分词相同，都是在动词原形的词末加-ing。在现代语法中，这两种形式同视为-ing形式。 这两种形式的另一个相同之处是：它们都是由动词变化而成的，它们都保留了动词的某些特征，它们都能带自己的宾语、状语，而构成动名词短语或是现在分词短语去担当句
25、子成分。例如：Speaking in the public , he will surely be very cheerful .（现在分词短语，作状语）他在公众场所讲话时总是兴高采烈的。She hates speaking in the public.（动名词短语，作宾语）她不喜欢在公众场所讲话。区别：1动名词和现在分词都可以用于系动词之后作表语,区别方法是: 作表语的动名词与主语指的是同一件事,此时系动词相当于“是”,通常把主语和表语的位置互换,语法和意思不变,例如: My hobby is swimming.可改为Swimming is my hobby.(可将原句中的主语与表语位置互换
26、) 现在分词作表语主要用以说明主语的性质,不能与主语互换位置,例如: The story is interesting .不可改为:Interesting is the story. 2动名词和现在分词都可以用作定语来修饰名词,两者的区别在于: 动名词修饰名词时主要表示该名词的用途,而现在分词修饰名词时性质状态或动作等试比较: a swimming boy和a swimming suit 前者的意思是“一个正在游泳的男孩”,即a boy who is swimming ,现在分词swimming 表示被修饰名词boy的动作;而后者的意思是“游泳衣”,即a suit for swimming ,
27、 动名词swimming表示suit 的用途 a sleeping child 和 a sleeping car 前者的意思是“一个正在睡觉的孩子”,即a child who is sleeping ,现在分词sleeping 表示被修饰名词 child 正处于的状态;而后者的意思是“卧车(被用来睡觉的车厢)”,即 a car which is used for sleeping ,动名词 sleeping 表示car 的用途练习1） Mark often attempts to escape _ whenever he breaks traffic regulations。A）shaving
28、sbeen fined B） to have been fined C） to be fined D） being fined2） My wife said in her letter that she would appreciate _ from you sometime。A） to have heard B） to hear C） for hearing D） hearing3） The thief took away the womans wallet without_。A） being seen B） seeing C） him seeing D） seeing him4） Peop
29、le appreciate _wit him because he has a good sense of humor。 （CET4 1998，1）A） to work B） to have worked C） working D） have working5） Ive enjoyed _ to talk with you。A） to be able B） being able C） to been able D） of being able6） No one can avoid _ by advertisements。A） to be influenced B） being influenc
30、ed C） influencing D）shavingsinfluence7） They are considering _ before the prices go up。A） of buying the house B） with buying the house C） buying the house D） to buy the house8） He thought that _。A） the effort doing the job was not worth B） the effort was not worth in doing the jobC） it was not worth
31、 the effort doing the job D） it was not worth the effort by doing the job9） If I had remembered _ the door， the things would not have been stolen。A） to lock B） locking C） to have locked D）shavingslocked10） Your shirt needs _。 Youd better have it done today。A） iron B） to iron C） ironing D） being iron
32、ed11） You cant help _ commercials; every few minutes the program is interrupted to give you one advertisement or another。A） to hear B） to be heard C） hearing D） with hearing12） My transistor radio isnt working。 It _。A） need repairing B） needs to repair C） needs repairing D） need to be repaired13） It
33、 is no use _ me not to worry。A） you tell B） your telling C） for you to have told D）shavingstold14） He is very busy _ his papers。 He is far too busy _ callers。A） to write ；to receive B） writing ；to receiveC） writing ；receiving D） to write ；for receiving15）The suspect at last admitted _ stolen goods b
34、ut denied _ them。A） receiving。selling B） to receive。to sellC） to receiving。to selling D） to have received。to have sold16） She apologized for _ to come。A） her not being able B） her being not ableC） not being able D） that shes not able to17）I really appreciate _ to help me， but I am sure that I can ma
35、nage by myself。A） you to offer B） that you offer C） your offering D） that you are offering18） Please stop _， boys， I have something important to _ you。A） saying 。talk B） telling 。 sayC） talking 。speak D） talking 。 tell19） Tony， would you go and see if Sam has any difficulty _ his tape recorder？A） to
36、 fix B） fixing C） for fixing D） fix20）“Why isnt Nancy going to meet us？”“Its my fault。 I forgot all about _ her。”A） telephoning to B） to telephone C） to telephone to D） the telephoning to21）“Why were you late？”“I had a hard time _ up this morning。”A） to get B） get C） got D） getting22）I remember _ to
37、 help us if we ever gotsintostrouble。A） once offering B） him once offering C） him to offer D） to offer him23）John regretted _ to the meeting last week。A） not going B） not to go C） notshavingsbeen going D） not to be going24） It is difficult to get used _ in a tent aftershavingsa soft， comfortable bed
38、 to lie on。A） sleep B） to sleeping C） slept D） to sleep25） He gives people the impression _ many poems。A） ofshavingswritten B） to have written C） of being written D） to write26） Do you feel like _ out or would you rather _ dinner at home？A） going。to have B） to go。to have C） to go。having D） going。hav
39、e27） Prior to _ the formal speech， first he will introduce himself。A） delivering B） deliver C） being delivering D） being delivered28）I dont mind _ by bus， but I hate _ in queues。A） to travel。standing B）shavingstraveled。standingC） traveling。to stand D） traveling。standing29）What about _ double quantit
40、ies of everything today？ We have hardly time to go_ next week。A） buying。to shop B） buy。shoppingC） buying。shopping D） to buy。shopping 30） We had some trouble _ the house and nobody seemed _swheresit was。A） in finding。knowing B） finding。to knowC） to find。knowing D） to find。to know31）We cant imagine _
41、in the entrance examination， for she has never been to school。A） she succeeding B） her succeeding C） she succeed D） her to succeed32）I dont like _ at me。A） them laughing B） their laugh C） them laugh D） them to have laughed33）We suggested _ in hotels but the children were anxious _ out。A） sleeping。to
42、 camp B） sleeping。campingC） to sleep。to camp D） to sleep。camping34）I have no objection _ the evening with them。A） to spend B） to spending C） of spending D） spending35） After _ for the job， you will be required to take a language test。A） being interviewed B） interviewed C） interviewing D）shavingsinte
43、rviewed36）The match was cancelled because most of the members _ a match without a standard court。A） objected toshavings B） were objected to haveC） objected to have D） were objected to having37）Jean did not have time to go to the concert last night because she was busy _ for her examination。A） to pre
44、pare B） to be prepared C） preparing D） being prepared38）It is no good _ remember grammatical rules。 You need to practise what you have learned。A） trying to B） to try to C） try to D） tried to39）After _ him better， I regretted _ him unfairly。A） getting to know。to judge B） getting to know。to have judge
45、dC） getting to have know。judging D） getting to know。having judged40）He is looking forward to _ his holiday in Britain。A） spend B） have spent C） spending D）shavingsbeen spending41） Before _ the house， you should get a surveyor_ over it。A） buying。looking B）shavingsbought。to lookC） buying。to have looked D） buying。to look42）In some countries people favor _ together even though there is much more space。A） to stay B） stay C） staying D） stayed43）“Why was Fred so upset？”“He isnt used _ criticized。”A） be B） to be C） to being D）shavingsbeen44） It
