1、第一节第一节 、腹、盆腔手术麻醉的特点腹、盆腔手术麻醉的特点 The features of anesthesia for operations in abdominal and pelvic cavities1 1、腹、盆腔脏器的主要生理功能和围术期、腹、盆腔脏器的主要生理功能和围术期病理生理变化病理生理变化 The organs in abdominal and pelvic The organs in abdominal and pelvic cavities include digestive system and cavities include digestive system a
2、nd genitourinary system.genitourinary system.The main physiological functions are The main physiological functions are digestion,absorption,metabolism,digestion,absorption,metabolism,elimination,immune function and elimination,immune function and secretion.secretion.The adequate preoperative prepara
3、tion The adequate preoperative preparation should be done to avoid anesthetic should be done to avoid anesthetic plications.2 2、腹、盆腔手术围术期液体管理、腹、盆腔手术围术期液体管理 Severe bleeding(massive hemorrhage),massive loss Severe bleeding(massive hemorrhage),massive loss of body fluid,internal redistribution of fluid
4、sof body fluid,internal redistribution of fluids often called often called“third spacethird space”can cause severe can cause severe intravascular depletion.intravascular depletion.The fluids infusion rate is 10ml/kg/h and the The fluids infusion rate is 10ml/kg/h and the crystalloid and colloid solu
5、tions should be crystalloid and colloid solutions should be administered properly.administered properly.When the danger of anemia outweighs the risks of When the danger of anemia outweighs the risks of transfusion,further blood loss should be replaced transfusion,further blood loss should be replace
6、d with transfusion of red blood cells to maintain with transfusion of red blood cells to maintain hemoglobin concentration or hematocrit.hemoglobin concentration or hematocrit.3 3、手术体位、手术体位(Patient(Patients position in s position in operationoperation)对生理功能的影响)对生理功能的影响 截石位(Lithotomy position)头低位(Tre
7、ndelenburg position)Lithotomy position and Trendelenburg tilt would result in changes in pulmonary blood volume,a decrease in pulmonary compliance,a cephalad shift of the diaphragm,and a decrease in lung volume parameters.Cardiac preload may increase.Nerve injuries to the common peroneal,sciatic,and
8、 femoral nerves are likely.4 4、腹压对生理功能的影响、腹压对生理功能的影响Increased abdominal pressure and elevation Increased abdominal pressure and elevation of diaphragm lead to dyspnea.of diaphragm lead to dyspnea.Anesthetic agents,anesthetic techniques Anesthetic agents,anesthetic techniques and rapid decompression
9、exacerbate and rapid decompression exacerbate vasodilatation,decreased venous return to vasodilatation,decreased venous return to heart and cardiac output.heart and cardiac output.The measures should be taken:The measures should be taken:Administration of IV fluids.Administration of IV fluids.Modula
10、te the position.Modulate the position.Administration of ephedrine.Administration of ephedrine.Avoid rapid decompression.Avoid rapid decompression.5 5、腹、盆腔手术对肌松弛的要求、腹、盆腔手术对肌松弛的要求 Complete neuromuscular blocking is Complete neuromuscular blocking is required in operations.required in operations.6 6、腹、
11、盆腔手术中的内脏牵拉反应、腹、盆腔手术中的内脏牵拉反应 Distension of viscera or traction Distension of viscera or traction on peritoneum may induce bradycardia,on peritoneum may induce bradycardia,reducing of arterial pressure and reducing of arterial pressure and cardiac arrest.cardiac arrest.Vagus reflexion and pelvic nerve
12、s reflexionVagus reflexion and pelvic nerves reflexion Mesentery traction syndrome Mesentery traction syndrome7 7、腹、盆腔急症手术的特点、腹、盆腔急症手术的特点 Preoperative assessmentPreoperative assessment History and physical examination History and physical examination Full stomach Full stomach Hypovolemia Hypovolemia
13、 Fluid and electrolytes disturbance Fluid and electrolytes disturbance Acid-base unbalance Acid-base unbalance Preparation for emergency operations Preparation for emergency operations第二节、第二节、腹、盆腔手术的常用腹、盆腔手术的常用 麻醉方法麻醉方法The commonly used anesthesia techniques for surgery in abdominal and pelvic cavit
14、ies 一一.局部麻醉(局部麻醉(local anesthesia)local anesthesia)Local infiltration anesthesia Field blocking anesthesia Intercostal blockAdvantages.Disadvantages.二二.椎管内麻醉(椎管内麻醉(intravertebral intravertebral anesthesiaanesthesia)1.Extradural anesthesia,epidural.Extradural anesthesia,epidural anesthesiaanesthesia
15、One site,two sites One site,two sites 2.Subarachnoid anesthesia2.Subarachnoid anesthesia a.Single dose a.Single dose b.Intermittent bolus via a catheter b.Intermittent bolus via a catheter3.Combined spinal and epidural anesthesia3.Combined spinal and epidural anesthesia三三.全身麻醉(全身麻醉(General anesthesi
16、a)General anesthesia)适用于各种腹盆腔手术,尤其是手术困难适用于各种腹盆腔手术,尤其是手术困难以及老年、体弱、肥胖、病情危重或有椎以及老年、体弱、肥胖、病情危重或有椎管内麻醉禁忌证的病人。麻醉可控性强,管内麻醉禁忌证的病人。麻醉可控性强,给氧充分,能充分对机体生理功能进行调给氧充分,能充分对机体生理功能进行调控控.方法有:方法有:吸入麻醉(吸入麻醉(inhalational anesthesia)inhalational anesthesia)静脉麻醉(静脉麻醉(intravenous anesthesia)intravenous anesthesia)静吸复合麻醉静吸复合
17、麻醉(Balance anesthesia)(Balance anesthesia)Induction of anesthesia Inhalational induction Intravenous induction Use of the laryngeal mask airway or tracheal intubation Maintenance of anesthesia Anesthesia may be continued using inhalational agents,I.v.anesthetic agents,I.v.opioids or muscle relaxants
18、 in combination.四四.全麻复合椎管内麻醉全麻复合椎管内麻醉(Intravertebral anesthesia Intravertebral anesthesia used to supplement general used to supplement general anesthesia)anesthesia)常用于肝肾功能异常,手术操作复杂,常用于肝肾功能异常,手术操作复杂,手术时间冗长,术后需镇痛的大型手术手术时间冗长,术后需镇痛的大型手术.利用了两种麻醉方法各自的优点,避利用了两种麻醉方法各自的优点,避免了实施一种麻醉方法所具有的缺点免了实施一种麻醉方法所具有的缺点.
19、第三节第三节 常见腹盆腔手术的常见腹盆腔手术的 麻醉处理麻醉处理The common anesthesia managements for surgery in abdominal and pelvic cavities一、胃肠手术的麻醉(一、胃肠手术的麻醉(Anesthesia for Anesthesia for gastrointestinal operations)gastrointestinal operations)胃肠手术的麻醉一、术前准备一、术前准备1.1.消化性溃疡和肿瘤病人常有贫血(消化性溃疡和肿瘤病人常有贫血(anemiaanemia)和)和营养不良(营养不良(malnu
20、tritionmalnutrition),术前应纠正),术前应纠正2.2.因呕吐、腹泻、肠内液体潴留等因素引起的水、因呕吐、腹泻、肠内液体潴留等因素引起的水、电解质酸碱平衡紊乱(电解质酸碱平衡紊乱(Disturbance of Disturbance of fluid,electrolyte and acid-base balancefluid,electrolyte and acid-base balance)应纠正应纠正3.3.术前胃肠减压(术前胃肠减压(gastrointestinal gastrointestinal decompressiondecompression,reducti
21、on in gastric reduction in gastric volumevolume)胃肠手术的麻醉二、麻醉选择(二、麻醉选择(Selection of Selection of anesthesia technique)anesthesia technique)Epidural anesthesia,Epidural anesthesia,supplemented by analgesic and supplemented by analgesic and sedative drugs.sedative drugs.General anesthesiaGeneral anesthe
22、sia 胃肠手术的麻醉三、术中的麻醉管理特点(三、术中的麻醉管理特点(Features of Features of anesthesia managements)anesthesia managements)手术探查手术探查(Surgical exploration)(Surgical exploration)、牵拉、钝性、牵拉、钝性剥离胃底、胃小弯和盆底组织可引起强烈的神经剥离胃底、胃小弯和盆底组织可引起强烈的神经反射,需加深麻醉,切割、吻合时,麻醉深度可反射,需加深麻醉,切割、吻合时,麻醉深度可减浅减浅 根据术中失血量、病人术前血红蛋白水平,适当根据术中失血量、病人术前血红蛋白水平,适当
23、输血(输血(Blood transfusion should be used Blood transfusion should be used only if absolutely necessary)only if absolutely necessary)二、胆道手术的二、胆道手术的 麻醉麻醉(anesthesia for operations on(anesthesia for operations on biliary tract)biliary tract)胆道手术的麻醉一、术前准备一、术前准备(1 1)胆道手术病人特点)胆道手术病人特点 肝功能损害肝功能损害(Hepatic fun
24、ction lesion)(Hepatic function lesion),代,代谢解毒能力降低谢解毒能力降低 高胆红素血症高胆红素血症(Hyperbilirubinemia)(Hyperbilirubinemia),高迷走,高迷走神经张力神经张力 阻塞性黄疸阻塞性黄疸(obstructive jaundise),VitK(obstructive jaundise),VitK吸吸收障碍,凝血因子(收障碍,凝血因子(blood clotting factors;blood clotting factors;coagulation factorscoagulation factors)缺乏,有出
25、血倾向)缺乏,有出血倾向(hemorrhagic tendency)(hemorrhagic tendency)易发生肝肾综合症易发生肝肾综合症(hepatorenal syndrome)(hepatorenal syndrome)胆道手术的麻醉(2 2)术前准备)术前准备 护肝利胆治疗,使胆红素水平降低护肝利胆治疗,使胆红素水平降低 补充补充VitK,VitK,使凝血酶原时间使凝血酶原时间(Prothrombin(Prothrombin time)time)正常正常 术前予足量的抗胆碱药物术前予足量的抗胆碱药物(Atropine)(Atropine),对,对抗高迷走张力抗高迷走张力 注意胆囊
26、炎注意胆囊炎(cholecystitis)(cholecystitis)与心绞痛与心绞痛(angina pectoris)(angina pectoris)的鉴别诊断的鉴别诊断 胆道手术的麻醉二、麻醉选择二、麻醉选择 Epidural anesthesia General anesthesia 胆道手术的麻醉三、术中麻醉管理的特点三、术中麻醉管理的特点 预防和及时处理胆心反射(预防和及时处理胆心反射(Vagus reflection,Vagus reflection,Parasympathetic reflectionParasympathetic reflection)和反射性冠脉)和反射性
27、冠脉痉挛(痉挛(coronary artery spasm)coronary artery spasm)所至心肌缺血所至心肌缺血(Myocardial ischemia)Myocardial ischemia)胆囊床淋撒利多卡因、腹腔神经丛阻滞、全胆囊床淋撒利多卡因、腹腔神经丛阻滞、全麻加深麻醉,出现心动过缓、血压下降及时用麻加深麻醉,出现心动过缓、血压下降及时用阿托品、麻黄素纠正,硬膜外防止平面过高引阿托品、麻黄素纠正,硬膜外防止平面过高引起呼吸循环抑制,保证供氧充分起呼吸循环抑制,保证供氧充分,必要时及时必要时及时终止手术刺激。终止手术刺激。胆道手术的麻醉 注意凝血机制紊乱,如有异常渗血,
28、及时注意凝血机制紊乱,如有异常渗血,及时检查,必要时予抗纤溶药物治疗。检查,必要时予抗纤溶药物治疗。输血,必要时适量输成分血。输血,必要时适量输成分血。保护肾功能,术中可使用小量甘露醇并防保护肾功能,术中可使用小量甘露醇并防止低血压。止低血压。Case report 胆道手术的麻醉 1 case discussion 患者,女,37岁,既往体健,因急性胆囊炎在连续硬膜外麻醉下行胆囊切除术,术中探查胆囊时,患者诉上腹和肩部剧痛,准备以杜氟合剂辅助,正抽药时,患者突然意识消失,血压测不到,颈动脉搏动消失,即行气管插管人工呼吸,胸外心脏按压,注射肾上腺素、阿托品和地塞米松等,5Min后恢复窦性心律,
29、血压升至100/80mmHg,20Min后自主呼吸恢复至24 bpm,50Min后手术结束。心跳骤停的原因是什么?三、胰腺手术的麻醉三、胰腺手术的麻醉 (Anesthesia Anesthesia for pancreas surgery)for pancreas surgery)胰腺手术的麻醉一、术前准备一、术前准备 胰腺手术病人病情重,手术创伤大,时间长;胰腺手术病人病情重,手术创伤大,时间长;病人年老体弱,伴随肝功能损害和梗阻性黄疸;病人年老体弱,伴随肝功能损害和梗阻性黄疸;糖耐量异常(糖耐量异常(glucose tolerance abnormality)glucose toleran
30、ce abnormality);可能合并重要脏器功能不全可能合并重要脏器功能不全 术前应加强支持治疗术前应加强支持治疗 纠正水电解质、酸碱平衡紊乱纠正水电解质、酸碱平衡紊乱 纠正凝血机制异常(纠正凝血机制异常(VitK)VitK)监测血糖,备胰岛素监测血糖,备胰岛素(insulin)(insulin)带入手术室带入手术室 胰腺手术的麻醉二、麻醉的选择二、麻醉的选择General anesthesia General anesthesia and epidural anesthesia supplementation.胰腺手术的麻醉三、术中麻醉管理的特点三、术中麻醉管理的特点 要求肌松完善要求肌
31、松完善 动态监测血糖,防止中枢神经系统损害,同时动态监测血糖,防止中枢神经系统损害,同时避免盲目输糖避免盲目输糖 注意补液输血,防止低血容量和低血细胞比容注意补液输血,防止低血容量和低血细胞比容 监测酸碱平衡、凝血功能和肝肾功能监测酸碱平衡、凝血功能和肝肾功能 胰腺在缺血缺氧情况下可分泌心肌抑制因子胰腺在缺血缺氧情况下可分泌心肌抑制因子(myocardial depressant factor)(myocardial depressant factor),抑制心肌,抑制心肌收缩力收缩力(Myocardial contractility),(Myocardial contractility),引
32、起循引起循环衰竭环衰竭(Cardiac failure)(Cardiac failure),应注意预防,应注意预防四、肝手术的麻醉四、肝手术的麻醉(Anesthesia for liver(Anesthesia for liver surgery)surgery)肝手术的麻醉一、术前准备一、术前准备 此类病人肝功能损害程度不一;手术范围大时此类病人肝功能损害程度不一;手术范围大时影响术后肝脏代谢解毒功能;手术出血多影响术后肝脏代谢解毒功能;手术出血多 术前充分评估和保护肝功能,积极护肝治疗术前充分评估和保护肝功能,积极护肝治疗 纠正贫血、低蛋白血症(纠正贫血、低蛋白血症(Hypoprotein
33、emia)Hypoproteinemia)、凝血功能异常(凝血功能异常(Blood clotting disfunction)Blood clotting disfunction)备血(备血(Group,screen and crossmatch 2-4 Group,screen and crossmatch 2-4 units of red blood cells)units of red blood cells)肝手术的麻醉二、麻醉选择二、麻醉选择Epidural anesthesiaGeneral anesthesia 肝手术的麻醉三、术中麻醉管理特点三、术中麻醉管理特点 避免缺氧避免缺
34、氧(Hypoxia)(Hypoxia)、低血压、低血压(hypotension)(hypotension)或或阻断肝门时间阻断肝门时间(Duration of blocking porta(Duration of blocking porta hepatis)hepatis)过长(应过长(应20min)20min)避免使用有肝损害作用的药物,如氟烷避免使用有肝损害作用的药物,如氟烷(fluothane)fluothane),其他挥发性吸入麻醉药有一过,其他挥发性吸入麻醉药有一过性肝损害,宜低浓度吸入,静脉麻醉药注意酌性肝损害,宜低浓度吸入,静脉麻醉药注意酌情减量,必要时配合使用血管活性药,肌松
35、药情减量,必要时配合使用血管活性药,肌松药选择阿曲库胺(选择阿曲库胺(Atracurium)Atracurium)肝手术的麻醉 开放上肢静脉输液通路,充分评估失血开放上肢静脉输液通路,充分评估失血量,适量输血量,适量输血 肝包囊虫病,防止囊液腹腔污染引起的肝包囊虫病,防止囊液腹腔污染引起的过敏性休克过敏性休克(allergic shock)(allergic shock)肾功能监测和保护肾功能监测和保护(monitoring and(monitoring and protection of renal function)protection of renal function)利用低中心静脉压
36、(利用低中心静脉压(low central low central venous pressure),venous pressure),减少出血量减少出血量五、门脉高压和脾切除术的麻醉五、门脉高压和脾切除术的麻醉(Anesthesia for portal Anesthesia for portal hypertension and splenectomy)hypertension and splenectomy)门脉高压和脾切除术的麻醉一、术前准备一、术前准备 门静脉压力超过门静脉压力超过25cmH25cmH2 2O O称门脉高压,多数病人有称门脉高压,多数病人有肝硬化肝硬化(cirrhos
37、is of liver)(cirrhosis of liver),明显肝功能损害;,明显肝功能损害;脾大,脾亢;肾功能障碍;食道胃底静脉曲张脾大,脾亢;肾功能障碍;食道胃底静脉曲张(Varicosis)(Varicosis)充分评估肝功能,手术麻醉的危险性取决于肝功能充分评估肝功能,手术麻醉的危险性取决于肝功能受损伤的程度。分级指标有转氨酶受损伤的程度。分级指标有转氨酶(transaminase)(transaminase)、血浆白蛋白血浆白蛋白(plasm albumin)(plasm albumin)、凝血酶原时间、腹、凝血酶原时间、腹水(水(Ascitic fluid)Ascitic f
38、luid)、血清胆红素、血清胆红素(bilirubin in(bilirubin in blood serum)blood serum)等等 加强护肝治疗,改善全身情况。加强护肝治疗,改善全身情况。门脉高压和脾切除术的麻醉二、麻醉选择二、麻醉选择General anesthesia 门脉高压和脾切除术的麻醉三、麻醉管理特点三、麻醉管理特点 避免使用损害肝脏的药物,低浓度吸入麻醉,减避免使用损害肝脏的药物,低浓度吸入麻醉,减量静脉麻醉,必要时配合血管活性药物,肌松剂量静脉麻醉,必要时配合血管活性药物,肌松剂选择不在肝内代谢的阿曲库胺选择不在肝内代谢的阿曲库胺 避免术中缺氧、低血压对肝脏的进一步损
39、害避免术中缺氧、低血压对肝脏的进一步损害 及时补充血容量,维持有效循环血量,防止低血及时补充血容量,维持有效循环血量,防止低血细胞比容和稀释性低凝状态细胞比容和稀释性低凝状态(Dilute(Dilute coagulation disorder)coagulation disorder)严密监测水、电解质和酸碱平衡严密监测水、电解质和酸碱平衡六、肾、输尿管手术的麻醉六、肾、输尿管手术的麻醉(Anesthesia for renal and Anesthesia for renal and ureter surgery)ureter surgery)肾和输尿管手术的麻醉一、术前准备一、术前准备
40、肾脏代偿能力较强,一般无肾功能障碍,肾脏代偿能力较强,一般无肾功能障碍,一旦有肾功能异常,出现氮质血症或尿一旦有肾功能异常,出现氮质血症或尿毒症,则要考虑病人是否有凝血功能异常,毒症,则要考虑病人是否有凝血功能异常,贫血、低蛋白血症、水电解质紊乱、高血贫血、低蛋白血症、水电解质紊乱、高血压压(Hypertension)(Hypertension)、心功能减低、心功能减低(Cardiac(Cardiac dysfunction)dysfunction)等,术前予相应处理。等,术前予相应处理。尿毒症患者于手术前一周之内血透尿毒症患者于手术前一周之内血透 肾和输尿管手术的麻醉二、麻醉选择二、麻醉选择
41、 硬膜外麻醉扩张血管,有助于保护肾功能,剖腰硬膜外麻醉扩张血管,有助于保护肾功能,剖腰切口切口,T,T9-109-10 T T10-1110-11向上置管,向上置管,腹部切口置管位置可腹部切口置管位置可低低1-21-2个节段个节段(Segment)(Segment)全麻,适合于不能耐受手术体位的病人,复杂肾全麻,适合于不能耐受手术体位的病人,复杂肾和肾上腺手术,年老体弱的病人,有严重心肺疾和肾上腺手术,年老体弱的病人,有严重心肺疾患的病人或有硬膜外麻醉禁忌的病人患的病人或有硬膜外麻醉禁忌的病人 全麻复合硬膜外麻醉全麻复合硬膜外麻醉 肾和输尿管手术的麻醉三、麻醉管理特点三、麻醉管理特点 术中避免
42、缺氧和低血压术中避免缺氧和低血压 术中避免使用损害肾功能的药物,如甲氧术中避免使用损害肾功能的药物,如甲氧氟烷,其他挥发性吸入麻醉药都可降低肾氟烷,其他挥发性吸入麻醉药都可降低肾血流、肾小球滤过率(血流、肾小球滤过率(glomerular glomerular filtration rate;GFRfiltration rate;GFR)和尿量()和尿量(urine urine volumevolume),气体吸入麻醉药),气体吸入麻醉药N N2 2O O(Nitrous Nitrous oxide)oxide)对肾功能影响最小;静脉麻醉药因对肾功能影响最小;静脉麻醉药因由肾脏排泄减慢需减少用
43、量;由肾脏排泄减慢需减少用量;肾和输尿管手术的麻醉 肌松药不宜选用完全由肾排出肌松药不宜选用完全由肾排出的三碘季酚胺和部的三碘季酚胺和部分由肾脏排出的潘库溴胺、派库溴胺、爱肌松,分由肾脏排出的潘库溴胺、派库溴胺、爱肌松,应选用阿曲库胺、维库溴胺,注意琥珀胆碱应选用阿曲库胺、维库溴胺,注意琥珀胆碱(scoline)scoline)可使血钾(可使血钾(Extracellular Extracellular potassium concentration)potassium concentration)增高,避免使用收缩增高,避免使用收缩血管的药物,必要时使用多巴胺血管的药物,必要时使用多巴胺 尿毒
44、症尿毒症(uremia)(uremia)患者需限制液体入量,如因容量患者需限制液体入量,如因容量过多(过多(hypervolemia)hypervolemia)引起右心功能不全,需紧引起右心功能不全,需紧急血透超滤(急血透超滤(Hemodialysis and Hemodialysis and Ultrafiltration)Ultrafiltration)七、盆腔手术麻醉(七、盆腔手术麻醉(Anesthesia Anesthesia for surgery in pelvic cavity)for surgery in pelvic cavity)盆腔手术的麻醉一、术前准备一、术前准备 以子
45、宫、卵巢、膀胱、直肠肿瘤(以子宫、卵巢、膀胱、直肠肿瘤(uterus,uterus,ovary,bladder and rectum tumour)ovary,bladder and rectum tumour)多见,病人多见,病人的全身情况相差悬殊,恶性肿瘤患者可有贫血、的全身情况相差悬殊,恶性肿瘤患者可有贫血、低蛋白血症和胸腹水等低蛋白血症和胸腹水等 术前应评估、改善全身情况(术前应评估、改善全身情况(evaluate patientsevaluate patients general conditions and decrease the risk general conditions
46、and decrease the risk of anesthesia and surgery)of anesthesia and surgery)盆腔手术的麻醉二、麻醉选择二、麻醉选择 Two sites of epidural anesthesiaTwo sites of epidural anesthesia CSEACSEA General anesthesiaGeneral anesthesia 盆腔手术的麻醉三、麻醉管理特点三、麻醉管理特点 注意手术体位、胸腹水对呼吸循环的影响注意手术体位、胸腹水对呼吸循环的影响 预防手术体位引起周围神经(预防手术体位引起周围神经(Peripher
47、al Peripheral nerve)nerve)和肌肉压迫损伤和肌肉压迫损伤(muscular(muscular compression injuries)compression injuries)注意防治术中搬出巨大肿瘤或快速放腹水注意防治术中搬出巨大肿瘤或快速放腹水(rapid decompression)(rapid decompression)引起的循环波动引起的循环波动 盆腔内组织粘连或术中损伤骶前静脉丛,可发盆腔内组织粘连或术中损伤骶前静脉丛,可发生大量出血,需注意维持有效循环血量和血细生大量出血,需注意维持有效循环血量和血细胞比容(胞比容(hematocrithematocr
48、it)Precaution of TURP syndromePrecaution of TURP syndrome八、急腹症病人手术麻醉八、急腹症病人手术麻醉(Anesthesia for acute Anesthesia for acute abdomen surgery)abdomen surgery)急腹症病人手术麻醉一、术前准备一、术前准备 常见的急腹症有:消化道出血(常见的急腹症有:消化道出血(digestive digestive tract hemorrhage)tract hemorrhage)、消化性溃疡穿孔、消化性溃疡穿孔(peptic ulcer perforation)
49、peptic ulcer perforation)、腹膜炎、腹膜炎(peritonitisperitonitis)、急性阑尾炎()、急性阑尾炎(acute acute appendicitis)appendicitis)、急性胆囊炎(、急性胆囊炎(acute acute cholecystitis)cholecystitis)、化脓性胆管炎、化脓性胆管炎(Suppurative cholangitisSuppurative cholangitis)、急性胰腺炎)、急性胰腺炎(Acute pancreatitisAcute pancreatitis)、肠梗阻)、肠梗阻(intestinal ob
50、struction)intestinal obstruction)、肝、脾破裂、肝、脾破裂(rupture of liver and spleen)(rupture of liver and spleen)、宫外孕破、宫外孕破裂(裂(rupture of ectopic pregnancy)rupture of ectopic pregnancy)等。等。急腹症病人手术麻醉 此类病人的特点是起病急,病情危重或复杂,此类病人的特点是起病急,病情危重或复杂,需紧急手术,无充分时间进行全面检查需紧急手术,无充分时间进行全面检查(overall check)(overall check)和术前准备,有