1、Unit5 Languages around the world核心考点归纳【重点单词】1 refer vi.提到;参考;查阅 vt.查询;叫.求助于（教材P60）（1）refer to 指的是;提及;描述;查阅refer to.as 把称作refer.to.把提交给（以求获得帮助）（2）reference n.提及;参考;查阅in/with reference to关于. which is often referred_to_as the Nobel Prize in architecture . 通常被称为诺贝尔建筑奖If you dont understand some words, y
2、ou can refer_to the dictionary.如果你不懂一些单词，你可以查阅字典。She always referred_to_Ben_as “that nice man”她总是称本为“那个大好人”。Keep the list of numbers near the phone for easy reference.把电话号码表放在电话旁边，方便查阅。2base vt. 以为据点；以为基础n. 底部；根据(教材P62)归纳拓展(1)base . on/upon . 把建立在基础之上be based on/upon 以为基础；依据(2)based (构成复合词)以为重要部分(或特
3、征)；以为主 (3)basis n. 基础；基本原则(4)basic adj. 基本的；基础的Youre foolish enough to base_your_hopes_upon his promise. 你把希望建立在他的承诺上真是太愚蠢了。The theory he put up was_based_on his many years research, so it was practical.他提出的理论是以他多年的科学研究为依据的，因此是切实可行的。The government provides them with not only food and shelter, but al
4、so the basic skills for their living.政府不仅为他们提供食物和住处，还为他们提供基本的谋生技能。This trend is challenging familybased traditions. 这个趋势正在挑战以家庭为基础的传统。3variety n. (植物、语言等的)变体；异体；多样化(教材P62)归纳拓展(1)a variety ofvarieties ofall kinds of 种类繁多的；各种各样的(2)various adj. 不同的；各种各样的for various reasons 由于种种原因(3)vary vt.& vi. 改变；变化v
5、ary from . to . 从到变化不等；在到之间变动Apples come in a great many varieties.苹果的品种繁多。One of the advantages is that we can find a_variety_of topics such as science, culture and history.优势之一是我们能够找到各种话题，如：科学、文化、历史。There are various activities that suit the tastes of different people.有适合不同人爱好的各种各样的活动。The importan
6、ce of being an Olympian will vary_from_athlete_to_athlete. 成为奥运选手对每个运动员而言意义不同。4major adj. 主要的；重要的；大的n. 主修课程；主修学生vi. 主修；专门研究(教材P62)归纳拓展(1)major in 主修(2)in the/a majority 占大多数a/the majority of 大多数Sichuan is one of the major industrial bases of China. 四川是中国重要的工业基地之一。And if youre accepted, you can major
7、_in anything you want. 只要你被录取了，你就可以主修任何你想学的东西。The_majority_of my patients come to me from out of town.大多数来找我看病的患者都是外地人。5means n. 方式；方法；途径(教材P62)归纳拓展(1)by this means 通过这种方法by means of 用办法；借助by all means 一定，务必；好的，当然可以by no means 决不，一点也不(位于句首时句子用部分倒装)(2)a means of communication 一种通讯/交流方式This is their o
8、nly means of communication.这是他们唯一的交流方式。Students sometimes support themselves by_means_of doing parttime jobs.学生有时借助兼职工作养活自己。Can I come and have a look at your house?Yes, by_all_means.我可以过来看看你的房子吗？当然可以。She is by_no_means an inexperienced teacher.她绝不是个毫无经验的教师。6regard n. 尊重；关注vt. 把视为；看待(教材P62)归纳拓展(1)as
9、 regards sth. 关于；至于某事with/in regard to 关于；对于in this/that regard 在这方面；在这一点上(2)regard . as . 把当作(3)regarding prep. 关于As_regards the war, Haig believed in victory at any price. 至于这场战争，黑格认为要不惜任何代价取得胜利。Weve made extraordinary progress as a society in_that_regard.在那个方面，我们的社会已经取得了巨大的进步。I treasure the frien
10、dship very much, and I regard_the_friendship_as one part of my life. 我非常珍惜友谊，并且我认为友谊是我生活的一部分。7character n. 文字；符号；角色；品质；性格(教材P62)归纳拓展(1)a leading character 主角in character 符合某人的性格out of character 不符合某人的性格(2)characteristic adj. 表现特点的n. 特征，特性be characteristic of sb. 是某人的特点Her behaviour last night was co
11、mpletely out_of_character.她昨晚的举止与她的性格截然不符。One may only have a character,_but may have many characteristics,_all of which build ones character.个人可能只有一种性格，但可能有多种特征或特点，所有这些特征或特点便构成了一个人的品质。8appreciate vt. 欣赏；重视；感激；领会vi. 增值(教材P62)归纳拓展(1)appreciate sth. 欣赏某物；感谢某事appreciate (sb./sb.s) doing sth. 感谢(某人)做某事I
12、 would appreciate it if . 如果我将不胜感激(2)appreciation n. 欣赏；感激But there is something unclear for me, so I_would_appreciate_it_if you could give me more information.但是我有一些不清楚的事情，所以如果你能给我更多的信息，我会很感激的。Id appreciate_your_writing me back as soon as possible.你尽早回信我将感激不尽。Show some appreciation for my personal
13、growth. 对我个人的成长表示感谢。名师点津当appreciate, hate, dislike, love, like, depend/rely on等词后接宾语从句时，一般先加it，再接宾语从句。9struggle n& vi. 斗争；奋斗；搏斗(教材P64)归纳拓展(1)struggle to do sth. 艰难地做某事；挣扎着做某事struggle for 为而斗争struggle with/against 同搏斗/作斗争(2)struggle to ones feet 挣扎着站起来 The company is struggling_to_find buyers for its
14、 new product.该公司正竭力为其新产品寻找买主。He struggled_against cancer for two years.他同癌症抗争了两年。You have to let us struggle_for ourselves, even if we must die in the process.你得让我们为自己拼搏，哪怕我们会在这个过程中死去。10equal n. 同等的人；相等物adj. 相同的；同样的(教材P66)归纳拓展(1)be equal to (doing) sth. 能胜任(做)某事without equal 无与伦比；无敌(2)A equals B in
15、. A在方面比得上B/与B相匹敌(3)equality n. 平等equally adv. 相等地；同等地；均等地；同样地She was determined that she would be_equal_to any test the company put to her.她下定决心要成功应对公司对她的任何考验。Not all men are equal_in ability.人的能力并不都是一样的。He is a player without_equal.他是个无与伦比的运动员。Men and women must be treated equally in education and
16、employment.在教育和就业方面男女应该得到平等的对待。11demand n. 要求；需求vt. 强烈要求；需要vi. 查问(教材P66)归纳拓展(1)be in (great) demand (迫切)需求meet/satisfy ones demands 满足某人的需求(2)demand to do sth. 要求做某事demand that . (should) do sth. 要求做某事(3)sth. demand(s) to be donesth. demand(s) doing 某事需要被做First，science graduates are_in_greater_deman
17、d than arts ones in China.首先，在中国，对理科毕业生的需求比对文科生的更大。She demanded_to_see the headmaster.她要求见校长。The policeman demanded_that the gate (should) be shut.警察要求把大门关上。12relate vt. 联系；讲述(教材P67)归纳拓展(1)relate to 与相关；涉及；谈到relate . to 把和联系在一起relate sth. to sb. 向某人叙述/讲述某事(2)related adj. 相关的；有(亲属)关系的be related to 和有
18、关的；和有联系的(3)relation n. 关系have no relation to sth. 同某事无关in/with relation to 关于；与相比I had papers relating_to the children which my wife and I had to sign. 我有一些关于孩子的文件需要我和妻子签字。He related_the_facts_of_the_case_to journalists.他给记者们讲述了这件事的实际情况。Much of the crime in this area is_related_to drug abuse.这一地区的许多
19、犯罪都与吸毒有关。I have some comments to make in_relation_to (concerning) this matter.关于这件事我有几点看法。【重点语句】1 There is no egg in eggplant nor ham in ham-burger; neither apple nor pine in pineapple.茄子里没有鸡蛋，汉堡包里也没有火腿;菠萝里既没有苹果也没有松树。（教材 P61）剖析：本句中 neither.nor意为既不，也不，连接两个并列名词 apple和 pine。归纳拓展：（1）neither.nor.可连接词性相同的
20、词、词组或结构，表示完全否定。如果连接两个名词或代词作主语，则谓语动词的数和nor后的词保持一致（即遵循就近一致原则）。（2）如果 neither.nor.连接两个句子且放在句首，则两个句子都必须部分倒装。Their house is neither_big_nor_small.他们的房子不大也不小。Neither_you_nor_I_am going to do it.你和我都不打算做这件事。Neither_did_I go to watch the football match nor_did_I care its result.我既没有去看那场足球赛，也不关心它的结果。名师点津连接并列的
21、名词或代词作主语时谓语动词的数要遵循就近一致原则的词/词组还有： either . or . 要么要么； not only . but (also) . 不仅而且；not . but . 不是而是等。2Even today, no_matter where Chinese people live or what dialect they speak, they can all still communicate in writing.即使在今天，无论中国人住在哪里，说什么样的方言，大家都可以用文字沟通交流。(教材P62)剖析本句为复合句，前句是“no matter特殊疑问词”引导的让步状语从句
22、。归纳拓展(1)no matter和特殊疑问词(what/who/which/when/whose/where/how等)一起引导让步状语从句。其中no matter how引导让步状语从句时后面紧跟形容词或副词，然后再接从句中的其他成分，句子的语序为： no matter howadj./adv.主语谓语部分。(2)no matter how/who/where/when/what/which . 引导让步状语从句时，可换成however/whoever/wherever/whenever/whatever/whichever (无论多么/无论谁/无论哪里/无论何时/无论什么/无论哪个)等。
23、No_matter_who you are, you must obey the law.不管你是谁，你必须遵守法律。Well have to finish the job, no_matter_how_long it takes.无论花多长时间，我们都得完成这项工作。No_matter_how_late he comes back, his mother will wait for him to have dinner together.无论他回来得多晚，他妈妈都会等他一起吃晚饭。无论你说什么都是对的。No_matter_what you say (Whatever you say), yo
24、u are right.(No matter what在此引导让步状语从句，可以换成Whatever)No_matter_how (However) hard I tried, I failed to work out the math problem.无论怎么努力，我都解不出这道数学题。No_matter_when(Whenever) you decide to go, I would keep you company.无论你决定何时去，我都会陪着你。3As China plays a greater role in global affairs, an_increasing_number_
25、of international students are beginning to appreciate Chinas culture and history through this amazing language.随着中国在全球事务中扮演着更为重要的角色，越来越多的国际学生开始通过汉语这一奇妙的语言来欣赏中国的文化和历史。(教材P62)剖析a number of意为“很多；好些”，increasing在句中修饰number，表示“不断增加；持续增多”。归纳拓展(1)number前可用good, large, small, great, growing, increasing等形容词修饰
26、。(2)a number of用于修饰可数名词复数。当“a number of可数名词复数”作主语时，中心词是可数名词复数，所以谓语动词用复数形式。A_good_number_of my classmates agree with me.我班上的不少同学都赞同我(的意见)。Though she is quite a popular writer, only a_small_number_of her works can be found in public libraries.尽管她是一位十分知名的作家，但公共图书馆中能够找到的她的作品却不多。A_number_of_my_friends_th
27、ink I should take a holiday.我的很多朋友认为我应该休假。易混辨析：a number of/the number ofa number ofa number of+可数名词的复数形式意为一些，作主语时，谓语动词用复数形式the number of the number of可数名词的复数形式意为的数目，作主语时，中心词是number，谓语动词用单数形式A number of students want to go abroad for further study when they graduate and the number of them is increasi
28、ng rapidly.许多学生毕业后想去国外深造，这些学生的数量正迅速增加。4The_more I learnt of a language, the_more my brain would grow.我对一门语言的了解越多，我的大脑就越发达。(教材P64)剖析“the比较级 .，the比较级 .”是固定句型，意为“越，越”。归纳拓展(1)第一个“the比较级 .”相当于条件状语从句，第二个“the比较级 .”相当于主句。(2)如果第二个“the比较级 .”用一般将来时，则第一个“the比较级 .”通常用一般现在时表将来。(3)这个句型表示从句和主句的变化是同时进行的，即：主句的情况随着从句表
29、示的程度而变化。当句意明确时，此句型结构常以省略形式出现。I was getting more and more annoyed and of course, the_more upset I got, the_less I was able to concentrate.我变得越来越心烦，当然，我越是感到心烦我就越难集中精力。The_longer she waited, the_more_impatient she became.她等的时间越长，变得越不耐烦。The_more you practice, the_better your English is.你练习得越多，你的英语就越好。Th
30、e_busier he is, the_happier he feels.他越忙越高兴。The_sooner,_the_better.越早越好。【单元语法-定语从句】当引导定语从句的关系词在从句中用作时间、地点、原因状语时，应使用关系副词when, where, why或“介词which”。1指代表示时间、地点、原因的先行词。2在从句中充当句子成分状语，即在从句中起副词的作用。3起连接作用，把主句和定语从句连接起来构成主从复合句。1when引导定语从句的用法(1)当先行词是表示时间的名词(如time, day, year, month, week等)，且关系词在从句中作时间状语时，定语从句用w
31、hen引导。(2)when可以换成“介词which”。I still remember the time when_(in_which) I was in college.我仍然记得我上大学的那段时光。I have forgotten the exact date when_(on_which) this country became independent.我忘记这个国家独立的确切日期了。2where引导定语从句的用法(1)当先行词是表示具体地点的名词(如place, room, mountain, airport等)或抽象地点的名词(如case, state, condition, poi
32、nt, situation等)，且关系词在从句中作地点状语时，定语从句用where引导。(2)where可以换成“介词which”。We have reached a point where a change is needed.我们已经到了需要作出改变的地步。He gets into a situation where it is hard to decide what is right or wrong.他陷入一种难以判断对错的境地。This is the hotel where_(in_which) they stayed.这就是他们待过的旅馆。3why引导定语从句的用法(1)当先行词是
33、表示原因的名词reason，且关系词在从句中作原因状语时，定语从句用why引导，且只能引导限制性定语从句。(2)why可以用for which来代替。This is the reason why_(for_which) he left in a hurry. 这是他匆匆离去的原因。1关系代词的选择“介词关系代词”既可以引导限制性定语从句，也可以引导非限制性定语从句。在此结构中，先行词指人时关系代词用whom，不可用who/that；先行词指物时关系代词用which，不能用that。This is the student for_whom I bought a book.这就是我给其买书的那个学
34、生。This is the ship by_which I went to Shanghai.这就是我去上海所乘的船。They live in a house, of_which the windows are made of glass.他们住在一所窗户是玻璃做的房子里。2介词的选择(1)根据定语从句中的谓语动词与介词的习惯搭配来确定介词。Is this the car for_which you paid a high price?这就是你花高价买的车吗？(pay . for sth.)In the dark street, there wasnt a single person to_w
35、hom she could turn for help.在漆黑的街上，没有一个她可以求助的人。(turn to sb. for help)(2)根据定语从句中的主要形容词与介词的习惯搭配来确定介词。He brought the result with_which the boss was satisfied.他带来了令老板满意的结果。(be satisfied with)(3)根据先行词与介词的习惯搭配来确定介词。先行词往往是表示时间、地点、原因、方式等的词。Do you still remember the day on_which we met for the first time?你还记
36、得我们第一次见面的那天吗？(on the day)I cant remember the age at_which he won the prize.我记不起他获奖时的年龄了。(at the age)(4)根据句子的意思来确定介词。有些句子的先行词完全一样，定语从句中的谓语动词/主要形容词与介词也不能构成固定搭配，这时，需要根据句子所要表达的意思来选择介词。This is the pilot with_whom my brother has worked for ten years.这就是和我弟弟一起工作了十年的那位飞行员。This is the pilot by_whom my son wa
37、s saved.这就是救了我儿子的那位飞行员。定语从句的引导词用关系代词还是关系副词可以用以下两种方式判断：用法依据根据从句的谓语动词是及物动词，后面若无宾语，用关系代词；是不及物动词则用关系副词根据先行词在从句中所作的成分把先行词代入定语从句中，若作主语或宾语用关系代词；作状语则用关系副词This is the factory where he used to work.这是他以前工作过的那家工厂。(work是不及物动词)This is the factory (that/which) I visited last year.这是我去年参观过的那家工厂。(visit是及物动词)Is this the museum (that/which) you visited a few days ago? 这就是你几天前参观的那家博物馆吗？(从句缺少宾语)Is this the museum where the exhibition was held?这就是举办展览的那家博物馆吗？(从句缺少地点状语)
