1、四种英语语言测试法四种英语语言测试法 写作写作-翻译法（翻译法（the essay-the essay-translation approach)translation approach)结构主义结构主义/心理测量法心理测量法(the(the structuralist-psychometric structuralist-psychometric approach)approach)综合法综合法(the integrative approach)(the integrative approach)交际法交际法(the communicative(the communicative appro
2、ach)approach)写作写作-翻译法翻译法(the essay-(the essay-translation approachtranslation approach 对测试的技能或专长没有专门要求，主对测试的技能或专长没有专门要求，主要是依靠教师的主观判断力要是依靠教师的主观判断力 试卷通常包括翻译、写作和语法等项目试卷通常包括翻译、写作和语法等项目 内容带有较浓厚的文学或文化色彩内容带有较浓厚的文学或文化色彩 试题一般采用书面回答形式，试卷需人试题一般采用书面回答形式，试卷需人工评阅工评阅结构主义结构主义/心理测量法心理测量法(the(the structuralist-psycho
3、metric structuralist-psychometric approach)approach)以结构主义语言学为其理论基础，强调以结构主义语言学为其理论基础，强调分别测试不同的语言成分分别测试不同的语言成分 强调语言测量的可靠性和客观性强调语言测量的可靠性和客观性 典型表现形式是多项选择题典型表现形式是多项选择题综合法综合法(the integrative(the integrative approach)approach)语言测试要在一定上下文中进行语言测试要在一定上下文中进行 不在测试中刻意追求区分各单项语言技不在测试中刻意追求区分各单项语言技能或能力而是强调两项或两项以上语言能
4、或能力而是强调两项或两项以上语言技能的综合评估技能的综合评估 题型为完形填空、听写、翻译、写作等题型为完形填空、听写、翻译、写作等交际法交际法(the communicative(the communicative approach)approach)注重语言在交际过程中的使用，力求评注重语言在交际过程中的使用，力求评价学生在特定语言使用环境中的交际能价学生在特定语言使用环境中的交际能力力当代国内外大规模考试当代国内外大规模考试 PETS:Public English Test SystemPETS:Public English Test System 大学英语四、六级考试大学英语四、六级考试
5、 CET:College CET:College English TestEnglish Test 英语专业四、八级考试英语专业四、八级考试 TEM:Test for TEM:Test for English MajorEnglish Major TOEFL:Test of English as a Foreign TOEFL:Test of English as a Foreign LanguageLanguage IELTS:International English Testing IELTS:International English Testing SystemSystemCanal
6、eCanale和和SwainSwain的交际语言的交际语言能力模式能力模式 语法能力语法能力 社会语言能力社会语言能力 语篇能力语篇能力 交际策略能力交际策略能力BachmanBachman和和PalmerPalmer交际语交际语言能力言能力 语言知识语言知识 语用知识语用知识语言知识语言知识 语法知识：词汇知识、句法知识、语音语法知识：词汇知识、句法知识、语音和书写知识和书写知识 语篇知识：语句连接、修辞或会话结构语篇知识：语句连接、修辞或会话结构语用知识语用知识 功能知识：达意功能、操纵功能、传授功能知识：达意功能、操纵功能、传授功能、想象性语言功能功能、想象性语言功能 社会语言知识：方言
7、与语言变体知识、社会语言知识：方言与语言变体知识、语体知识、自然语言和习语知识、文化语体知识、自然语言和习语知识、文化与明、暗喻修辞知识与明、暗喻修辞知识考试功能考试功能 教学功能：入学、课程、结业教学功能：入学、课程、结业 科研功能科研功能讨论题讨论题联系本人曾参加过的考试，谈谈我联系本人曾参加过的考试，谈谈我系考试的现状。系考试的现状。英语测试的基本原则英语测试的基本原则 有用性有用性 可行性可行性考试要素考试要素 效度(validity)信度(reliability)真实性(authenticity)互动性(interactiveness)考试的冲击力(washback)可行性(prac
8、ticality)测试效度的定义测试效度的定义 测试效度是指测试是否考查了原定需要测试效度是指测试是否考查了原定需要考查的内容，考试的结果能不能用来评考查的内容，考试的结果能不能用来评判预定要测试的语言能力。判预定要测试的语言能力。Validity is regarded as the Validity is regarded as the extent to which a test measures extent to which a test measures what it is intended to measure.what it is intended to measure.效度
9、的种类效度的种类 构念效度构念效度construct validityconstruct validity 内容效度内容效度content validitycontent validity 预测效度预测效度predictive validitypredictive validity 表面效度表面效度face validityface validity 方法效度方法效度method validitymethod validity考试信度考试信度 信度是指测试的结果是否稳定可靠。信度是指测试的结果是否稳定可靠。Reliability refers to consistency Reliabilit
10、y refers to consistency of test results.of test results.信度的种类信度的种类 重复测试法test-retest method 平行卷测试法parallel-form method 对半分析法split-half method测试效度和信度的关系测试效度和信度的关系 测试效度是首要的。因为没有效度，考测试效度是首要的。因为没有效度，考试就不能达到预订的测试目的。试就不能达到预订的测试目的。测试信度提供测试结果可靠性信息。一测试信度提供测试结果可靠性信息。一份试卷的测试结果缺乏信度就没有使用份试卷的测试结果缺乏信度就没有使用价值，也同时减少了
11、考试的公平性。价值，也同时减少了考试的公平性。测试的真实性测试的真实性 测试的真实性指测试任务与目标语言使测试的真实性指测试任务与目标语言使用环境范围的关系。用环境范围的关系。Authenticity is seen as the Authenticity is seen as the correspondence between correspondence between features of test tasks and those features of test tasks and those of non-test tasks.of non-test tasks.测试的互动性测试
12、的互动性 测试的互动性指考生在完成试题时对个测试的互动性指考生在完成试题时对个人的语言知识、元认知策略、专业知识人的语言知识、元认知策略、专业知识以及情感因素互相作用的程度。以及情感因素互相作用的程度。Interactiveness is viewed as the Interactiveness is viewed as the extent of involvement of extent of involvement of students in completing a test students in completing a test task.task.考试的冲击力考试的冲击力
13、冲击力是指考试对社会和教育制度所产冲击力是指考试对社会和教育制度所产生的影响。生的影响。Washback means the impact Washback means the impact that a test may exert on that a test may exert on teaching or on learning.teaching or on learning.考试的可行性考试的可行性 考试的可行性是指制约施考过程的因素。考试的可行性是指制约施考过程的因素。Practicality pertains to the Practicality pertains to the
14、 degree to which a test degree to which a test accommodates the practical accommodates the practical constraints in test constraints in test administration.administration.测试关键词汇测试关键词汇 水平测试水平测试 proficiency testsproficiency tests 成绩测试成绩测试 achievement testsachievement tests 分班测试分班测试 placement testsplac
15、ement tests 诊断测试诊断测试 diagnostic testsdiagnostic tests 直接性测试直接性测试 direct testsdirect tests 间接性测试间接性测试 indirect testsindirect tests测试关键词汇测试关键词汇 分离式测试分离式测试 discrete point testsdiscrete point tests 综合性测试综合性测试 integrative testsintegrative tests 主观性测试主观性测试 subjective testssubjective tests 客观性测试客观性测试 objec
16、tive testsobjective tests 常模参照性测试常模参照性测试 norm-referenced norm-referenced teststests 标准参照性测试标准参照性测试 criterion-criterion-referenced testsreferenced tests多项选择题多项选择题Multiple-choice Multiple-choice questionsquestions多项选择题的构成多项选择题的构成 题干题干 stemstem 备选项备选项 options/responses/options/responses/alternatives/ch
17、oicesalternatives/choices 正确选项正确选项 answer/correct option/answer/correct option/keykey 干扰项干扰项 distractorsdistractors多项选择题的形式多项选择题的形式 非完整句类 the incomplete-statement type e.g.I heard your brother had changed his _ twice in a year.A.work B.works C.job D.jobs多项选择题的形式多项选择题的形式 替代类替代类 the substitution typet
18、he substitution type e.g.e.g.When the man was young he When the man was young he livedlived a very hard life.a very hard life.A.took B.led A.took B.led C.spent D.passed C.spent D.passed多项选择题的形式多项选择题的形式 问答句类问答句类 the question-answer the question-answer typetype e.g.e.g.When did Joan go to school When
19、did Joan go to school yesterday?yesterday?A.7:00 a.m.B.7:15 a.m.A.7:00 a.m.B.7:15 a.m.C.7:30 a.m.D.7:45 a.m.C.7:30 a.m.D.7:45 a.m.注意事项注意事项 一道题目只能有一个答案，除非提示中写明可以选两个答案。e.g.I stayed in the office until Jack _.A.had come B.came C.would come D.has come注意事项注意事项 一道题目侧重一个考点。一道题目侧重一个考点。e.g.e.g.Ann _ some bea
20、utiful flowers Ann _ some beautiful flowers to the office party last night.to the office party last night.A.carries B.carried A.carries B.carried C.holds D.held C.holds D.held 注意事项注意事项 题干与备选项必须在语法上保持一致。e.g.She quickly _ her supper.A.end B.ate C.possess D.watch注意事项注意事项 备选项的长度或字数要基本上相同。e.g.She almost
21、choked while she was eating the fish in the restaurant.A.died B.coughed and vomited C.was unable to breathe because of something stuck in her windpipe D.became very angry注意事项注意事项 题目要避免考常识 e.g.We learn from the text that Washington was _.A.American B.British C.French D.German注意事项注意事项 题目要尽可能提供上下文。e.g.
22、Please come back soon.A.shortly B.later C.tomorrow D.next week注意事项注意事项 备选项中相同的内容应放在题干内。e.g.Sam asked for the newspaper _.A.because he wanted to read it B.because he wanted to wrap a gift C.because he wanted to keep it D.because he wanted to mail it注意事项注意事项 备选项的内容应合乎逻辑或情理。e.g.John was highly praised
23、by his teacher because he _.A.won the first prize at the competition B.participated in the football match C.was able to fly in the air D.could move a container truck注意事项注意事项 备选项中避免出现一对同义词或反义词。备选项中避免出现一对同义词或反义词。e.g.e.g.The boat The boat sanksank two hours later.two hours later.A.went down B.stopped A
24、.went down B.stopped C.came up D.returned C.came up D.returned考试规范的制定考试规范的制定The Writing of Test The Writing of Test SpecificationsSpecificationsTeaching AimsTeaching Aims This lesson focuses on the writing of test This lesson focuses on the writing of test specifications,a set of documents to guide
25、specifications,a set of documents to guide us in test development.Firstly,the lesson us in test development.Firstly,the lesson briefly examines the issue of why we need briefly examines the issue of why we need test specifications in test construction.test specifications in test construction.Secondl
26、y,it looks at the contents of test Secondly,it looks at the contents of test specifications,such as test purpose,test specifications,such as test purpose,test domain,test takers,test content,etc.And domain,test takers,test content,etc.And lastly,it shows us,by means of an lastly,it shows us,by means
27、 of an example,how to draw up test example,how to draw up test specifications.specifications.什么是考试规范？什么是考试规范？简单地说，考试规范是单个或一系列有简单地说，考试规范是单个或一系列有关正式文件，对考什么和如何考做出详关正式文件，对考什么和如何考做出详细的规定。细的规定。为什么要考试规范？为什么要考试规范？我们可以通过参照考试规范来保证每套我们可以通过参照考试规范来保证每套试题的稳定性。试题的稳定性。考试规范的制定是考试效度的一个必要考试规范的制定是考试效度的一个必要保证。保证。考试规范的内容
28、考试规范的内容 测试目的测试目的test purposetest purpose 测试范畴测试范畴test domaintest domain 考试对象考试对象test takertest taker 考试内容考试内容test contenttest content 考试的方式方法考试的方式方法test methodtest method 考试题型考试题型test tasks and item typestest tasks and item types 考试时间考试时间time durationtime duration 评分标准评分标准scoring criteriascoring cri
29、teria考试目的考试目的 e.g.e.g.The aim of the examination is to The aim of the examination is to test a high level ability to test a high level ability to understand,write and variously understand,write and variously process the general and special process the general and special varieties of English used in
30、 varieties of English used in business,and the ability to use business,and the ability to use appropriate formats.appropriate formats.考试能力范畴考试能力范畴 e.g.e.g.a.be able to use punctuation and spell a.be able to use punctuation and spell words correctly.words correctly.b.be able to write correct and appr
31、opriate b.be able to write correct and appropriate sentences.sentences.c.be able to select,organize and order c.be able to select,organize and order relevant information for a particular relevant information for a particular purpose.purpose.d.be able to manipulate sentences and d.be able to manipula
32、te sentences and paragraphs,and use language effectively.paragraphs,and use language effectively.e.be able to write in an appropriate manner e.be able to write in an appropriate manner with a particular audience in mind.with a particular audience in mind.考试对象考试对象 考生个人特征考生个人特征personal characteristicp
33、ersonal characteristic，如年龄段、性别、国籍、母语、所受教育层次如年龄段、性别、国籍、母语、所受教育层次以及考前培训程度等。以及考前培训程度等。考生文化或背景知识考生文化或背景知识topical knowledgetopical knowledge，如对所学语言国家社会、文化的了解、有关领如对所学语言国家社会、文化的了解、有关领域内的知识等。域内的知识等。考生语言能力考生语言能力language abilitylanguage ability，如语言知，如语言知识、语言运用能力等。识、语言运用能力等。考试对象考试对象 e.g.e.g.Middle school stude
34、nts who have Middle school students who have taken an intermediate-level writing taken an intermediate-level writing course.They are native speakers of course.They are native speakers of Chinese,both male and female,with Chinese,both male and female,with limited knowledge of culture and limited know
35、ledge of culture and society of English speaking society of English speaking countries.Their knowledge in school countries.Their knowledge in school subject-related areas is assumed to subject-related areas is assumed to be uniform.be uniform.考试内容考试内容 Topic:Topic:social interaction with native and s
36、ocial interaction with native and non-native speakers of Englishnon-native speakers of English traveling and arranging for traveltraveling and arranging for travel Focus:Focus:making requestsmaking requests giving commandgiving command考试形式考试形式 e.g.e.g.TYPEEXPECTEDRESPONS MODEerror correctionnote wri
37、tingselectedconstructedwrittenwritten施考施考 inform students of the procedures of test administration;test instructions should be read to students before the test begins;test instructions can be delivered either in English or in Chinese;distribute test papers five minutes before the test;施考施考 remind st
38、udents of the remaining remind students of the remaining time limit five minutes before the time limit five minutes before the end of the test;end of the test;ask students to stop writing at the ask students to stop writing at the end of the time limit and collect test end of the time limit and coll
39、ect test papers;papers;use of dictionaries or other use of dictionaries or other reference books is not allowed reference books is not allowed during test administration;during test administration;施考施考 any violation on the part of students any violation on the part of students results in disqualific
40、ation from the results in disqualification from the test.test.Supervisors are expected to Supervisors are expected to administer the test strictly in administer the test strictly in accordance with the stated accordance with the stated procedures.procedures.Measures should be taken to Measures should be taken to maintain a supportive testing maintain a supportive testing environment throughout the test.environment throughout the test.
