1、高考英语阅读理解指导高考英语阅读理解指导Reading Comprehension高考阅读文章体裁和题材高考阅读文章体裁和题材 说明文说明文(Exposition)：科普类、社会生活类、介绍类等 应用文应用文(Practical writing)：广告、新闻、调查报告、说明书等 记叙文记叙文(Narration)：文学类（小说、故事、人物传记等）议论文议论文(Argumentation)：各种社会热议话题近三年江苏高考阅读理解题型及分布近三年江苏高考阅读理解题型及分布年限事实细节Detail推理判断Inference主旨大意Main idea语义理解Semantic20108511201185
2、2020126612讲解与指导讲解与指导A What genre(体裁体裁)does this text belong to?A.Exposition(说明文说明文)B.Argumentation(议论文议论文)C.Practical writing(应用文）应用文）D.Narration (记叙文）记叙文）1.What made“I”finally think of getting a cell phone?A.Being stuck by the highway.B.Being urged by his grandkids.C.Being persuaded by cell phone s
3、alespersons.D.Being attracted by the friendly return policy.【试题解析】【试题解析】细节事实细节事实“Well,I finally did it.I finally decided to enter the digital age and get cell phone.My kids have been annoying me and the last straw was when my car broke down,and I was stuck by the highway for an hour before someone s
4、topped to help.But when I went to the cellthe last straw-the straw(稻草稻草)that breaks the camels back压垮骆驼的稻草压垮骆驼的稻草The last problem that finally makes sb give up 终于使人不堪忍受的最后一件事终于使人不堪忍受的最后一件事3.An advantage of Jitterbug mentioned in the passage is_.A.its discount price with a free giftB.its reasonable r
5、ate plans without a contractC.its“global-positioning”system with 911 accessD.its good customer service all over the world【试题解析】【试题解析】细节事实细节事实Affordable plans that I can understand-and no contract to sign(签订)!Unlike other cell phones，Jitterbug has plans that make sense.Why should I pay for minutes I
6、m never going to use?And if I do talk more than I plan，I won t find myself 干扰项：部分错误干扰项：部分错误C最强干扰项最强干扰项:含有含有global-positioning该信息，而未提及该信息，而未提及Jitterbug这款手机就具有该功能。这款手机就具有该功能。有我能懂的可承受的费率结算方案，以及有我能懂的可承受的费率结算方案，以及无需签订消费合同无需签订消费合同事实细节题指导策略事实细节题指导策略提问方式提问方式(Question forms):Which of the following statement
7、is true/false?Choose the right order of the events given in the textWhich of the following is not the result of.?What does the writer pay the least attention to?The author gives the example in order to.?干扰项特征干扰项特征(Identities of wrong choices)l Not mentionedl Partly mentioned l To switch information
8、of A to that of Bl Similar to original sentences,with some key word changedl Partly right,partly wrongl Wrong summary about facts(无中生有、以偏概全、张冠李戴、与原文极为相似，无中生有、以偏概全、张冠李戴、与原文极为相似，但改变一些关键词、部分正确，部分错误、对细节事但改变一些关键词、部分正确，部分错误、对细节事实的错误概括实的错误概括)Approaches:1.Scanning the passage with questions2.Positioning the
9、 content in the related paragraphs3.Analyzing the key sentences,especially complex ones4.Figuring out main ideas of the paragraph and the relationship between main ideas and facts.(1.查读法：带着问题浏览文章查读法：带着问题浏览文章 2.原文定位法：原文定位法：根据题根据题干中关键词，找准相关内容干中关键词，找准相关内容 3.分析关键句和长难句分析关键句和长难句 4.判定细节和主题的关系判定细节和主题的关系)Pra
10、ctice Berninger and her colleagues conducted a study that looked at the ability of students to complete various writing tasks-both on a computer and by hand.The study,published in 2009,found that when writing with a pen and paper,participants wrote longer essays and more complete sentences and had a
11、 faster word production rate.Berningers study published in 2009 _.A.focused on the difference between writing by hand and on a computer.B.indicated that students prefer to write with a pen and paper.C.found that good essays are made up of long sentences.D.discussed the importance of writing speed.st
12、udy or consider sthA-a correct summaryB/C/D-incorrect understanding B What genre does this text belong to?A.Exposition(说明文说明文)B.Argumentation(议论文议论文)C.Practical writing(应用文）应用文）D.Narration (记叙文）记叙文）5.According to the inventors,shrilk has great potential partly because_.A.it can help plastic degrade
13、B.it can be found in living things C.its mass production has been realized D.its raw materials are abundant in nature【试题解析】【试题解析】推理判断推理判断（para4）Shrilk has great potential,the inventors said.Materials from which it is made are plentiful in nature,found in everything ranging from shrimp shells,insect
14、bodies to living plants.That makes shrilk low cost,and its mass production possible should it be used for products demanding a lot of material.12该段主题句该段主题句支撑句支撑句1和和2是何关系？是何关系？That makes shrilk low cost,and its mass production possible should it be used for products demanding a lot of material.此句意为此句
15、意为,“如果将如果将shrilk用于那些对材料需求量大的产品，其存在用于那些对材料需求量大的产品，其存在于自然界中丰富的物质材料会使得成本低，而且可以大量生产。于自然界中丰富的物质材料会使得成本低，而且可以大量生产。”2长难句长难句2分析分析:uthat 指代前面提到的指代前面提到的materials from which its made are plentiful in natureumake 后接两个宾语及宾语补足语，后接两个宾语及宾语补足语，make shrilk(使其使其成本低）成本低）make its mass production possible(使其大量生产成为使其大量生产成
16、为可能）可能）ushould it be used for.=if it should be used for.It 指指shrilk5.According to the inventors,shrilk has great potential partly because_.A.it can help plastic degrade B.it can be found in living things C.its mass production has been realized D.its raw materials are abundant in nature【试题解析】【试题解析】推理
17、判断推理判断（para4）Shrilk has great potential,the inventors said.Materials from which it is made are plentiful in nature,found in everything ranging from shrimp shells,insect bodies to living plants.That makes shrilk low cost,and its mass production possible should it be used for products demanding a lot
18、of material.12该段主题句该段主题句支撑句支撑句1和和2是何关系？是何关系？无关信息无关信息片面信息片面信息C为最大干扰项，通过对支撑句和长难句的分析，便可排除为最大干扰项，通过对支撑句和长难句的分析，便可排除。因果关系因果关系Cause-effect推理判断题指导策略推理判断题指导策略提问方式提问方式(Question forms):It can be inferred from the passage that The author suggests that _ What does the passage imply about?Which of the following
19、can be inferred from the passage?What is the authors attitude toward?题型特征：题型特征：主旨类推理判断和局部推理判断；理解原文字主旨类推理判断和局部推理判断；理解原文字面意义基础上，对语篇逻辑关系的分析和细节的暗示，作面意义基础上，对语篇逻辑关系的分析和细节的暗示，作出判断和推理出判断和推理解题方法：解题方法：1.直接推导法直接推导法：迅速定位考点出处，根据此处上下文推敲迅速定位考点出处，根据此处上下文推敲2.排除法：排除法：排除掉那些肤浅阐释、颠倒次序、无中生有排除掉那些肤浅阐释、颠倒次序、无中生有的选项，必须遵循一个原则
20、的选项，必须遵循一个原则“紧扣文章内容紧扣文章内容”干扰项特征干扰项特征:推理过度，超出文章范围推理过度，超出文章范围只是原文的简单复述而非推断出来的结论只是原文的简单复述而非推断出来的结论看似从原文中推断出来，而因果倒置、手段变目的等看似从原文中推断出来，而因果倒置、手段变目的等考生已有的常识，但不是从文章内容而推断得出考生已有的常识，但不是从文章内容而推断得出 One evening,I got off the bus about halfway home where I had to change buses,I found the bus stop,which was a reques
21、t stop,where the bus wouldnt stop unless passengers wanted to get on or off.No one else was there and I had to try to guess if the bus had arrived.Generally in this situation,because I hated showing I was blind by asking for help,I tried to guess at the sound.Sometimes I would stop a big lorry and s
22、tand there feeling stupid as it drew away.In the end,I usually managed to swallow my pride and ask someone at the stop for help.What was the problem with guessing at the sound to stop a bus?A.Other vehicles also stopped there.B.It was unreliable for making judgments.C.More lorries than buses respond
23、ed to the girl.D.It took too much time for the girl to catch the bus.Practice 无关信息无关信息错误推断错误推断考生固有的常识：盲人乘车不便，花时间自然多，但与此题无关考生固有的常识：盲人乘车不便，花时间自然多，但与此题无关 What will be talked about in the next paragraph?A.More reasons for sub health B.The way to solve the problem of sub healthC.Who suffers from sub heal
24、th D.Why people with higher education more likely to suffer sub health.Bad working habits,poor disease prevention knowledge,not enough governmental investment and lack of health education are the main reasons,said Yang Xiaoduo,a healthcare expert with a local health association,who said China should
25、 race against time seeking measures to solve the sub health problem.Identifying links between paragraphs The last sentence introduces the topic of the next paragraphCWhat genre does this text belong to?A.Exposition(说明文说明文)B.Argumentation(议论文议论文)C.Practical writing(应用文）应用文）D.Narration (记叙文）记叙文）11The
26、authors attitude towards strange dress styles in the workplace may best be described as_.A.enthusiastic B.negative C.positive D.sympathetic As a hiring manager I am paid to choose the people who would make the best impression on our customers.There are plenty of well-qualified candidates,so it isnt
27、wrong to reject someone who might disappoint my customers.Even though I am open-minded,I cant expect all our customers are.There is nobody to blame but yourself if your set of choices does not match that of your preferred employer.No company should have to change to satisfy a candidate simply becaus
28、e he or she is unwilling to respect its standards,as long as its standards are legal.【试题解析】【试题解析】推理判断推理判断-观点态度观点态度作者要选能给顾客留下好印象的员工，拒聘那些令顾客失望作者要选能给顾客留下好印象的员工，拒聘那些令顾客失望的，公司不必改变其对服饰要求的规定去迎合应聘者的，公司不必改变其对服饰要求的规定去迎合应聘者观点态度解题方法：观点态度解题方法：1.辨别清楚文章文体辨别清楚文章文体：议论文议论文，文章中心句一般暗示作者的态度；说明文说明文，其体裁客观性，作者态度往往中立；记叙文记叙文
29、，文章观点不直接给出，作者写作常带有某种倾向，需细心捕捉情感态度的词，短语或句子2.区分选项的褒贬义区分选项的褒贬义(Emotional meaning)褒义词commendatory 中性词neuter贬义词derogatorypositive肯定、积极的supportive 支持的optimistic 乐观的serious 严肃的enthusiastic 热情的concerned 关切的admiring 羡慕的indifferent 冷淡、中立的neutral 中立的impassive 不动感情的subjective 主观的objective 客观的informative 提供信息的dis
30、gusted 厌恶的critical 批评的negative 否定的suspicious 怀疑的pessimistic 悲观的depressed 沮丧的Ironic讽刺的DWhat genre does this text belong to?A.Exposition(说明文说明文)B.Argumentation(议论文议论文)C.Practical writing(应用文）应用文）D.Narration (记叙文）记叙文）12.What does the underlined part in Paragraph 1 mean?A.I was waiting for good fortune.
31、B.I was trying to find an admirable job.C.I was being aimless about a suitable job.D.I was doing several jobs for more pay at a time.I left university with a good degree in English Literature,but no sense of what I wanted to do.Over the next six years,I was treading water,just trying to earn an inco
32、me.I tried journalism,but I didnt think I was any good,then finance,which I hated.Finally,I got a job as a rights assistant at a famous publisher.I loved working with books,although the job that I did was dull.【试题解析】【试题解析】语义理解语义理解不知道做什么为了收入来源，做过记者曲解文意，未明确曲解文意，未明确 最后有了一份工作语义理解题指导策略语义理解题指导策略提问方式提问方式(Q
33、uestion forms):The word“”refers to.?The underlined word“”could be replaced by?What do you think the expression“”stands for?Which of the following is closest in meaning to“”?By saying“”we mean 题型特征：题型特征：对文中单词、词组和句子的理解解题方法：解题方法：1.通过上下文来猜测词义通过上下文来猜测词义(context)定义或释义关系定义或释义关系同位关系同位关系同义或反义关系同义或反义关系描写描写因果关
34、系因果关系语法功能语法功能上下文提供的信息上下文提供的信息 代词所指的内容代词所指的内容2.通过构词法来猜测通过构词法来猜测(word formation)l 转化：词形不变而词性发生变化转化：词形不变而词性发生变化l 合成词：由两个或以上的独立含义的单词组合而成的合成词：由两个或以上的独立含义的单词组合而成的l 派生词：在词根上加前缀和后缀派生词：在词根上加前缀和后缀3.平时注意累积生词和短语平时注意累积生词和短语(accumulation)One morning,however,I found its bed empty.My baby brother was gone!I cried f
35、or it.Mum wept and told me that the poor little thing had been sent to a hospital.He had a fever.For several days,I heard Mum and Dad whispering such words as“hopeless”,“pitiful”,and“dying”,which sounded ominous.What does the underlined word“ominous”in Paragraph3 probably mean?A.Impossible B.Boring
36、C.Difficult D.FearfulPractice According to description Franz Kafka wrote that“a book must be the ax(斧子)for the frozen sea inside us.”I once shared this sentence with a class of seventh graders,and it didnt seem to require any explanation.The underlined words in Paragraph 1 probably mean that a book
37、helps to _.A.realize our dreams B.give support to our life C.smooth away difficulties D.awake our emotionsPractice 修辞法：暗喻（修辞法：暗喻（metaphor),将书比喻成斧子将书比喻成斧子,内心的冰河比喻成内心的冰河比喻成沉睡的情感。字面意思沉睡的情感。字面意思“一本书就是能融化我们冰冻着的内心的一本书就是能融化我们冰冻着的内心的一把斧子一把斧子”,即指即指一本书能够唤醒我们内心深处的情感引起共鸣一本书能够唤醒我们内心深处的情感引起共鸣之意。之意。For lawyers,a c
38、ourtroom is a battlefield.Compared to my house,his is a palace.【试题解析】【试题解析】主旨大意主旨大意 It feels like an unbelievable stroke of luck of fate,really.When you set out to do something different,theres no end in sight,so to find myself in a position where I now have my own name on a contract(合同)of the publi
39、sher to be a published writer is unbelievably rewarding.B 信息正确，无关主题信息正确，无关主题 C 延伸内容，出现在文末，但与主题不密切延伸内容，出现在文末，但与主题不密切D 局部信息，属细节而非概括局部信息，属细节而非概括干扰项干扰项：15.What does the author mainly want to tell readers in the last paragraph?A.It pays to stick to ones goal.B.Hard work can lead to success.C.She feels li
40、ke being unexpectedly lucky.D.There is no end in sight when starting to do something 当你开始从事不同的事时，起初看不到结果，而最后发现自己在出版合同上签名时将成为出版作家，才体会到这未曾想过的回报主旨大意题指导策略主旨大意题指导策略提问方式提问方式(Question forms):The main idea of this passage is that_ The passage is mainly about_ Which of the following best states the theme of
41、the text?Which of the following is the most suitable/best title?What is the main idea of Paragraph3?题型特征：题型特征：篇章主旨题和段落主旨题篇章主旨题和段落主旨题解题方法：解题方法：1.辨认体裁辨认体裁，确定主题段落所在确定主题段落所在（科普类、调查报告、新闻等说明文、议论文主题通常在首段）2.分析结构特点分析结构特点，是归纳（分总）还是演绎（总分）3.从描述现象和事实中，识别作者的态度倾向识别作者的态度倾向 4.采取排除法采取排除法，选着含有抽象名词或概括性词语抽象名词或概括性词语的选项干扰
42、项特征干扰项特征:局部信息：局部信息：1.将文中事实细节事实细节设为选项 2.将某自然某自然段大意段大意设为选项 3.将末段延伸内容末段延伸内容设为选项概括范围太宽或太狭隘概括范围太宽或太狭隘内容正确，却未在文章中提到内容正确，却未在文章中提到Practice makes perfect!Since the 1970s,scientists have been searching for ways to link the brain with computers.Brain-computer interface(BCI)technology could help people with dis
43、abilities send commands to machines.Recently,two researchers,Jose Millan and Michele Tavella from the Federal Polytechnic school in Lausanne,Switzerland,demonstrated（展示）a small robotic wheelchair directed by a persons thoughts.Which of the following would be the best title for the text?A.Switzerland
44、,the BCI Research CenterB.New Findings About How the Human Brain Works C.BCI Could Mean More Freedom for the Disabled D.Robotic Vehicles Could Help to Cure Brain Injuries 局部信息局部信息 扩大范围扩大范围缩小范围缩小范围科普类说明文主旨大意通常在首段，开门见山，提出科学研究成果，或该研科普类说明文主旨大意通常在首段，开门见山，提出科学研究成果，或该研究项目的社会生活价值。新闻、议论文主旨也多在句首。究项目的社会生活价值。新闻、议论文主旨也多在句首。
