1、英语专业四级语法精讲英语专业四级语法精讲整体框架o 1.从句o 2.非谓语动词o 3.虚拟语气和情态动词o 4.时态、比较级、最高级和比较句式、句子成分、特殊结构o 5.倒装、附加疑问句、主谓一致、省略等o 6.其他从句考点归纳从句考点归纳从句定义o 所谓从句是指从属于主句的句子,由从属连词连接。由所谓从句是指从属于主句的句子,由从属连词连接。由主句和从句构成的复合句,是英语中比较复杂的句子结主句和从句构成的复合句,是英语中比较复杂的句子结构。从句的种类有很多,但根据其性质和作用可以分为:构。从句的种类有很多,但根据其性质和作用可以分为:名词性从句,形容词性从句(即定语从句),副词性从名词性从
2、句,形容词性从句(即定语从句),副词性从句(即状语从句)三大类。句(即状语从句)三大类。o 从句构成与用法的考查要点很多,历来是专业四级英语从句构成与用法的考查要点很多,历来是专业四级英语考试试题的热点与焦点,专业四级英语考试几乎每年都考试试题的热点与焦点,专业四级英语考试几乎每年都涉及到对涉及到对状语从句、定语从句以及名词性从句状语从句、定语从句以及名词性从句的考查,的考查,常将并列连接词、从属连词、关系代词、关系副词放在常将并列连接词、从属连词、关系代词、关系副词放在同一题干中进行考查,故意设置干扰项,增加试题难度,同一题干中进行考查,故意设置干扰项,增加试题难度,以考查考生分析交际语境、
3、理解句子之间的逻辑关系的以考查考生分析交际语境、理解句子之间的逻辑关系的能力。能力。o 1副词性从句(状语从句)副词性从句(状语从句)o 引导状语从句的关联词是一些从属连词。状语从句同状语一样,在句中的比较,可置于句首、句末或句中,状语从句位于句首时,常用逗号与主句隔开。若从句较短同时又与主句的关系十分紧密时,也可以不用逗号分开。状语从句根据其用途可以分为时间状语从句、地点状语从句、原因状语从句、结果状语从句、比较状语从句、目的状语从句、条件状语从句、让步状语从句和方式状语从句九种。状语从句的关键是要掌握引导不同状语从句的和。现分别列举如下:o 1)时间状语从句)时间状语从句o 常用引导词:常
4、用引导词:when,as,while,as soon as,before,after,since,till,until o 特殊引导词:特殊引导词:the minute,the moment,every time,immediately,no sooner than,hardly/scarcelywheno A good storyteller must be able to hold his listeners curiosity until her reaches the end of the story o He made a mistake,but then he corrected
5、the situation before it got worseo I gave her the money you owed her the moment I saw hero No sooner had I arrived home than it began to rain.o When/whileo When 表示“当 的时候”,指的是一个时间点(段)的动作;while表示“在 的同时”,只能表示持续性的动作或状态,不能表示一段时间的或短暂的动作。o While Tom was reading,Jack was writing.o When he finished his speec
6、h,the audience burst into applause.o 2)地点状语从句)地点状语从句o 常用来引导地点状语从句的关联词有常用来引导地点状语从句的关联词有where,wherever等。等。o The famous scientist grew up where he was born and in 1940 he came to Shanghai o Wherever I am I will be thinking of you.o 3)原因状语从句)原因状语从句o 常用来引导原因状语从句的关联词有常用来引导原因状语从句的关联词有because,as,since等。等。o
7、特殊引导词:特殊引导词:seeing that,now that,considering thato The Italian boy was regarded as a hero because he gave his life for his countryo Now that youve got a chance,you might as well make full use of ito 4)目的状语从句目的状语从句o 常用来引导目的状语从句的关联词有that,so that,in order that,in case,lest等。从句的谓语常由cancould,maymight 动词原
8、形构成。o Sally worked late in the evening to finish her report so that her boss could read it first the next morningo I am telling you that lest you should make a mistake.o 5)结果状语从句结果状语从句o 引导结果状语从句的连词有:that,so that(从句中不带情态动词),sothat(如此以致),suchthat(如此以致)。o We left in such a hurry that we forgot to lock
9、the door.(such是形容词,后接名词短语)o The village is so small that it cannot be shown in the map.(so是副词,后接形容词或副词短语)o 6)条件状语从句条件状语从句o 常用来引导条件状语从句的关联词有if,unless(除非),when(如果),suppose,supposing,given that(假定,给出),on condition that,asso long as等。o You will succeed in the end unless you give up halfwayo“So long as w
10、e dont understand it too well,every other language is poetry”o 7)让步状语从句让步状语从句o 常用引导词:though,although,even if,even thougho 特殊引导词:as(用在让步状语从句中必须要倒装),while(一般用在句首,表示尽管,虽然),no matter,in spite of the fact that,whatever,whoever,wherever,whenever,however,whichevero Much as/though I respect him,I cant agree
11、 to his proposal.o Well have to finish the job,no matter how long it takes.As 引导的让步状语从句o 1.必须倒装,如果动词或现在分词提前放在句首,谓语要补加助动词do/does/did,will等,如:o Fail as he did,he would never give up.o 2.做表语用的单数可数名词放在句首时,该名词前不可加冠词,如:o Fool as Jane is,she could not have done such a thing.o 3.从句的主语是代词时,主谓不须倒装;如果主语是名词时,则要
12、倒装,如:o Difficult as it was,they finished it in time.o Difficult as was the work,they finished it in time.No matter how 与however 引导的让步状语从句o No matter 与疑问词what,when,where,how等连用,或上述疑问词加ever,都可以引导让步状语从句,两者基本可以互换。o 8)比较状语从句比较状语从句o 常用引导词:as(同级比较),than(不同程度的比较)o 特殊引导词:the more the more ;A is to B what/as
13、X is to Y o The more you exercise,the healthier you will be.o Air is to us as water is to fish.o 9)方式状语从句方式状语从句o 常用引导词:as,as if/though o When in Rome,do as the Roman do.o They completely ignore these facts as if(as though)they never existed.o I have made the change as you suggested.o 2定语从句(复合句考查的重点)
14、定语从句(复合句考查的重点)o 定语从句主要用来修饰它前面的先行词(名词或代词)定语从句主要用来修饰它前面的先行词(名词或代词)的从句,所以又称形容词从句。根据与先行词的关系,的从句,所以又称形容词从句。根据与先行词的关系,定语从句可分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句。定语从句可分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句。定语从句主要考查引导定语从句的关系代词和关系副词;定语从句主要考查引导定语从句的关系代词和关系副词;介词引导词以及非限制性定语从句。对于定语从句,介词引导词以及非限制性定语从句。对于定语从句,在历年专业四级英语试题中,相对集中地考查了在历年专业四级英语试题中,相对集中地考查了非限
15、制非限制性定语从句、关系代词和关系副词的选用、定语从句中性定语从句、关系代词和关系副词的选用、定语从句中的一致关系以及的一致关系以及介词介词+关系代词关系代词等等知识点。知识点。o 考点一:引导定语从句的引导词有关系代词(who,whom,which,that,whose)和关系副词(as,when,where,why)等。但是当下列情况出现时,对引导词有特殊要求。o 1)当先行词是all,everything,nothing,something,little,much时;当先行词被all,no,some,any,every,a few,a little,much,only,very修饰时;当
16、先行词被序数词或形容词最高级修饰时,或者先行词既有人又有物时,定语从句的引导词用that。例如:o Everything(that)he said seemed quite reasonable.o You can take any toy that you like.o The first thing(that)I saw will never be forgotten.o This is the last thing(that)I want to do.这是我最不想做的事情。这是我最不想做的事情。o They are talking about the things and persons
17、(that)they can remember in that country.o 2)why引导表示原因的定语从句,其先行词一般是引导表示原因的定语从句,其先行词一般是reason。当主句主语是。当主句主语是reason时,作主句表语的成时,作主句表语的成分不能有分不能有because和和because of。其结构一般为。其结构一般为the reason whyis that,或者,或者 the reason that is that,如:,如:o He did not tell us the reason why he was late again.o The reason why(th
18、at)he didnt come is that he was ill o 考点二:考查“介词+关系代词”引导定语从句的用法。当先行词在定语从句中作介词的宾语时,往往可以把介词放在关系代词之前,构成“介词+关系代词(whom/which)”结构。但一些短语动词(如look after等)中的介词不能与动词分开,故不能放在关系代词之前。o American women usually look upon their best friend as someone with whom they can talk frequently.(关系代词whom在定语从句中作介词with的宾语,talk wi
19、th sb.意为与某人谈话。)o 另外,我们还要注意“部分名词+of 介词+关系代词(整体名词)”结构,该结构,做关系词也就是“部分名词+of which/whom”的结构,往往可以翻译成“其中”。(考查重点考查重点)o He invited many scientists to his birthday party,two of whom were his old classmates.o 考点三:当先行词为表示时间的名词(如:time,day,year,week,month,occasion)或地点的名词(如:place,room,city,country)时,一般用关系副词 when 和
20、 where.分别相当于in which,at which,on which。但是当这些表示时间或地点的名词作从句的宾语时,则要用关系代词that 或which。o I cant forget the days when(in which)I studied with you.o Can you tell me the day when(on which)you met her for the first time?o China is the only country where(in which)wild pandas(熊猫)can be found.o Ill never forget
21、the village where(in which)I spent my childhood(童年).o 试比较:o I will never forget the days that/which I spent in Beijing University.(本句days 作spend 的宾语,故用关系代词that/which)o I have never been to Beijing,but its the place that I most want to visit.(place 作visit 的宾语。)o 考点四:考点四:非限定性定语从句不能用that引导,一般用引导词which/
22、as或who(指人),非限定性定语从句既可以修饰主句的部分内容,也可修饰主句的全部内容。o as引导的非限定性定语从句既可以放在主句之前,也可以放在主句之中或之后,但which或who引导的非限定性定语从句不能放在主句句首。(考查重点考查重点)o The large area is covered with thick snow,which has been reported on TV.o His speech,which was very boring,was over at last.o As we all know,the moon(,as is known to us.)is a s
23、atellite of the earth.(as is known to us.)此外,as后如果是被动语态,被动语态中的be动词可以省略;which后的be动词同样情况下则不可以省略。o Football and baseball,as played in the United States today,are basically modifications of games that originated in England.o 结构“介词+whom”或“which+不定式短语”作后置定语时,相当于一个定语从句。此时若将介词还原后置,则需省略whom或which,即成为不定式短语。o
24、She is pleasant girl with whom to work.o She is a pleasant girl to work with.名词性从句名词性从句o 名词性从句:即从句在整个句中起名词作用,名词性从句:即从句在整个句中起名词作用,分别可以作主语、宾语、表语、同位语等,分别可以作主语、宾语、表语、同位语等,所以这类从句包括主语从句、宾语从句、表所以这类从句包括主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。语从句和同位语从句。名词性从句侧重考查考生在一定的语言环境下对英语从句的语序、从句连接词的运用以及主从句时态的呼应等知识点的掌握;o 考点一:主语从句:主要考查主语从句的
25、引导词;主句的谓语动词,一般用单数。o 1)It is well-known that the earth moves around the sun.众所周知,地球围绕太阳转。(说明:由连词that引导的主语从句,在大多数情况下用代词it作形式主语。)o 2)Whether we will hold a party in the open air tomorrow depends on the weather.(此时不能用if引导主语从句,只能用whether。)o 3)When the sports meet will be held is not decided.o 4)Which car
26、 you will choose to buy makes no difference.o 考点二:宾语从句:主要考查宾语从句if与whether的用法区别:o 1)whether和if常与or not连用,whether和or not 既可合起来使用,也可分开使用;if和or not只能分开使用。如:He asked whether(if)they would come or not.o I dont know whether or not they will come.o 2)whether 引导的宾语从句一般是肯定句,if 引导的宾语从句可以是肯定也可以否定的。如:o She asked
27、 whether/if you had enough money.o I dont care if it doesnt rain.(只能用if)o 考点三:表语从句:考点三:表语从句:be动词或者系动词后面跟主语补动词或者系动词后面跟主语补足语。足语。o 1)The question is whether the book is worth reading at all.(问题是这本书是否值得一(问题是这本书是否值得一读。)读。)2)That is why we dont like it.o 考点四:同位语从句(专业四级英语考查的重点)考点四:同位语从句(专业四级英语考查的重点)o 同位语从句
28、的特点是由一个抽象名词同位语从句的特点是由一个抽象名词+that从句构成,从句构成,引导词一般是引导词一般是that,而且而且that在从句中不充当任何成在从句中不充当任何成分。这些抽象名词有:分。这些抽象名词有:news,idea,fact,doubt,evidence,promise,rumor,hope,truth,belief,message等,同位语从句是对抽象名词进行等,同位语从句是对抽象名词进行说明解释。说明解释。o 如:o 1)We heard the news that he had won the game.我们听到消息他赢得了比赛。试比较:o 2)We heard the
29、 news that he had told her.o 有时如果主句的谓语动词较短,为保持句子平衡,避免头重脚轻,同位语从句也常与要说明的名词分开。例如:Word came that he died yesterday.消息传来说他昨天死了。o 说明:当名词说明:当名词doubt用在否定句中时,其后的同位语用在否定句中时,其后的同位语从句应用从句应用that引导;而用在肯定句或疑问句中时则可引导;而用在肯定句或疑问句中时则可以用其他词来引导。例如:以用其他词来引导。例如:o I never have the doubt that you can look after yourself.我从没
30、有怀疑过你可以照看好自己。我从没有怀疑过你可以照看好自己。o Some people have the doubt how such a little boy can lift so heavy a box.这么一个小这么一个小男孩怎么能举起这么重的盒子,对此人们表示怀疑男孩怎么能举起这么重的盒子,对此人们表示怀疑非谓语动词非谓语动词 非谓语动词非谓语动词主要包括不定式,动名词和现在分词。非谓语动词具有双重性质,既有动词的特点,如它们可以有时态语态的变化,能被状语修饰,也可以有自己的宾语;又有非动词的特点,如可以替代名词或形容词,从语法功能上来说,非谓语动词在句中可以做除谓语以外的其它各种成分
31、,即主语,宾语,表语,定语,状语和宾语。makemake主动语态主动语态被动语态被动语态句法功能句法功能一般式一般式 进行式进行式 完成式完成式一般式一般式完成式完成式 主主 宾宾 表表 定定 状状 补补不定不定式式to to makemaketo be to be makingmakingto to have have mademadeto be to be mademadeto to have have been been mademade 现在现在分词分词makingmaking having having mademadebeing being mademadehaving havin
32、g been been mademade 动名动名词词 过去过去分词分词 mademade o 1)不定式时态语态 主动被动一般式to do to be done 完成式 to have doneto have been done 进行式 to be doing 完成进行式 to have been doingo 表将来表将来 表某一次具体的动作表某一次具体的动作 表目的表目的o 2)动名词o 时态语态 主动被动一般式doing being done完成式having donehaving been doneo 用途:抽象、习惯性抽象、习惯性(his hobby is painting;I a
33、m proud of being a Chinese)o 3)分词o 时态语态主动 被动一般式 doing being done完成式 having done having been done 用途:现在分词:现在分词:主动、进行、令人主动、进行、令人的的 过去分词:过去分词:被动、完成、被动、完成、感到感到的的o 否定形式:not+不定式,not+动名词,not+现在分词o 如果表示的动作在谓语表示的动作之前发生,有时需要用动词的完成时态。即将要建的学校是为残疾儿童而设的。即将要建的学校是为残疾儿童而设的。The school to be built is intended for the
34、disabled children.正在建设的学校是为残疾儿童而设的。正在建设的学校是为残疾儿童而设的。The school being built is intended for the disabled children.去年建的学校是为残疾儿童而设的。去年建的学校是为残疾儿童而设的。The school built last year is intended for the disabled children.建设花了两年多的学校是为残疾儿童而设的。建设花了两年多的学校是为残疾儿童而设的。The school,having been built for two years,is inte
35、nded for the disabled children.1、作定语时,动名词说明名词的用途,可以用、作定语时,动名词说明名词的用途,可以用useful for 代替;代替;现在分词与名词在逻辑上有主谓关系,可扩展成定语从句。如:现在分词与名词在逻辑上有主谓关系,可扩展成定语从句。如:a sleeping car =a car used for sleepinga sleeping child=a child who is sleeping 2、作表语时,相当于一个名词,可以与主语交换位置的是动名作表语时,相当于一个名词,可以与主语交换位置的是动名词;相当于一个形容词,不可以和主语交换位置
36、的是现在分词。词;相当于一个形容词,不可以和主语交换位置的是现在分词。如:如:One of the best exercises is swimming.The situation is very interesting.1、动名词多表示、动名词多表示一般的、抽象的、泛指的概念一般的、抽象的、泛指的概念或一个已或一个已经完成了的动作,强调的是事情本身。而不定式则表示经完成了的动作,强调的是事情本身。而不定式则表示具体的一次行为或将来的动作具体的一次行为或将来的动作,强调的是动作本身,不,强调的是动作本身,不过有时二者之间区别很小。如:过有时二者之间区别很小。如:Reading English
37、novels is really great fun.读英语小说真有趣。读英语小说真有趣。To read English novels this evening will take most of my time.今晚读英语小说会花去我很多时间。今晚读英语小说会花去我很多时间。2、动词不定式作主语时,常用形式主语结构,而动名词在动词不定式作主语时,常用形式主语结构,而动名词在 It is no good/no use/fun,it is a waste of time/effort,its worthwhile,worth,tiring,interesting,enjoyable,pointl
38、ess,crazy,terrible等句型中常用等句型中常用it作形式主语。如:作形式主语。如:It is hard to make him change his mind.很难让他改变主意很难让他改变主意。Its no good hoping for their help.盼望他们的帮助没有用。盼望他们的帮助没有用。It is terrible not being allowed to smoke at all.一点都不允许吸烟是很糟糕的。一点都不允许吸烟是很糟糕的。3、疑问句中疑问句中,一般多用,一般多用动名词动名词的复合结构的复合结构作主语作主语,而不,而不 用不定式复合结构。如:用不定
39、式复合结构。如:Does our helping mean a lot to all of you?我们提供帮助对你们很重要吗?我们提供帮助对你们很重要吗?4、在句型、在句型“There be no主语主语”中,习惯上常用中,习惯上常用动名词动名词作主语,且不带逻辑主语。如作主语,且不带逻辑主语。如 There is no parking around here.这周围不准停车。这周围不准停车。There is no telling what will happen.(=It is impossible to tell what will happen.)无法知道会发生什么。无法知道会发生什么
40、。5、不定式、动名词作主语时可有自己的逻辑主语。、不定式、动名词作主语时可有自己的逻辑主语。不定式的逻辑主语通常是介词不定式的逻辑主语通常是介词for/of引导的名词或宾引导的名词或宾语代词;动名词的逻辑主语则常用语代词;动名词的逻辑主语则常用名词所有格或形名词所有格或形容词性物主代词容词性物主代词。如:。如:Lincoln said that it was not right for the South to break away from the Union.林肯说南方脱离联邦是不对的。林肯说南方脱离联邦是不对的。The students knowing English well help
41、ed them in learning French.对英语了解很好的人学习法语会有很大帮助。对英语了解很好的人学习法语会有很大帮助。6、当表语是动名词时、当表语是动名词时,主语要用动名词,当表语主语要用动名词,当表语是不定式时,主语也要用不定式。如是不定式时,主语也要用不定式。如:眼见为实。眼见为实。Seeing is believing.To see is to believe.What she likes is watching(to watch)children play.我最的就是看孩子玩耍。我最的就是看孩子玩耍。1、表示一般的概念时,不定式动名词可以互、表示一般的概念时,不定式动名
42、词可以互换。如:换。如:2、表示同意、劝告、意愿、禁止、安排、命令、决定、表示同意、劝告、意愿、禁止、安排、命令、决定等要用等要用不定式不定式。如:。如:She is to start the performance next month.她下个月开始表演。(安排)她下个月开始表演。(安排)You must be fully concentrated on your study if you are to pass the examination.如果你想通过考试,如果你想通过考试,就必须完全专注于学习上就必须完全专注于学习上。(愿望)(愿望)Noboby is to know the dec
43、ision made in the meeting today.不可以让任何人知道今天会议的决定(禁止)不可以让任何人知道今天会议的决定(禁止)3.不定式用于被动语态,相当于不定式用于被动语态,相当于can(could),should,ought to,must,具有情态意义具有情态意义。He is not to be feared.不应该怕他。(不应该怕他。(should not be)This kind of shirt is nowhere to be found this year.这种裙子今年哪里都找不到。(这种裙子今年哪里都找不到。(cant be)Once announced,t
44、he regulations are to be observed without exception.一旦被宣布了,就必一旦被宣布了,就必须无一例外地遵守这些规则须无一例外地遵守这些规则。(。(should be)1、这类动词用不定式作宾语往往指这类动词用不定式作宾语往往指具体的或一次性具体的或一次性的的行为,而动词的行为,而动词的-ing形式则指形式则指概括性、经常性的概括性、经常性的动动作或体验。有时两者区别并不大。这类动词常用的有作或体验。有时两者区别并不大。这类动词常用的有:like,begin,hate,start,propose,continue,prefer,love等。等。I
45、 like reading/to read China Daily.我喜欢读中国日报。我喜欢读中国日报。Lets continue playing/to play the game.咱们继续玩游戏吧咱们继续玩游戏吧 2、跟不定式和动词的、跟不定式和动词的-ing形式皆可,但意义相差很大的形式皆可,但意义相差很大的动词动词 这类动词常用的有:这类动词常用的有:try,regret,forget,remember,cant help,mean,go on等等。(1)try to do sth.尽力做难做的事;尽力做难做的事;try doing sth.试着做某一件可能会出现某一结果的事。试着做某一
46、件可能会出现某一结果的事。He tried to stand up but failed.他尽力站起来,但没成功。他尽力站起来,但没成功。Lets try telling him about the sad news.咱们试着把这咱们试着把这个不幸的消息告诉他。个不幸的消息告诉他。(2)regret:regret to do sth.对马上要做的事表示遗憾;对马上要做的事表示遗憾;regret doing sth.对已发生的事表示遗憾或后悔。对已发生的事表示遗憾或后悔。I really regret missing/having missed his lecture.我没能听他的讲座真感到遗憾
47、。我没能听他的讲座真感到遗憾。I regret to tell you that I cannot come.真遗憾,告诉你我不能来了。真遗憾,告诉你我不能来了。(3)cant help:cant help doing sth.禁不住;禁不住;cant help(to)do sth.不能帮忙干不能帮忙干 I couldnt help shaking with so few clothes on.穿这么少的衣服我禁不住打起哆嗦。穿这么少的衣服我禁不住打起哆嗦。I cant help to clean the place up.我不能帮助打扫这里了我不能帮助打扫这里了。(4)mean:mean t
48、o do sth.想做;想做;mean doing sth.意味着。意味着。Wasting time means killing life.浪费时光就意味着浪费生命。浪费时光就意味着浪费生命。I didnt mean to hurt you.我没有故意要伤害你。我没有故意要伤害你。(5)forget:forget doing sth 忘了已做过的事;忘了已做过的事;forget to do sth.忘记将要做的事。忘记将要做的事。o I forgot telling him about the news.o 我忘了曾把那件事告诉过他。我忘了曾把那件事告诉过他。o Dont forget to
49、wake me up at 6 tomorrow morning.o 别忘了明天早晨别忘了明天早晨6点叫醒我。点叫醒我。(6)go on:go on doing sth.继续干未干完的事继续干未干完的事 (强调动作的持续);(强调动作的持续);go on to do sth.继续干另一件事继续干另一件事 (强调事情的转接)(强调事情的转接)o The old man went on doing his work after a short rest.o 那位老人稍作休息便又干起手中的活。那位老人稍作休息便又干起手中的活。o The old man went on to play another
50、 song.o 这个老人接着弹奏另一首曲子。这个老人接着弹奏另一首曲子。(7)remember:remember doing sth.指记着做过的事;指记着做过的事;remember to do sth.记着要做事记着要做事。Please remember to come on time.请记着按时来。请记着按时来。I still remember being taken to the Science Museum for the first time.我仍记得第一次被带到博物馆的情景。我仍记得第一次被带到博物馆的情景。(8)stop:stop to do sth.停下正在做的动作去做另一动作