1、2023年5月9日星期二首尔等城市以公共交通首尔等城市以公共交通导向导向TOD的开发政策简的开发政策简介介Seoul nSurface 605.77km2 nPopulation 10million(20million in Seoul metropolitan areaSMA)nPopulation density 17,046(person/km2)HighnGDP US$605 billionnTotal passenger car 9 million cars HistorynBefore 1900 population:only 0.3millionn1934 Korean urba
2、n district plan innovation of new land-use zoning lawsn1950 the Korean war population concentration to Seoul defective houses were built on the suburb hillsn1962 city planning law was established 4 kinds of zoning were set deliberate development of urban districtsn1971 revision of city planning law
3、Green belt was set against sprawling and the attack by the Northn1974 1st subway line was built n1976 urban renewal law was established to solve the problem of defective houses arean1981 basic city planning system a goverrnment-led large scale land development project design(20 years)long-term visio
4、n n1980s the population growth in the suburbs a goverrnment-led large-scale land development project design began five new town development in Green belt the problem is that access to city center is limited only by road network City planning in Seoul Population growthCity PlanningRoad networkSome co
5、mmercial areas are developing along the main roads.Its because main public transits are traditionally bus systems.This is the example of roads making the commercial areas.City planning related projectnCity development land subdividing projects(extensively conducted in 1960s and 1970s)In the early 19
6、80s,the civic sector leading project have proven limited 4 regions(Sanggye,Godeok,Mok-dong,and Suseo)have been changed from natural green areas to residential area.nCity renewal project downtown street rearrangements and strengthening its business function Housing renewal projects and housing enviro
7、nment improvement programsnNew towns project 5 new towns were built in the Green belt(1989)The purpose is to satisfy the shortage of housing in city center Recent situation of SeoulnIncrease of the population in suburbsex)five new town development in Green belt increase demand of access from suburbs
8、 to city center the problem is the shortage of public transit servicesnTraffic congestionncar holders are increasingAverage speed of cars(km/h)To solve the problem,Seoul try to improve the existed public transportation systems.(Railways and bus system)Transportation system(Bus)Bus reform(BMS)nPassen
9、ger traffic share:30%nThe trigger is change of the traffic flow by the Cheonggyecheon projectnThe purpose is mitigation of the traffic jam and promotion of public transportation usenoperation Reorganization of bus companies（into 4colors)IT technologymake it easy for people to get the real time infor
10、mationBus only lanetransport in cooperation with subway line In Korea managers of buses and subways are different The cooperation is needed.They still have the lines from suburbs to city center The buses plays an important role as long-distant transportsTransportation system(Railway)nPassenger traff
11、ic share:35%nHistory of railway system 1971-1985 4 lines were built(118km)1989-1999 another 4 lines to extend the existed lines(160km)1999-2010 4 new lines are under construction(120km)The 9th line was managed by the private company(1st-8th lines were managed by pubic sectors)goal share:over 70%(wit
12、h buses)to solve the road congestion to secure the access to suburbs for ecologynHistory of subways is relatively new Historically the buses are heavily used as public transits in SeoulnMost of the railways are subway and they dont have surface railways in the city center.Recent TOD in SeoulnRedevel
13、opment of the city center In Seoul,the bus systems are traditionally main public transits the commercial areas were developed along the roadsroadCommercial area Recently the subway are highly used the commercial areas were developed around stations stationsubwayCommercial area Recent TOD in Seoul(2)
14、nOne new form of redevelopment around stations is the construction of buildings used for both commercial and residential uses people can live near the station so they can go to station on footnRecently in Korea,this kind of apartments are very popular and the demands are increasing stationcommercial
15、residentialThey need to redevelop around stationsRecent TOD in Seoul(3)nSuburb areas still have serious problemsex)five new town development in Green belt City centerBus linerailwayNew town1.Where the new towns were constructed after the public transits developed The rate of public transit use is hi
16、gh (successful case)2.Where the new towns were constructed before the public transits developed The rate of public transit use is low (failure case)Because people have already bought their own car to commute In addition,to commute by cars is faster than by public transitsThe cooperation between cons
17、tructions of new towns and public transits is very importantConclusionnThe characteristic of public transits in Seoul is that buses are traditionally used as main public transits and now the buses and subways are used togethernIt is a very rare case to use buses as the long-distance transit(In Seoul
18、,buses play a role like LRT)nThe relationship between land use and public transits is very important for achievement of TOD need the long-term visionnWhen we construct the new towns,we need to consider the public transits and to secure the access to the center of the cityIntroduction of Transit-Orie
19、nted Urban Development Policies in some citiesGroup 6:Preesan Rakwatin Naoki Watanabe Takahiro Yonemura2004/12/13What is TOD(Transit-Oriented Development)?nTOD is a way to locate people near transit services and to decrease their dependence on driving.Excessive dependence on the use of cars increase
20、s the emission of CO2 and is not good for environment.Weneed to encourage the use of public transportsThe purposes of TODnTo reduce the use of single-occupant vehicles by increasing the number of times people walk,bicycle,carpool,vanpool,or take a bus,streetcar or rail.Necessity for TODnGood transit
21、 networknTransit use supporting policynLand use system supporting transit usenAmiable walking environmentSome characteristics of TODnA centrally located transit station or transit stop.nA commercial area immediately adjacent to the station.nA network of connected streets that branch out into the sur
22、rounding neighborhood(s).nA variety of housing types,including multi-family.Why support TOD?nBetter use of land resourcesnReduced traffic congestion,and energy consumptionnImproved environmental qualitynReduced parking requirementsnReduced need for expensive investment(roads,bridges,and parking area
23、s)nBetter community imagenReduced stress from commuting by automobilenImproved marketability of the locationnBetter return on investment in transit infrastructureTOD in JapanComparison of passenger traffic shareIn Japan,Railway have a larger market share than other countries.GermanyItalyFranceUSUKJa
24、panAirplaneCarRailwayShipProblems and characteristics of Japans TODnJapanese TOD is mainly market-oriented TOD By railway companiesnJapanese government dont have strong power to regulate land use and to control car use This cause car congestion around stations and urban sprawlnJapan have a small num
25、ber of TOD systems Railways are highly used But bus and LRT were not well utilizedLets study the example of other countriesPortland,Oregon,USAPortland,Oregon,USALocation of PortlandPortlandTOD in PortlandnIntroduced in 1970snLiving Quality deteriorated Escalated traffic congestion Environmental dest
26、ructionnDecline population in city centerTraffic CongestionShopping Center in SuburbMETRO and TRI-METnMETRO The regional government which has municipal home rule for city planning.1.3 million people covers 24 cities,urban areas of 3 counties long-term land use and transport policynTRI-MET Regional t
27、ransportation authority Provide light rail and bus service and promote the development project with METRO.METRO areaUrban growth boundaryUrban reservesMetro boundaryMajor ParksCounty linesFreewaysLegendPublic transport system in PortlandnBudget relocation From express way to Metropolitan Area Expres
28、s(MAX)and parksnEstablished Transit malls Free fare in city center High Occupancy Vehicle(HOV)Lane Park and ride system Real-time bus location system with Geographical Information System(GIS)MAXCity Center of PortlandBus StopSeoul,South KoreaSeouls quick looknThe total area 605.52 Km2,or 0.6%of the
29、entire country.n25 gu or wardsnTotal population of 10,276,968 or a quarter of the total national populationnPer capita is 8.5 million won,23.7%of the GNP of 388 trillion wonCurrent Situation of Korea TransportationnRapid economic growth and increase in personal income have let to a sharp growth in t
30、he demand for transportation.nAmong cars that are used for various purposes,such as private,official orbusiness,the increase rate of private passenger cars recorded the highest.Car Ownership in Korea(unit:1,000 cars)YearPassenger CarBusTruckOthersTotal198024942226952819902,074383924113,39520008,0841
31、,4282,511378,46920018,8891,2572,5113712,694Recent Situation on Sustainable Urban Transportation in Seoul CitynCar ownership increased 28.1%in Seoul city and 51.4%in Seoul Metropolitan Area(SMA)nBus speed is 19 km/hr slower than 20.2 km/hr of passenger car in city centerRegionPopulation(1,000)Car Own
32、ership(1,000)199620032003/1996199620032003/1996Seoul city10,47010,277-1.8%2,1682,77728.1%SMA21,06523,24010.3%4,4816,74851.4%Bus reformnTook effect on July 1,2004nNew bus routes and bus-only lanes were introducednTo encourage more people to use public transportation and ease congestion on the roads.B
33、us typesTo reduce confusion and simplify passenger.Bus types and their stop signsBus-only laneResult of bus reform（passenger）nFor July and august,the passengers using either bus or subway had 11%increase compared to the corresponding months of the previous years.nFor July and august,bus passengers a
34、lone also experienced an average of 9.9%increase over last year.Result of bus reform（Bus speed）nThe average speed of the buses running in the median bus lanes escalated by 85%,increasing to 20.3km./hr on Dobong/Miaro(Road)in northern Seoul 72%increasing to 22.5km./hr on Suseak/Seongsanno(Road)in nor
35、thwestern Seoul 32%increasing to 17.2 km./hr on Gangnamdaero(Road)in southern SeoulnThe figure recorded in June when the new system was not yet introducedResult of bus reform（Traffic vol.）nTraffic volume decreased 5.9%in October from September last year Miaro recorded a 27.2%drop Gangnamdaero record
36、ed a 26.3%drop Songsanno in Susaek recorded a 23.3%dropnSeveral factors the implementation of the bus-exclusive median lane system the oil price surge encouraging drivers to not drive one day a weekGreen parking 2006nTo calm down the traffic at the collector road in the residential area.nBy increasi
37、ng the number of parking spaces in residential area.n25 sites were selected for the first year demonstration in 2004.n4,318 parking spaces on residential street by demolishing house wall of 3,120 households.Residential area in Seoul cityThe actual situation of collector roads in Seoul city,South Kor
38、eaGreen parking ideademolishing house wallWhy is TOD still daunting to developers?nConstruction costs of building add existing infrastructure and using valuable land for parking have also intimidated developernA shortage of promotion,standards,and systems about elements like appropriate densities have prevented developers and planners from building with confidenceSummerynPublic involvement.The involvement of residents in plan work with the administration to promote TOD nUsers friendly transportation system.Easily and understandable informations(bus signs)
