1、1Ch.6 Strength of tensile or compressive bars and design of fasteners Strength condition and safety factorStrength design of tensile and compressive barsShear strength and its practical calculation methodBearing strength and its practical calculation methodStrength design of fasteners2Stiffness refe
2、rs to the resistance of a structure or a component to deformation by an applied force Strength refers to a structure or a components ability to withstand an applied stress without failure.Strength of tensile or compressive bars and design of fasteners 为保证完成其正常功能,所设计的结构或构件为保证完成其正常功能,所设计的结构或构件 必须具有适当的
3、强度和刚度。必须具有适当的强度和刚度。结构或构件抵抗破坏的能力结构或构件抵抗破坏的能力 承担预定的载荷而不发生破坏,则强度足够。承担预定的载荷而不发生破坏,则强度足够。所有的构件所有的构件(不允许出现材料破坏及结构失效不允许出现材料破坏及结构失效);需要破坏时,如剪板、冲孔、安全堵等需要破坏时,如剪板、冲孔、安全堵等,都有必要的强度要求。都有必要的强度要求。结构或构件抵抗变形的能力;结构或构件抵抗变形的能力;变形应限制在保证正常工作所允许的范围内。变形应限制在保证正常工作所允许的范围内。3Ultimate stressStress is a reference to control the s
4、trength of a structure or a component.工作应力:工作应力:(working stress)构件在可能受到的最大工作载荷作用下的应力。构件在可能受到的最大工作载荷作用下的应力。极限应力:极限应力:ys、b 材料可以承受的强度指标。材料可以承受的强度指标。延性材料:延性材料:ys;脆性材料:脆性材料:b ys 延性材料延性材料 b 脆性材料脆性材料强度判据强度判据:(strength criterion)结构或构件的工作应力结构或构件的工作应力 材料的极限应力材料的极限应力4Some unpredictable errorsThe error existing
5、 in the strength reference of materialsThe error existing in mechanics analysisIn terms of the strength criterion,even the working stress is less than the ultimate stress,it still can not be guaranteed the safety of the structure or the component.1)力学分析的可能误差力学分析的可能误差 包括载荷估计;分析、简化和计算误差;尺寸制包括载荷估计;分析、简
6、化和计算误差;尺寸制 造误差等。造误差等。2)材料强度指标的误差材料强度指标的误差 包括实验误差,材料的固有分散性误差等。包括实验误差,材料的固有分散性误差等。3)不可预知的其他误差不可预知的其他误差 偶然超载,制造损伤,工作与实验条件不同等。偶然超载,制造损伤,工作与实验条件不同等。因此,实际因此,实际(Allowable stress)为为:ys/n /n 或或 b/n/n n1,故极限应力大于许用应力。,故极限应力大于许用应力。将极限应力与许用应力之差作为安全储备。将极限应力与许用应力之差作为安全储备。5For axial tension or compression bar,stren
7、gth condition is expressed as Obviously the larger the safety factor,the safer the structureDetermination of safety factor n误差大、工作条件恶劣、破坏后果严重,误差大、工作条件恶劣、破坏后果严重,n应越大。应越大。设计中,强度条件可一般地写为:设计中,强度条件可一般地写为:对于对于,为:为:=FN/A FN是轴力,是轴力,A为横截面面积。为横截面面积。6General method for strength design7Design of cross sectionSt
8、rength examinationStrength design for tensile or compressive bars依据强度条件依据强度条件,进行,进行强度设计,强度设计,包括:包括:=FN/A 1)1)对初步设计的构件,校核是否满足强度条件。对初步设计的构件,校核是否满足强度条件。若强度不足,需要修改设计。若强度不足,需要修改设计。A FN/2)2)选定材料,已知构件所承受的载荷时,选定材料,已知构件所承受的载荷时,设计满足强度要求的构件的截面面积和尺寸。设计满足强度要求的构件的截面面积和尺寸。FN A 3)3)已知构件的几何尺寸,许用应力,计算结构或已知构件的几何尺寸,许用应
9、力,计算结构或 构件所能允许承受的最大载荷。构件所能允许承受的最大载荷。Determine the allowable load8The dangerous section implies that the section has the largest working stress and the lowest allowable strength.工作应力工作应力 大、许用应力大、许用应力 小的小的截面截面。处处满足强度条件处处满足强度条件 危险截面满足强度条件危险截面满足强度条件。若各段材料相同若各段材料相同,同同,危险截面只有危险截面只有AB、CD段。段。CD与与BC材料同材料同,FN
10、小;面积小;面积ACD也小;也小;CD可大;可大;故各段均可能为危险截面,都需要校核。故各段均可能为危险截面,都需要校核。BC段:与段:与AB段同面积,段同面积,NBC NAB,BC AB;但;但 铜铜 钢钢;如:杆如:杆AB段为钢制,段为钢制,BC和和 CD为铜制。轴力如图。为铜制。轴力如图。ACBD9kN15kN10kN4kN9kN6kN4kN-+向AB段:轴力最大,段:轴力最大,AB大;大;Dangerous section9Example 6.2 shown in the figure,member 1 is made from steel and its cross section
11、A1=6cm2,allowable strength steel=120MPa.Member 2 is made from wood and its cross section A2=100cm2,wc=15MPa;try to determine the allowable load Fmax for the structure.FFF解解:1)研究研究C点,列点,列求各杆内力:求各杆内力:Fy=F2cos-F=0 Fx=F2sin-F1=0 得:得:F2=5F/4 (压力压力);F1=3F/4 (拉力拉力)3m4m杆杆1杆杆2CF2)由由确定许用载荷确定许用载荷:对于钢杆对于钢杆1,有,有
12、 F1 A1 钢钢,即,即:3F/4 120106610-4 F钢钢 96103N 对于木杆对于木杆2,有,有 F2 A2 木木压压,即,即:5F/4 1510610010-4 F木木 120103NC10Example 6.3 Inner diameter of a steel bolt is 12mm,pitch of the bolt is 1mm,Youngs modulus Es=210GPa;Aluminum sleeve has a length 500mm and youngs modulus EL=70GPa,its external diameter is 30mm and
13、 internal diameter is 20mm.Allowable strengths for steel and aluminum are s=200GPa and L=70GPa,respectively.After the bolt was assembled perfectly,its nut was tightened a quarter circle again.Examine the strengths of the bolt and the sleeve.2)有:有:S+L=,-(2)=11/4=0.25mm 是拧紧是拧紧1/4圈所移动的距离。圈所移动的距离。150mmL
14、S11Relation between force and deformationStress calculation and strength examination 4)螺栓应力为螺栓应力为:用用(N、mm、MPa)单位系,有单位系,有:S=/AS=21236/(122/4)=187.8MPa 钢钢=200MPa,强度足够。强度足够。3)由线弹性关系有:由线弹性关系有:S=NSL/ESAS,L=NLL/ELAL,-(3)注意到注意到(1)式,由式,由(2)、(3)式有:式有:FL(1/ESAS+1/ELAL)=0.25mm 用用(N、mm、MPa)单位系,可解得:单位系,可解得:=2123
15、6(N)=21.2(kN)撑套应力为撑套应力为:L=/AL=21236/(500/4)=54.1MPa b18Compressive shear machine压头压头衬套衬套支座支座试件试件 压式剪切器压式剪切器Shear experimentPunch head19A flat key was used to connect pulley and shaft.Diameter of the shaft is d=60mm,rotation speed is n=200rpm,transmitted power is 20KW.Size of the key is b=20mm,L=40mm
16、.Allowable shear stress is=80MPa.Examine shear strength of the block.bh/2dLM2)轴受力如图,由平衡方程轴受力如图,由平衡方程 mO(F)=M-FSd/2=0 得得:FS=2M/d=20.955/0.06=31.8kNMFSo o20Relation of power,rotation speed with transmitted torqueWork(A)done by a moment can be expressed as the product of the moment with its rotating an
17、gle.Power Np is the work done in unit time,so we have NP=A/t=M/t /t is rotation angle per second(radian)功率常常用千瓦功率常常用千瓦(kW)或马力表示,注意到:或马力表示,注意到:1kW=1000Nm/s,1马力马力=736Nm/s,则则功率、转速与传递的扭矩之关系为:功率、转速与传递的扭矩之关系为:M(kN.m)=9.55Np(千瓦千瓦)/n(转转/分分)M(kN.m)=7.02Np(马力马力)/n(转转/分分)MMM力矩的功力矩的功A可表示为力矩可表示为力矩M与其转过的角度与其转过的角度
18、 之积,之积,功率功率NP是单位时间所做的功,故有:是单位时间所做的功,故有:NP=A/t=M/t/t是每秒转过的角度(弧度)。是每秒转过的角度(弧度)。21Example 6.6 Punch head has an allowable strength=440MPa,the ultimate shear strength of steel plate b=360MPa,impact force F=400KN,try to calculate the minimum hole diameter formed by the punch head and the maximum thicknes
19、s t that the steel plate can have at the same time.解:解:冲头受压,落料受剪。冲头受压,落料受剪。故能冲最小孔径故能冲最小孔径d=34mm,最大板厚最大板厚t=10mm。由强度条件有:由强度条件有:=4F/d2 解得:解得:d 34mm1)考虑冲头强度考虑冲头强度 由落料受力可知,剪力由落料受力可知,剪力 FS=F,剪切面为圆柱面,面积为剪切面为圆柱面,面积为 dt。有剪断条件:有剪断条件:=FS/A=F/t d b t2t1;虽然中间板挤压力为上、下板的二倍,仍可;虽然中间板挤压力为上、下板的二倍,仍可判断其挤压、拉伸应力均小于上、下板。判
20、断其挤压、拉伸应力均小于上、下板。2)考虑考虑 钉、孔钉、孔 j相同,考虑其一即可。相同,考虑其一即可。板孔边挤压力如图,板孔边挤压力如图,有平衡方程有平衡方程:Fx=F/2-nFj=0 Fj=F/2n。挤压面为圆柱面,有效挤压面积为挤压面为圆柱面,有效挤压面积为t1d。强度条件:强度条件:j=F/2nt1d j 即:即:n挤挤 F/2t1d j=210103/2520280=3.75n个铆钉个铆钉F/2FF/2t1t237 对于对于菱形菱形布置,有:布置,有:=F/2t1(b-d)即得:即得:b d+F/2t1=152mm。F/8F/2菱形排列轴力图F/43)b 四个铆钉可布置成一排或二排。
21、四个铆钉可布置成一排或二排。若布置二排,有矩形和菱形二种排若布置二排,有矩形和菱形二种排列如图,则危险截面在虚线处。列如图,则危险截面在虚线处。对于对于矩形矩形布置,有布置,有:=F/2t1(b-2d)即得:即得:b 2d+F/2t1 =40+210103/25160=172mmF/4F/2矩形排列轴力图只要使外力的作用线通过钉群图只要使外力的作用线通过钉群图形的形心,则可假定各钉形的形心,则可假定各钉受力相等。受力相等。38aABCDaBALaa30 daabtha39A wood tenon joint is shown in the figure.Height of the joint
22、is assigned as h,try to design the other sizes of the joint.拉伸:拉伸:FN=F;A=(H-t)b/2;=FN/A ;(H-t)b/2 F/挤压挤压:Fj=F;Aj=tb j=Fj/tb j;tb F/j aabthaah40A hinged framework is made from cast iron and is shaped in a square.Diameter of all members is d.Allowable compressive strength has a relation with allowable
23、 tension strength c=3t.Try to design the pin size on point c.max=min0.7071/A=拉拉,2/A=压压 aABCDAFBFt1t2dCFFCDFCBCFCBFS41Rigid beam AB is supported as shown in the figure.Try to design the pin size on point A.解解:1)1)力的平衡条件力的平衡条件:MA(F)=2aF1cos30-3Fa=0 Fx=-FAcos+F1sin30 =0aBALaa30 t1t2daBALaa30 CD 1 242A
24、square framework is joined by hinges.All members in the framework has the same tension rigidity and has identical allowable tension and compression strengths C=T.Length of member AC is short than its assembly size and the difference is.If the framework is assembled by a force,try to design the cross
25、 section of members and the size of pin.解:研究解:研究A点平衡,有点平衡,有:FAB=FAD (FCD=FCB)2FABcos45=-FAC;FFFF:=Ee e LAC=FACLAC/EA;LAD=FADLAD/EA:A FAC/拉拉;(FAC FAB=FAD)aABCD AFACFABFADBFBDFBCFAB 水平位移水平位移 uA=LAD/cos45 uC;ACDuAuC/2/2 LAC/2:uA+uC+LAC=43aABCD t1t2dCFFCDFCBCFCBFS44拉压强度条件拉压强度条件=FN/A =ys/n 延性材料延性材料 b/n 脆
26、性材料脆性材料拉、压杆件;被连接件拉、压杆件;被连接件 =FS/A =b/n A 为剪切面面积为剪切面面积 剪切强度条件剪切强度条件连接件连接件 j=Fj/Aj j Aj 为计算挤压面积为计算挤压面积 挤压强度条件挤压强度条件连接件、被连接件连接件、被连接件 =FS/A b剪断条件剪断条件工件、连接件工件、连接件1 1)453)利用强度条件,可以进行利用强度条件,可以进行 强度校核强度校核、截面设计截面设计、确定许用载荷确定许用载荷或或选材选材。4)强度计算或强度设计的一般方法为:强度计算或强度设计的一般方法为:初步设计初步设计设计目标设计目标强强度度条条件件满满意意?结束结束YESNO修改修改设计设计强强度度计计算算材料试验材料试验极限应力极限应力选取安全系数选取安全系数许用应力许用应力平衡方程平衡方程变形几何条件变形几何条件应力应变关系应力应变关系内内力力应应力力46