1、Passage1Reading leadership literature, youd sometimes think that everyone has the potential to be an effective leader. 读领导文学，你有时会认为每个人都有可能成为一个有效的领导者。I dont believe that to be true. In fact, I see way fewer truly effective leaders than I see people stuck in positions of leadership who arc sadly incom
2、petent and seriously misguided about their own abilities. 我不相信这是真的。事实上，我认为真正有效的领导者的方式比我看到的人都陷在领导的职位上，遗憾的是他们自己的能力不称职，严重误导了他们。Part of the reason this happens is a lack of honest self-assessment by those who aspire to（追求）leadership in the first place. 对产生这种现象的原因一部分是由那些渴望缺乏诚实的自我评估（追求）放在首位的领导Weve all met
3、 the type of individual who simply must take charge. Whether its a decision-making session, a basketball game, or a family outing, they cant help grabbing the lead dog position and clinging on to it for dear life. They believe theyre natural born leaders. 导 。Weve all met the type of individual who s
4、imply must take charge. Whether its a decision-making session, a basketball game, or a family outing, they cant help grabbing the lead dog position and clinging on to it for dear life. They believe theyre natural born leaders.我们都遇到了个人的类型，他们必须负责。无论是决策会议，篮球比赛，还是家庭外出，他们都不能不抓住领导的狗的地位，并紧紧抓住它，因为亲爱的生命。他们相信
5、他们是天生的领袖。Truth is, theyre nothing of the sort. True leaders dont assume that its their divine（神圣的）right to take charge every time two or more people get together. Quite the opposite. A great leader will assess each situation on its merits, and will only take charge when their position, the situation
6、, and/or the needs of the moment demand it. 袖 。Truth is, theyre nothing of the sort. True leaders dont assume that its their divine（神圣的）right to take charge every time two or more people get together. Quite the opposite. A great leader will assess each situation on its merits, and will only take cha
7、rge when their position, the situation, and/or the needs of the moment demand it.事实是，他们没有什么样的。真正的领导者不认为这是他们的神圣（神圣的）负责每次两个或两个以上的人在一起吧。恰恰相反。一个伟大的领导者会对每一个情况进行评估，并在他们的位置、情况和/或需要的情况下，只会负责。Many business executives confuse leadership with action. They believe that constant motion somehow generates leadersh
8、ip as a byproduct. Faced with any situation that cant be solved by the sheer force of activity, they generate a dust cloud of impatience. Their one leadership tool is volume: if they think you arent working as hard as they think you should, their demands become increasingly louder and harsher.许多企业高管
9、把领导与行动混为一谈。他们认为，不断运动以某种程度上产生领导的副产品。面对任何无法解决的纯粹的力量的情况，他们产生了一个不耐烦的尘埃云。他们的一个领导的工具是量：如果他们认为你不做他们认为你应该努力，他们的要求越来越高和严厉的。True leaders understand the value of action, of course, but it isnt their only tool. In fact, it isnt ever their primary tool. Great leaders see more than everyone else: answers, solutio
10、ns, patterns, problems, opportunities. They know its vitally important to do, but they also know that thinking, understanding, reflection and interpretation are equally important. 的 。True leaders understand the value of action, of course, but it isnt their only tool. In fact, it isnt ever their prim
11、ary tool. Great leaders see more than everyone else: answers, solutions, patterns, problems, opportunities. They know its vitally important to do, but they also know that thinking, understanding, reflection and interpretation are equally important.真正的领导者明白行动的价值，当然，但这不是他们唯一的工具。事实上，它不是他们的主要工具。伟大领袖们看到的
12、比其他人更多：答案、解决方案、模式、问题、机会。他们知道这是非常重要的，但他们也知道，思想，理解，反思和解释同样重要。 If youre too concerned with outcomes to the extent that you manipulate and intimidate others to achieve those outcomes, then you arent leading at all, youre dictating. A true leader is someone who develops his or her team so that they can a
13、nd do hit their targets and achieve their goals. I dont believe that to be true. In fact, I see way fewer truly effective leaders than I see people stuck in positions of leadership who arc sadly incompetent and seriously misguided about their own abilities.Part of the reason this happens is a lack o
14、f honest self-assessment by those who aspire to（追求）leadership in the first place.Many business executives confuse leadership with action. They believe that constant motion somehow generates leadership as a byproduct. Faced with any situation that cant be solved by the sheer force of activity, they g
15、enerate a dust cloud of impatience. Their one leadership tool is volume: if they think you arent working as hard as they think you should, their demands become increasingly louder and harsher.If youre too concerned with outcomes to the extent that you manipulate and intimidate others to achieve thos
16、e outcomes, then you arent leading at all, youre dictating. A true leader is someone who develops his or her team so that they can and do hit their targets and achieve their goals.如果你太关注结果的程度，你的操纵和恐吓他人来达到这些目标，那么你不是领导时，你决定。一个真正的领导者是一个发展他或她的团队的人，这样他们就可以打他们的目标，达到他们的目标。Passage2 Have you ever felt your m
17、ind falling into disorder after a sleepless night? You couldnt come up with an original thought no matter how hard you tried.你有过一个无眠的夜晚，你是否感到你的精神陷入混乱？不管你怎么努力，你都不能想出一个原创的想法。 You were probably right if you thought that was caused by a lack of sleep. Dr. Horne, a sleep researcher in England, studied 24
18、 college students. One group got their normal eight hours of sleep. The other group didnt get the smallest amount of sleep they stayed awake all night. The next day, Dr. Horne tested the students. He asked them questions that required creative and original thinking. One of the questions was “How man
19、y uses can a cardboard box be put to?”法 。You were probably right if you thought that was caused by a lack of sleep. Dr. Horne, a sleep researcher in England, studied 24 college students. One group got their normal eight hours of sleep. The other group didnt get the smallest amount of sleep they stay
20、ed awake all night. The next day, Dr. Horne tested the students. He asked them questions that required creative and original thinking. One of the questions was “How many uses can a cardboard box be put to?”你可能是对的，如果你认为这是由于缺乏睡眠造成的。Horne博士，在英国睡眠研究者研究了24名大学生。一组八小时的睡眠正常。另一组人没有得到最小的睡眠，他们整夜都睡不着觉。次日，Dr.Hor
21、ne测试的学生。他要求他们提出的问题，需要创造性和创造性思维。其中的一个问题是“有多少用纸板箱可以装？The result? The wide-awake students did well on the test .The tired students did poorly. ？ “The result? The wide-awake students did well on the test .The tired students did poorly.结果？考试大的学生考得很好，累的学生成绩不好。 Research has already shown that tired people
22、can do OK on tests of habitual thinking, like simple addition. But Dr. Horne tested creative thinking only.研究已经表明，疲劳的人可以做测试的习惯性思维，如简单的加法。但是，Dr.Horne测试创造性思维只有。 As part of his study, he offered an amount of money as a reward to the sleepy students if they did well. But even this encouragement wasnt en
23、ough to help the students conquer their tiredness. They did poorly. Dr. Horne believes that the part of the brain where thinking takes place may get worn out during waking hours. Sleep may help to repair the brain. “Without any sleep,” he emphasized, “even if you pay closer attention, you cannot do
24、better.” 作为他的研究的一部分，他提供了一个数额的钱，作为奖励给困倦的学生，如果他们做得很好。但即使是这种鼓励也不足以帮助学生克服疲劳。他们做得很差。霍恩博士认为发生在思维的那部分大脑会磨损在醒着的时候。睡眠可能有助于修复大脑。“没有任何睡眠，”他强调，“即使你付出更密切的关注，你也不能做得更好。” This study gives people something to think about, especially people like hospital workers who must stay awake all night and then make quick decis
25、ions.。Research has already shown that tired people can do OK on tests of habitual thinking, like simple addition. But Dr. Horne tested creative thinking only.As part of his study, he offered an amount of money as a reward to the sleepy students if they did well. But even this encouragement wasnt eno
26、ugh to help the students conquer their tiredness. They did poorly. Dr. Horne believes that the part of the brain where thinking takes place may get worn out during waking hours. Sleep may help to repair the brain. “Without any sleep,” he emphasized, “even if you pay closer attention, you cannot do b
27、etter.”候 。”This study gives people something to think about, especially people like hospital workers who must stay awake all night and then make quick decisions.这项研究给人们一些思考，特别是像医院工作者的工作人员必须保持清醒，并作出快速决定。Passage3 Researchers have established that when people are mentally engaged, biochemical changes o
28、ccur in the brain that allow it to act more effectively in cognitive（认知的）areas such as attention and memory. This is true regardless of age. 研究人员发现，当人们心理活动时，大脑中发生的生化变化，使它在认知活动更为有效（认知的）等方面的注意和记忆。这是真实的，不论年龄。 People will be alert (警觉的) and receptive (接受能力强的) if they are faced with information that gets
29、 them to think about things they are interested in. And someone with a history of doing more rather than less will go into old age more cognitively sound than someone who has not had an active mind. 人们将警报（警觉的）和接受（接受能力强的）如果他们面对的信息使他们思考自己感兴趣的事物。有人用历史做更多而不是更少的进入老年的人比没有活跃的思维认知的声音。 Many experts are so co
30、nvinced of the benefits of challenging the brain that they are putting the theory to work in their own lives. “The idea is not necessarily to learn to memorize enormous amounts of information,” says James Fozard, associate director of the National Institute on Aging. “Most of us dont need that kind
31、of skill. Such specific training is of less interest than being able to maintain mental alertness.” Fozard and others say they challenge their brains with different mental skills, both because they enjoy them and because they are sure that their range of activities will help the way their brains wor
32、k. 许多专家都这么认为，他们在给自己的生活中工作，挑战他们的大脑的好处。“是不是一定要学会记忆大量的信息，说：”杰姆斯Fozard国立老化研究所的副所长。我们中的大多数人都不需要这种技能。这种特别的培训比能够保持精力充沛，不感兴趣。”Fozard和其他人说他们挑战他们的大脑不同的心智技能，这是因为他们喜欢他们，因为他们相信他们的活动范围将有助于他们的大脑的工作方式。 Gene Cohen, acting director of the same institute, suggests that people in their old age should engage in mental a
33、nd physical activities individually as well as in groups. Cohen says that we are frequently advised to keep physically active as we age, but older people need to keep mentally active as well. Those who do are more likely to maintain their intellectual abilities and to be generally happier and better
34、 adjusted. The point is, you need to do both, Cohen says, “intellectual activity actually influences brain-cell health and size.”People will be alert (警觉的) and receptive (接受能力强的) if they are faced with information that gets them to think about things they are interested in. And someone with a histor
35、y of doing more rather than less will go into old age more cognitively sound than someone who has not had an active mind.Many experts are so convinced of the benefits of challenging the brain that they are putting the theory to work in their own lives. “The idea is not necessarily to learn to memori
36、ze enormous amounts of information,” says James Fozard, associate director of the National Institute on Aging. “Most of us dont need that kind of skill. Such specific training is of less interest than being able to maintain mental alertness.” Fozard and others say they challenge their brains with di
37、fferent mental skills, both because they enjoy them and because they are sure that their range of activities will help the way their brains work.Gene Cohen, acting director of the same institute, suggests that people in their old age should engage in mental and physical activities individually as we
38、ll as in groups. Cohen says that we are frequently advised to keep physically active as we age, but older people need to keep mentally active as well. Those who do are more likely to maintain their intellectual abilities and to be generally happier and better adjusted. The point is, you need to do b
39、oth, Cohen says, “intellectual activity actually influences brain-cell health and size.”基因科恩，同一研究所的代理主任，建议在他们的老年人应该从事的精神和身体活动，以及个人的团体。科恩说，我们经常被建议保持身体活跃，因为我们的年龄，但老年人需要保持精神上积极的。那些做的是更可能保持自己的智力能力和更幸福和更好的调整。”“这一点是，你需要做的，”科恩说，“智力活动实际上影响了脑细胞的健康和大小。”Passage 4 English is one of the great thieves. It is cons
40、tantly borrowing. It started out taking words from Latin, Greek, French, and German. 英语是一个伟大的小偷。这是不断借。它开始从拉丁语，希腊语，法语和德语中取词。 Then English went on to borrow words from more than 50 different languages. From Italian, it took cameo, stanza, and violin, for example. From Spanish and Portuguese, it borrow
41、ed the words alligator, canyon, and sombrero. From Native Americans, it got raccoon and wigwam. Peru contributed llama and quinine. The Caribbean islands gave English barbecue and cannibal. From Africa came chimpanzee and zebra, from India came bandanna, curry, and punch, and from Australia came kan
42、garoo and boomerang. 然后，英语就从50多个不同的语言借用了词汇。来自意大利，花浮雕，节，和小提琴，例如。从西班牙和葡萄牙，它借用了鳄鱼，峡谷的话，和草帽。从土著美国人，它得到了浣熊和棚屋。秘鲁贡献了骆驼和奎宁。加勒比群岛给英语烧烤和食人族。从非洲来的黑猩猩和斑马线，从印度来的大手帕，咖喱，和冲床，和从澳大利亚来的袋鼠和飞镖。 Science caused an explosion in words. Some words in science combine parts of Greek and Latin words. They include penicillin,
43、stethoscope, and supersonic. Others were borrowed from languages spoken today. Robot comes from a Czech word. 引起爆炸的话。科学的一些词结合起来的希腊和拉丁词的部分。他们包括青霉素、听诊器、超声。其他人被借用的语言今天发言。机器人来自捷克词语。 The English language has been stealing words for more than 1,500 years. The most complete dictionary of the English langua
44、ge contains a whopping 600,000 words. 英语的语言已经超过1500年了。最全的英语词典包含了600000个字。Passage 5 There is no doubt that a common language used throughout the world would do much to bring countries closer to each other. Though it is becoming increasingly easy to move from place to place, our inability to communica
45、te with one another gives rise to numerous misunderstandings and makes real contact between people of differing nationalities impossible. Many attempts have been made to overcome this problem and they have all failed. The fear of foreign influence and domination rules out the universal acceptance of
46、 any one of the existing major languages. Aware of this difficulty, many linguists have constructed artificial languages which could have no possible political overtones. They have argued that a language of this sort would perform much the same service as Latin did in the Middle Ages. 毫无疑问，世界上使用的一种通
47、用语言，可以使各国彼此接近。虽然它变得越来越容易从地方移动到地方，我们无法与人沟通，产生了许多误解，使不同民族的人之间的真正接触不可能。许多尝试已经克服了这个问题，他们都失败了。外国势力和统治的恐惧，排除了普遍接受的任何一个现有的主要语言。意识到这一困难，许多语言学家人工语言，不可能有可能的政治色彩。他们认为，这种语言的一种语言，将履行与拉丁在中世纪的相同的服务。 Although linguists succeeded in making their artificial languages extremely simple so that they would be easy to lea
48、rn, their efforts seemed doomed from the start. The reason for this is that there is no real incentive to learn an artificial language. There is nothing to guarantee that everybody is willing to make the effort; there is no assurance that the learner will have any adequate return for his toil. When
49、people today undertake to learn a foreign language, they are not interested only in speaking it. Mastery of a language makes available to the learner a great deal of worthwhile literature and many current publications. This is the biggest stumbling-block of all for the artificially-constructed tongue. Having no literature of its own, all it can offer
