1、英语句子成分（一）句子成分的定义：构成句子的各个部分叫做句子成分。句子成分有主要成分和次要成分；主要成分有主语和谓语；次要成分有表语、宾语、定语、状语、补足语和同位语。（二）主语：主语是一个句子所叙述的主体，一般位于句首。但在there be结构、疑问句（当主语不疑问词时）和倒装句中，主语位于谓语、助动词或情态动词后面。主语可由名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词、名词化的形容词和主语从句等表示。例如： During the 1990s, American country music has become more and more popular.（名词） We often speak Engl
2、ish in class.（代词） One-third of the students in this class are girls.（数词） To swim in the river is a great pleasure.（不定式） Smoking does harm to the health.（动名词） The rich should help the poor.（名词化的形容词） When we are going to have an English test has not been decided.（主语从句） It is necessary to master a fore
3、ign language.（it作形式主语，真正的主语为后面的不定式）（三）谓语：谓语说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态。动词在句中作谓语，一般放在主语之后。谓语的构成如下： 1、简单谓语：由一个动词或动词短语构成。如：He practices running every morning. 2、复合谓语：（1）由情态动词或其他助动词加动词原形构成。如：You may keep the book for two weeks. He has caught a bad cold. （2）由系动词加表语构成。如：We are students.（四）表语：表语用以说明主语的身份、特征和状态，它一般位
4、于系动词（如be, become, get, look, grow, turn, seem等）之后。表语一般由名词、代词、形容词、分词、数词、不定式、动名词、介词短语、副词及表语从句表示。例如： Our teacher of English is an American.（名词） Is it yours?（代词） The weather has turned cold.（形容词） The speech is exciting.（分词） Three times seven is twenty one?（数词） His job is to teach English.（不定式） His hobby
5、（爱好）is playing football.（动名词） The machine must be out of order.（介词短语） Time is up. The class is over.（副词） The truth is that he has never been abroad.（表语从句）（五）宾语：宾语表示动作的对象或承爱者，一般位于及物动词和介词后面。例如： They went to see an exhibition（展览）yesterday.（名词） The heavy rain prevented me form coming to school on time.（
6、代词） How many dictionaries do you have? I have five.（数词） They helped the old with their housework yesterday.（名词化形容词） He pretended not to see me.（不定式短语） I enjoy listening to popular music.（动名词短语） I think（that）he is fit for his office.（宾语从句） 宾语种类：（1）双宾语（间接宾语+直接宾语），例如：Lend me your dictionary, please.（2）
7、复合宾语（宾语+宾补），例如：They elected him their monitor.（六）宾语补足语：英语中有些及物动词，除有一个直接宾语以外，还要有一个宾语补语，才能使句子的意义完整。带有宾语补足语的一般句型为：某些及物动词（如make等+宾语+宾补）。宾补可由名词、形容词、副词、不定式、分词、介词短语和从句充当。例如：His father named him Dongming.（名词）They painted their boat white.（形容词）Let the fresh air in.（副词）You mustnt force him to lend his money t
8、o you.（不定式短语）We saw her entering the room.（现在分词）We found everything in the lab in good order.（介词短语）We will soon make our city what your city is now.（从句）（七）定语：修饰名词或代词的词、短语或从句称为定语。定语可由以下等成分表示： Guilin is a beautiful city.（形容词） China is a developing country; America is a developed country.（分词） There are
9、 thirty women teachers is our school.（名词） His rapid progress in English made us surprised.（代词） Our monitor is always the first to enter the classroom.（不定式短语） The teaching plan for next term has been worked out.（动名词） He is reading an article about how to learn English.（介词短语）（八）状语：修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子，说明动
10、作或状态特征的句子成分，叫做状语。可由以下形式表示： Light travels most quickly.（副词及副词性词组） He has lived in the city for ten years.（介词短语） He is proud to have passed the national college entrance examination.（不定式短语） He is in the room making a model plane.（分词短语） Wait a minute.（名词） Once you begin, you must continue.（状语从句） 状语种类如下
11、： How about meeting again at six?（时间状语） Last night she didnt go to the dance party because of the rain.（原因状语） I shall go there if it doesnt rain.（条件状语） Mr Smith lives on the third floor.（地点状语） She put the eggs into the basket with great care.（方式状语） She came in with a dictionary in her hand.（伴随状语） In
12、 order to catch up with the others, I must work harder.（目的状语） He was so tired that he fell asleep immediately.（结果状语） She works very hard though she is old.（让步状语） I am taller than he is.（比较状语）英语句子结构英语句子看上去纷繁庞杂，但仔细观察不外乎五个基本句式。这五个基本句式可以演变出多种复杂的英语句子。换言之，绝大多数英语句子都是由这五个基本句式生成的。这五个基本句式如下：S十V主谓结构S十V十F主系表结构S
13、十V十O主谓宾结构S十V十O1十O2 主谓双宾结构S十V十O十C 主谓宾补结构说明：S主语；V谓语；P表语；O宾语；O1间接宾语；O2直接宾语；C宾语补足语五个基本句式详细解释如下：1S十V句式在此句式中，V是不及物动词，又叫自动词(vi)。例如：He runs quickly他跑得快。They listened carefully他们听得很仔细。He suffered from cold and hunger他挨冻受饿。China belongs to the third world country中国属于第三世界国家。The gas has given out煤气用完了。My ink ha
14、s run out我的钢笔水用完了。2S十V十P句式在此句式中，V是系动词(link v)，常见的系动词有：look，seem，appear，sound，feel，taste，smell，grow，get，fall ill/asleep，stand/sit still，become，turn等。例如：He is older than he looks他比看上去要老。He seen interested in the book他似乎对这本书感兴趣。The story sounds interesting这个故事听起来有趣。The desk feels hard书桌摸起来很硬。The cake t
15、astes nice饼尝起来很香。The flowers smell sweet and nicc花闻起来香甜。You have grown taller than before你长得比以前高了。He has suddenly fallen ill他突然病倒了。He stood quite still他静静地站看。He becomes a teacher when he grew up他长大后当了教师。注意：有些动词同时也是及物动词，可构成SVO句式，例如：He looked me up and down他上下打量我。He reached his hand to feel the elepha
16、nt他伸出手来摸象。They are tasting the fish他们在品尝鱼。They grow rice in their home town他们在家乡种水稻。Hes got a chair to sit on他有椅子坐。Please turn the sentence into English请把这个句于泽成英语。3S十V十O句式在此句式中，V是及物动词(vt)，因此有宾语。例如：I saw a film yesterday我昨天看了一部电影。 Have you read the story? 你读过这个故事吗?They found their home easily他们很容易找到他
17、们的家。They built a house last year他们去年建了一所房子。Theyve put up a factory in the village他们在村里建了一座工厂。They have taken good care of the children这些孩子他们照看得很好。You should look after your children well你应该好好照看你的孩子。4S十V十O1十O2句式在此句式中，V是带有双宾语的及物动词。常见的须带双宾语的动词有give，ask，bring，offer，send，pay，lend，show，tell，buy，get；rob，wa
18、rn等。例如：He gave me a book/a book to me他给我一本书。He brought me a pen/a pen to me他带给我一枝钢笔。He offered me his seat/his seat to me他把座位让给我。注意下边动词改写后介词的变化：Mother bought me a book/a book for me. 妈妈给我买了一本书。He got me a chair/a chair for me他给我弄了一把椅子。Please do me a favor/a favor for me请帮我一下。He asked me a question/a
19、 question of me他问我个问题。注意，下边动词只有一种说法：They robbed the old man of his money他们抢了老人的钱。Hes warned me of the danger. 他警告我注意危险。The doctor has cured him of his disease医生治好了他的病。We must rid the house of th erats我们必须赶走屋里的老鼠。They deprived him of his right to speak他们剥夺了他说话的权利。5S十V十O十C句式在此句式中，V是有宾语补足语的及物动词。常带宾语补足语
20、的词有形容词、副词、介词短语、名词、不定式、现在分词、过去分词常见的可接宾语补足语的动词很多，哪些动词可接哪几种形式作宾补，须根据动词的惯用法而定，不能统而概论。请看下面的例子。They made the girl angry他们使这个女孩生气了。They found her happy that day他们发现那天她很高兴。I found him out我发现他出去了。I saw him in我见他在家。They saw a foot mark in the sand他们发现沙地上有脚印。They named the boy Charlie他们给这个男孩起名为查理。I saw him com
21、e in and go out我见他进来又出去。They felt the car moving fast他们感到汽车行驶得很快。I heard the glass broken just now我刚才听到玻璃碎了。He found the doctor of study closed to him他发现研究所的大门对他关闭了。练习一、指出下列句子划线部分是什么句子成分：1. The students got on the school bus.2. He handed me the newspaper.3. I shall answer your question after class.4
22、. What a beautiful Chinese painting!5. They went hunting together early in the morning.6. His job is to train swimmers.7. He took many photos of the palaces in Beijing.8. There is going to be an American film tonight.9. He is to leave for Shanghai tomorrow.10. His wish is to become a scientist.11. H
23、e managed to finish the work in time.12. Tom came to ask me for advice.13. He found it important to master English.14. Do you have anything else to say?15. To be honest, your pronunciation is not so good.16. Would you please tell me your address?17. He sat there, reading a newspaper.18. It is our du
24、ty to keep our classroom clean and tidy.19. He noticed a man enter the room.20. The apples tasted sweet.二、用符号划出下列短文各句中的定语（）、状语（）、补语（）：Most Saturday evenings there is a party, even at harvest time. These parties often make us very happy. We cook meat on an open fire outside. Its great! Americans eat
25、a lot of meat too much in my opinion. Some of my friends drink beer. I dont, because I have to drive home after the party. In your letter you asked about the time in different areas of the States. There are five different time areas in the States. In my state we are fourteen hours behind Beijing tim
26、e. How many different time areas do you have in China? Well, I must stop and get some sleep. Please give my best regards to your parents. 三、选择填空：( )1. _ will leave for Beijing.A. Now there the man B. The man here nowC. The man who is here now D. The man is here now( ) 2. The weather _.A. wet and col
27、d B. is wet and cold C. not wet and cold D. were wet and cold( ) 3. The apple tasted _.A. sweets B. sweetly C. nicely D. sweet( ) 4. He got up _ yesterday morning.A. lately B. late C. latest D. latter( )5. The actor _at the age of 70.A. dead B. died C. dyed D. deaded( )6. _ were all very tired, but
28、none of _ would stop to take a rest.A. We, us B. Us, we C. We, our D. We, we( )7. He found the street much _.A. crowd B. crowding C. crowded D. crowdedly( ) 8.I think _necessary to learn English well.A. its B. it C. that D. that is( ) 9. The dog _ mad.A. looks B. is looked C. is being looked D. was
29、looked( )10.I will never forget the day _ I joined the army.A. that B. when C. in which D. where四、分析下列句子成分 1. Our school is not far from my home. 2. It is a great pleasure to talk with you 3. All of us considered him honest. 4. My grandfather bought me a pair of sports shoes.5. He broke a piece of g
30、lass. 6. He made it clear that he would leave the city7. -I love you more than her，child 8. Tees turn green when spring comes.9. They pushed the door open. 10. Grandma told me an interesting story last night. 11. He wrote carefully some letters to his friends. 12.All the students think highly of his
31、 teaching13. We need a place twice larger than this one. 14. He asked us to sing an English song. 15. Dont get nervous，help yourself to what you like16.We will make our school more beautiful.17. He didnt comeThat is why he didnt know 18. She showed us her many of her pictures. 19. The old man lives
32、a lonely life. 20. Luckily the 1989 earthquake did not happen in the center of town.21. The cars made in Japan are better than those in Germany22. There are so many people in the hall that its hard for me to find him23. No matter how difficult the task may be, we must fulfil it this month.24. Go bac
33、k where you came from. 25. We must do whatever the people want us to do.26. At last he got home, tired and hungry. 27. Would you please pass me the cup? 28 Mary handed her homework to the teacher. 29. Do you know the latest news about him?30. Ill get my hair cut tomorrow.五、区分复合句，简单句，并列句。I hope you a
34、re very well. Im fine, but tired. Right now it is the summer vacation and Im helping my Dad on the farm. August is the hottest month here. It is the time of year for the rice harvest, so every day I work from dawn until dark. Sometimes we go on working after dark by the lights of our tractors. We gr
35、ow rice in the south of the States, but in the north where it is colder they grow wheat. We have a lot of machines on the farm. Although the farm is large, my Dad has only two men working for him. But he employs more men for the harvest. My brother takes care of the vegetable garden. It doesnt often
36、 rain in the summer here. As a result, we have to water the vegetable garden. Every evening we pump water from a well. It then runs along channels to different parts of the garden.Most Saturday evenings there is a party, even at harvest time. These parties often make us very happy. We cook meat on a
37、n open fire outside. Its great! Americans eat a lot of meat too much in my opinion. Some of my friends drink beer. I dont, because I have to drive home after the party. In your letter you asked about the time in different areas of the States. There are five different time areas in the States. In my
38、state we are fourteen hours behind Beijing time. How many different time areas do you have in China？Well, I must stop and get some sleep. Please give my best regards to your parents.练习：一、1、主语，定语；2、间接宾语；3、谓语，状语；4、定语；5、状语，状语；6、定语，表语；7、宾语，状语；8、谓语，主语；9、谓语；10、主语，表语；11、谓语，宾语；12、状语；13、形式宾语，真正宾语；14、宾语、定语；15
39、、插入语，状语；16、宾语(间宾+直宾)；17、状语，状语；18、形式主语，表语，宾补；19、宾补；20、表语三、15 CBDBB 610 ACBAB1. 主语 系动词 表语 2. 主语 系动词 表语 3. 主语 动词 宾语 宾语补足语 4. 主语双宾动词间接宾语直接宾语 5. 主语 及物动词 宾语 6. 主语 动词 形式宾语 it 宾语补足语+宾语7. 主语 及物动词 宾语 8. 主语 系动词 表语 9. 主语 动词 宾语 宾语补足语 10. 主语双宾动词间接宾语直接宾语 11. 主语双宾动词间接宾语直接宾语 12 主语 及物动词 宾语13. 主语 及物动词 宾语 14. 主语 动词 宾语
40、宾语补足语 15. 主语 系动词 表语 16. 主语 动词 宾语 宾语补足语 17. 主语 系动词 表语 18. 主语双宾动词间接宾语直接宾语19. 主语 不及物动词 20. 主语 不及物动词 21. 主语 系动词 表语 22. 主语 系动词 表语 23. 主语 及物动词 宾语 24. 主语 不及物动词25. 主语 及物动词 宾语 26. 主语 不及物动词 27. 主语双宾动词间接宾语直接宾语 28. 主语双宾动词间接宾语直接宾语 29. 主语 及物动词 宾语 30. 主语 动词 宾语 宾语补足语I hope you are very well（复合句）. Im fine, but tired
41、（简单句）. Right now it is the summer vacation and Im helping my Dad on the farm（并列句）. August is the hottest month here（简单句）. It is the time of year for the rice harvest, so every day I work from dawn until dark.（并列句） Sometimes we go on working after dark by the lights of our tractors（简单句）. We grow rice
42、 in the south of the States, but in the north where it is colder they grow wheat（并列复合句）. We have a lot of machines on the farm（简单句）. Although the farm is large, my Dad has only two men working for him（复合句）. But he employs more men for the harvest（简单句）. My brother takes care of the vegetable garden（简
43、单句）. It doesnt often rain in the summer here（简单句）. As a result, we have to water the vegetable garden（简单句）. Every evening we pump water from a well（简单句）. It then runs along channels to different parts of the garden（简单句）.Most Saturday evenings there is a party, even at harvest time（简单句）. These partie
44、s often make us very happy（简单句）. We cook meat on an open fire outside（简单句）. Its great（ 简单句）! Americans eat a lot of meat too much in my opinion（简单句）. Some of my friends drink beer（简单句）. I dont, because I have to drive home after the party（复合句）. In your letter you asked about the time in different areas of the States（简单句）. There are five different time areas in the States（简单句）. In my state we are fourteen hours behind Beijing time（简单句）. How many different time areas do you have in China（简单句）? Well, I must stop and get some sleep（简单句）. Please give my best regards to your parents（简单句）.8
