1、Chapter One Greek CultureI. Fill in the blanks:1. 1.European culture is made up of many elements, two of these elements are considered to be more enduring and they are the Greco-Roman（希腊罗马的） element and the Judeo-Christian （犹太教与基督教的）element.2. 2.Greek culture reached a high point of development in t
2、he 5th century.3. 3.In the second half of the 4th century B. C., all Greece was brought under the rule of Alexander, king of Macedon.4. 4.In 146 B. C. the Romans conquered Greece.5. 5.Revived in 1896, the Olympic Games have become the worlds foremost amateur sports competition.6. 6.Ancient Greeks co
3、nsidered Homer to be the author of their epics.7. 7.The Homers epics consisted of Iliad and Odyssey . 8. 8.The Iliad deals with the alliance of the states of the southern mainland of Greece, led by Agamemnon in their war against the city of Troy.9. 9.The Odyssey deals with the return of Odysseus aft
4、er the Trojan war to his home, island of Ithaca.10. 10.The representation form of Greek Democracy is citizen-assembly.（公民大会）11. 11.Of the many lyric poets of ancient Greece, two are still admired by readers today: Sappho and Pindar.12. 12.Sappho was considered the most important lyric poet of ancien
5、t Greece.13. 13.Pindar is best known for his odes celebrating the victories at the athletic games, such as the 14 Olympic odes.14. 14.The three great tragic dramatists of ancient Greece are Aeschylus, Sophocles, and Euripides.15. 15.Aeschylus wrote such plays as Prometheus Bound, Persians and Agamem
6、non.16. 16.Sophocles wrote such tragic plays as Oedipus the King（俄狄浦斯王）, Electra（伊莱克特拉(谋杀其母及其情人者), and Antigone. Oedipus complex（恋母情结）and Electra complex(恋父情结) derived from Sophocles plays.17. 17.Euripides (欧里庇得斯) wrote mainly about women in such plays as Andromache, Medea, and Trojan Women.18. 18.C
7、omedy also flourished in the 5th century B. C. Its best writer was Aristophanes, who has left eleven plays, including Frogs, Clouds, Wasps and Birds.19. 19. Euripides _ is the first writer of problem plays. 20. 20.Herodotus（希罗多德） is often called “Father of History”. He wrote about the wars between G
8、reeks and Persians.21. 21.Thucydides（修西得底斯） described the war between Athens and Sparta and between Athens and Syracuse, a Greek state on the Island of Sicily.22. 22.Pythagoras（毕达哥拉斯） was a bold thinker who had the idea that all things were numbers.23. 23.Pythagoras was the founder of scientific mat
9、hematics.24. 24.Heracleitus(赫拉克利特) believed fire to the primary element of the universe, out of which everything else had arisen.25. 25.The greatest names in European philosophy are Socrates, Plato and Aristotle.26. 26.In the 4th century B. C., four schools of philosophers often argued with each oth
10、er, they are the Cynics（犬儒学派）, the Sceptics（怀疑论学派）, the Epicureans（伊壁鸠鲁学派）, and the Stoics（斯多葛学派）.27. 27.Euclid(欧几里得) is well-known for his Elements几何原本, a textbook of geometry.28. 28.To illustrate the principle of the level, Archimedes is said to have told the king, “Give me a place to stand, and I
11、 will move the world.”29. 29.Greek architecture can be grouped into three styles: the Doric （多利安式）style which is also called the masculine style; the Ionic（爱奥尼亚式） style which is also called the feminine style; and a later style that is called the Corinthian（科林斯式） style.30. 30.The Acropolis at Athens
12、（雅典卫城） and the Parthenon(万神殿) are the finest monument of Greek architecture and sculpture in more than 2000 years.II. Multiple choices:1. 1.Which culture reached a high point of development in the 5th century B. C.?A. Greek Culture B. Roman Culture C. Egyptian Culture D. Chinese Culture2. 2.In _ the
13、 Roman conquered Greece.A. 1200 B. C. B. 700 B. C. C. 146 B.C. D. The 5th century3. 3.Which of the following works described the war led by Agamemnon against the city of Troy?A. Oedipus the King B. Iliad C. Odyssey D. Antigone4. 4.Which of the following is NOT the plays written by Aeschylus?A. Antig
14、one B. Agamemnon C. Persians D. Prometheus Bound5. 5.Which of the following is NOT the plays written by Sophocles?A. Electra B. Antigone C. Trojan Woman D. Oedipus the King6. 6.Which of the following is the play written by Euripides?A. Antigone B. Persians C. Electra D. Medea7. 7.Which of the follow
15、ing is NOT the greatest tragic dramatist of ancient Greece?A. Aristophanes B. Euripides C. Sophocles D. Aeschylus8. 8.Who ever said that “You can not step twice into the same river.”?A. Pythagoras B. Heracleitus C. Aristotle D. Plato9. 9.Who was the founder of scientific mathematics?A. Heracleitus B
16、. Aristotle C. Socrates D. Pythagoras10. 10.Who is chiefly noted for his doctrine that “man is the measure of all things”?A. Protagoras B. Pythagoras C. Pyrrhon D. EpicurusChapter Two Roman CultureI. Fill in the blanks:1. 1.The burning of Corinth in 146 B. C. marked Roman conquest of Greece, which w
17、as then reduced to a province of the Roman Empire.2. 2.The Roman writer Horace said: “Captive Greece took her rude conqueror captive”.（大意是：征服者反而被被征服者所征服。） 3. 3.In 27 B. C. Octavius（屋大维）took supreme power as emperor with the title of Augustus（奥古斯都）.4. 4.The Romans enjoyed a long period of peace lasti
18、ng two hundred years, a remarkable phenomenon in history known as the Pax Romana（罗马的和平）.5. 5.In the 4th century, the emperor Constantine moved the capital from Rome to Byzantium, renamed it Constantinople (modern Istanbul ).6. 6.In 476 the last emperor of the west was deposed by the Goths(哥特人) and m
19、arked the end of the West Roman Empire.7. 7.The East Roman Empire collapsed when Constantinople fell to the Turks in 1453.8. 8.Julius Caesar recorded what he did and saw in the various military campaigns he took part in and these writings, collected in his Commentaries（高卢战记）, are models of succinct
20、Latin.9. 9.Virgil was the greatest of Latin poets and wrote the great epic, the Aeneid.10. 10. The Pantheon is the greatest and the best preserved Roman temple, which was built in 27 B. C. And reconstructed in the 2th century A. D.11. 11. She-wolf is the statue which illustrates the legend of creati
21、on of Roman.12. 12. The dividing range in the Roman history refers to 27 B.C. 13. 13. “I came, I saw, I conquered.” is said by Julius Caesar.II. Choice:1. Who wrote, “I came, I saw, I conquered”?A. Horace B. Julius Caesar C. Virgil D. Marcus Tullius Cicero2. The author of the philosophical poem On t
22、he Nature of Things is _ _. A. Virgil B. Julius Caesar C. Horace D. Lucretius 3. Which of the following is not Roman architecture? A. The Colosseum B. The Pantheon C. The Parthenon D. Pont du Gard 4. Who wrote, “Captive Greece took her rude conqueror captive.”? A. Sappho B. Plato C. Virgil D. Horace
23、Chapter There Christian CultureI. Fill in the blanks:1. Among all the religions by which people seek to worship, Christianity is by far the most influential in the West.2. Both Judaism and Christianity originated in Palestine the hub of migration and trade routes, which led to exchange of ideas over
24、 wide areas.3. Some 3800 years ago the ancestors of the Jews the Hebrews（希伯来人） wandered through the deserts of the Middle East.(Hebrews：希伯来人，犹太人北方闪米特民族的一员或后裔，自称是亚伯拉罕、以撒克和雅各的后代；古以色列人；犹太人)4. About 1300 B.C., the Hebrews came to settle in Palestine, known as Canaan at that time, and formed small kingdo
25、ms.Canaan：迦南 (圣经故事中称其为上帝赐给以色列人祖先的“应许之地”，是巴勒斯坦，叙利亚和黎巴嫩等地的古称)5. The king of the Hebrews was handed down orally from one generation to another in the form of folktales and stories, which were recorded later in the Old Testament.6. The Bible is a collection of religious writings comprising two parts: th
26、e Old Testament and the New Testament.7. The old Testament consists of 39 books, the oldest and most important of which are first five books, called Pentateuch（摩西五书）.8. When the Hebrews left the desert and entered the mountainous Sinai, Moses climbed to the top of the mountain to receive from God me
27、ssage, which came to be known as the Ten Commandments.9. Chronologically Amos is the earliest prophet in the Old Testament. Amos：阿摩司(前八世纪的希伯来先知)10. In Babylon in the 6th century B.C., the Hebrews, now known as Jews, formed synagogues to practise their religion.11. At the age of 30, Jesus received th
28、e baptism at the hands of John Baptist.12. Jesus spent most of his life in Galilee, where he apparently made a sensation.Galilee：加利利(巴勒斯坦北部一多山地区)13. Jesus of Nazareth（(巴勒斯坦地区北部古城)拿撒勒） lived in Palestine during the reign of the first Roman Emperor Augustus.14. Jesus went with his disciples to Jerusal
29、em for the Passover, but was betrayed by Judas.15. In 313 the Edict of Milan(米兰敕令) was issued by Constantine I and granted religious freedom to all and made Christianity legal.16. In 392 A.D, Emperor Theodosius made Christianity the official religions of the empire and outlawed all other religions.1
30、7. After Jesus died, St. Peter and St. Paul led the disciples of Jesus to spread gospel in the Mediterranean regions.18. By 300 A.D. each local church was called a parish（教区） and had a full time leader known as priest.19. Towards the end of the fourth century four accounts were accepted as part of t
31、he New Testament, which tells the beginning of Christianity.20. When as Jesus mother Mary was espoused to Joseph, before they came together, she was found with child of the Holy Ghost21. Jesus went with his disciples to Jerusalem for the Passover（逾越节）, but was betrayed by Judas and caught at the Las
32、t Supper.22. The Hebrews history was recorded in The Old Testament of the Bible. 23. The New Testament is about the doctrine of Jesus Christ. 24. The story about Gods flooding to the human being and only good-virtue being saved was recorded in Genesis, Pentateuch, the Old Testament, the Bible, which
33、 was known as Noahs Ark. 25. The Birth of Jesus was recorded in Matthew(马太福音).26. The story about Jesus being pinned in the cross to death was known as The Last Supper. 27. The first English version of whole Bible was translated from the Latin Vulgate in 1382 and was copied out by hand by the early
34、group of reformers led by John Wycliff. II. Choice:1. 1.Which of the following is by far the most influential in the West?A. Buddism B. Islamism C. Christianity D. Judaism2. 2.The Old Testament consists of 39 books, the oldest and most important of which are the first five books, called _.A. Exodus
35、B. Commandments C. Amos D. Pentaeuch（摩西五书）3. 3. Which of the following is NOT the content of the Ten Commandments?A. Honor your father and your mother. B. Do not commit suicide.C. Do not desire your neighbors wife. D. Do not take the name of God in vain.4. When in Babylon the Hebrews formed synagogu
36、es to practise their religion? A. in 169 B.C. B. in the 4th centuryC. in 76 B.C. D. in the 6th century5. After the _ century Nestorianism reached China.A. sixth B. fifth C. second D. third(Nestorianism: 聂斯托里教;景教: 5世纪君士坦丁大主教 Nestorius 创立的) 6. Which of the following emperors made Christianity the offi
37、cial religion of the empire and outlawed all other religions? A. Theodosius B. Augustus C. Constantine I D. Nero Caesar7. Which of the following emperors issued the Edict of Milan and made Christianity legal in 313? A. Augustus B. Thedosius C. Nero D. Constantine I8. At the age of 30, Jesus Christ r
38、eceived the baptism at the hands of _.A. St. Peter B. St. Paul C. John Baptist(施洗者约翰) D. John Wycliff9. By 1963, the whole of the Bible had been translated in _languages.A. 228 B. 974 C. 1202 D. 15410. The oldest extant Greek translation of the Old Testament is known as _.A. the Latin Vulgate B. the
39、 AristeasC. the “Authorized” D. the Septuagint(旧约圣经的希腊文译本)11. When printing was invented in the 1500s, the _ Bible was the first complete work printed.A. English B. Latin C. Aramaic D. Hebrew12. When did the standard American edition of the Revised Version appear?A. 1885 B. 1611 C. 1901 D. 1979 Chap
40、ter Four Medieval CultureI. Fill in the blanks:1. 1.In European history, the thousand year period following the fall of the West Roman Empire in the fifth century is called the Middle Ages.2. 2.Between the fifth and eleventh centuries, West Europe was the scene of frequent wars and invasions.3. 3.Th
41、e Middle Age is a period in which classical, Hebrew and Gothic heritage merged.4. 4.Feudalism in Europe was mainly a system of land holding a system of holding land in exchange for military service.5. 5.In 732 Charles Martel, a Frankish ruler gave his soldiers estates known as fiefs(封地, 采邑) as a rew
42、ard for their service.6. 6.The center of medieval life under feudalism was the manor.7. 7.By the 12th century manor houses came to be called castle, which were made of stone and designed as fortress.8. 8.As a knight, he was pledged to protect the weak, to fight for the church, to be loyal to his lor
43、d and to respect women of noble birth. These rules were known as code of chivalry, from which the western idea of good manners developed.9. 9.After 1054, the Church was divided into the Roman Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox Church.10. 10.The most important of all the leaders of Christian th
44、ought was Augustine of Hippo who lived in North Africa in the fifth century. （奥古斯丁：罗马帝国基督教思想家; 北非希波主教)）11. 11.Under feudalism, people of western Europe were mainly divided into three classes: clergy, lords and peasants.12. 12.The Pope not only ruled Roman and parts of Italy as a king, he was also th
45、e head of all Christian churches in western Europe.13. 13.In the Medieval times the Church set up a church court the Inquisition(宗教审判所) to stamp out so-called heresy（异教）.14. 14.One of the most important sacraments（圣礼） was Holy Communion（圣餐礼）, which was to remind people that Christ had died to redeem
46、 man.15. 15.To express their religious feelings, many people in the Middle Ages went on journeys to sacred places where early Christian leaders had lived. The most important of all was Jerusalem（耶路撒冷：巴勒斯坦著名古城)）.16. 16.With a return attack against the Moslems, the Western Christians launched a series
47、 of holy wars called the Crusades.17. 17.Charlemagne, who temporarily restored order in western and central Europe, was perhaps the most important figure of the medieval period.18. 18.Charlemagne was crowed “Emperor of the Romans” by the Pope in 800.19. 19.The Summa Theologica（神学大全） by St. Thomas Aquinas （阿奎那：神学家和哲学家；经院哲学杰出代表）forms an enormous system and sums up all the knowledge of medieval theology.20. 20.Roger Bacon was one of the earliest advocates
