1、TOEFL写作讲义第一章 写作基础知识第二章 独立写作攻略第三章 综合写作攻略第一章 写作基础知识一、理解托福写作的核心要多记笔记： 1、可以保证focus on my lecture，不会absent-minded 2、保证将来会有复习的clues写作的第一要务是把观点表达清楚。 1、写作必须有观点 2、要给出一个清楚的观点 写作考试不基于考生的真实身份。 托福作文中所有的例子和细节可以是真的，也可以是假的。 写作考试只考察语言水平，不考察思想水平。 举例：建工厂不同意的理由有三：1、造成污染；2、交通堵塞；3、物价上涨写作考试不测试考生的真实想法。 作文不是写想写的，而是写好写的、能写的。
2、 举例：父母是最好的老师，你同意吗？ 同意的理由：1、how to behave myself； 2、value system；3、experience 上述理由都不能证明该题目 “后天的知识是老师教的，而不是父母教的”存在逻辑错误，将老师与父母并列起来，应该在老师前面加上修饰语“学校的”。写作是基于表达，而不是基于翻译。 举例：婀娜多姿：beautiful；妩媚动人：lovely You are extremely smart. extremely means very 托福考试30分钟最低要写300字，一般要求写400到500字 写作内容和语言同等重要。 把内容表达清楚可以拿到高分 cla
3、rity高于variety，variety高于complexity clarity is the priority观点的层次比观点的数目更重要。逻辑错误比语法错误更严重。跑题你就完蛋了。二、新托福写作介绍General Introduction to IBT TOEFL：Reading: 60-100minsListening: 60-90minsBreak: 10minsSpeaking: 20minsWriting: 50mins 口语考试的两个标准：accuracy，fluency托福考试加一条：efficiencyWriting: 50minsTotal time:4 hoursTot
4、al score: 120General Introduction to iBT TOEFL Writing Content: integrated writing and independent writing（综合写作和独立写作） 考试中两个作文equally important，各占50%考试顺序：阅读，听力，休息，口语，写作Score: raw score:05 scaled score:030 流程:Integrated writing: Reading: 3mins230300words Listening: 2mins230300words writing: 20 minutes
5、 写听力的主要内容，以及听力与阅读的关系授课流程： 提出观点解释举例练习解惑 要求： 1、课堂上多记笔记 2、熟悉题库和机经 机经比题库更重要 3、要认真阅读和分析讲义上的范文，包括段落和完整的篇章 两个方面的分析：a. 内容方面，搞清句与句的关系，段与段的关系，知道文章如何develop；b. 语言方面，挑出漂亮句型和短语。4、熟悉讲义的句型集，要学会背诵讲义中每个类型的至少一个句型。 不要贪多，要学精学透。 Reading makes fullment, writing makes exactment. 5、背诵因果关系表达方法、综合写作句型 三大关系：因果关系，转折关系，并列关系 6、考
6、前完成20篇作文 15篇写完不做任何修改，立即销毁，不要求不限时写作；610篇，要求1小时之内完成，写完后进行修改语法拼写错误、表达不清和跑题错误；1120篇，写完后修改，并对文章进行润饰 to polish your writing, to perfect your writing, to make your writing more beautiful, more powerful 绝不能重复错误 明确而坚定的目标是不绝的动力之源写作基本常识： 1、托福作文不需要标题，写标题不扣分2、任何标点符号的后面空一格 英语中省略号是三点，没有书名号和顿号，一般通过斜体或引号来表示3、段落格式使用缩
7、行式或者空行式： 缩行式指每一段的第一行向右缩进四个字符，其余行顶格写如：空格Students at universities often have a choice of places to live. They may choose to live in university dormitories, or they may choose to live in apartments in the community. Compare the advantages of living in university housing with the advantages of living in
8、 an apartment in the community. Where would you prefer to live? Give reasons for your preference. 空行式指每一段的每一行都顶格写，但段与段之间空一行如： “Job security and salary should be based on employee performance, not on years of service. Rewarding employees primarily for years of service discourages people from maintain
9、ing consistently high levels of productivity.” 空出的一行In the final analysis, the statement correctly identifies job performance as the single best criterion for salary and job security. However, the statement goes too far, it ignores the fact that a cost-of-living salary increase for tenured employees
10、 not only enhances loyalty and, in the end, productivity, but also is required by fairness.三、“黄金规则一” The longer, the better!基于内容的充实性，内容越充实，文章越好官方指南：一篇短的文章是不太可能把一个问题说清楚的一般文章写到550字以上，基本都是满分How to develop your idea into paragraph, even to a composition.举例：I have a big family.There is my father, my moth
11、er, my sister and I. My father is a worker.之后可以写what kind of job, how he behaves, whats his achievement Be the best of yourselfBest structure 最好的框架Best sentences 最好的句子 Best words 最好的词 Best examples 最好的例子 例如: 我认为. I feel think hold claim believe deem maintain reckon argue assume that in my opinion fr
12、om my point of view from my perspective anglefor my part As far as Im concerned. I hold / share the opinion / belief / position / standpoint / idea that.As I see view perceive the problem question issue case discussion argument controversy My viewpoint belief opinion is that problem 就是一个trouble, 可能是
13、question, 也可能不是controversy的形容词：controversial 基本要求： 阅读完教材:尤其是OFFICIAL GUIDE 练习独立作文，每周两篇句型练习、变换 将讲义最后十二个句子每个用三种或三种以上方法来表达 举例：More and more people realize the importance of the environment protection.四、句子训练方法三种句子是写作的基础句子训练方法(一)用多种方法表达同一句意. 例如: A 对 B很重要. 1）A is important to B. 2）A plays an important rol
14、epart in B. 3）A is of （great amazing enormous considerable remarkable) importance significance to B.注：be of + n. = be + adj.amazing 令人惊讶的enormous 巨大的 considerable 可观的置于importance前面都表示“非常”4）B cannot live develop grow survive without A.5）A means a lot a great dealmuch to B.6）The importance of A to B c
15、an never be exaggerated denied ignored doubted.注：exaggerate 夸大，夸张例如: A 对 B很重要. 练习：教育对一个国家的发展来说是非常重要的1. A nation can not develop without education.2. Education means a lot a great deal much to the develop of a nation.3. The importance of education to the develop of a nation can never be exaggerated d
16、enied ignored doubted. 练习：如果大学生在校外住将会有利于他锻炼独立自主能力改造：在校外住对锻炼独立自主能力是很重要的1. The personality of independence can not be developed without experience of living outside the campus.2. Living outside the campus means a lot to the development of the personality of independence. 练习：跨文化交际能力在我们这个多元化社会中对我们的成功非常重
17、要 注：跨文化交际能力 cross cultural social skill在多元化社会中 in the plural society事业成功 career success 1.Ones career success can not be achieved without the excellent cross cultural social skillin the plural society.2. The excellent cross cultural social skill is important to ones career success in thisplural soci
18、ety.3. The social skill plays an important role in ones career success. 练习：身体是革命的本钱 引申：身体是事业成功的保障 Health is important to ones career success. 注：身体通常指英文中的health例如：早睡早起身体好 You have excellent health. 保重身体 take good care of your health7）A is essential significant crucial critical vital indispensable to
19、B.8）A is everything the whole world to B.9）A is fundamental basic elementary rudimentary underlying to B.练习: 父母对我们的影响非常非常大The influence of our parents on our growth can never be exaggerated denied ignored doubted.练习: 赵薇的眼睛很大 The size of Zhao Weis eyes can never be exaggerated. 西施很美丽 The beauty of Xi
20、 Shi can never be exaggerated. 语言就是力量 The power of language can never be exaggerated.王二小很勇敢 The bravery of the little hero Wang Erxiao can never be exaggerated. 建工厂有很多好处 The advantages of building a factory near our community can never be exaggerated denied ignored doubted. 建工厂会有噪音，很烦 The noise of t
21、he construction of the factory near my community can never be exaggerated. The harm of the noise produced by the factory can never be exaggerated. 看电视伤害视力 The harm of the childrens eyesight can never exaggerated if they watch television too muchtelevi.10) A matters counts to B. 注：matter 要紧count 重要语法
22、很重要： Grammar counts. 11) Nothing is more important to B than A. 练习：建工厂好处很多 Nothing brings more advantages than the building of a factory near our community. 父母对我们影响很大 Nobody influences us more deeply than our parents. 12) Nothing is the match of A to B.练习：保护濒危动物对维护生态平衡很重要 The protection of the endan
23、gered animals is essential significant crucial critical vital indispensable to the maintenance of the ecological balance.The protection of the endangered animals is everything the whole world to the maintenance of the ecological balance.The protection of the endangered animals matters counts to the
24、maintenance of the ecological balance.Nothing is more important to the maintenance of the ecological balance than the protection of the endangered animals.Nothing is the match of the protection of the endangered animals to the maintenance of the ecological balance.13) A is to B what the foundation i
25、s to a skyscraper water is to fish the heart is to a human. 句子训练方法(二)扩充句子将一个简单的句子进行扩充,增加至15字, 25字, 35字, 尽量使用不同的语法结构,如同位语,插入语,非谓语结构, 各种从句,并列结构等。 （要求：文章里多于25字的句子至少有3句。） eg.The book is new.The book on the desk is new.The book, called White Snow, is a new one that my father bought.句子最长不能超过50个字 句子训练方法(三)
26、对句式进行各种变化。开头的变化(名词, 不定式, 介词词组, 分词,从句,动名词,代词) 结尾的变化 长短句的变化 主被动的变化考试应该以长句为主，以主动为主Eg. The problem we are to discuss in class today is whether we should allocate the same amount of fund on university library construction and sports facilities.五、新托福写作须知 1、独立写作字数要求400500字，综合写作要求200300字2、段落要求写四段或五段3、拼写 pas
27、ttime pronounciation changeable writting truely suceed ninteenth Maintenance4、应使用书面语，而不是口语 wanna gonna ok & Eg. Kid Cant，应该使用cannot 但是在疑问句中必须使用缩略语 例如：My girlfriend is beautiful, isnt she? 不能说is not she Why dont you go with me to the cinema? 2B or not 2B, that is a ？ Make some water （for you？） 上厕所 go
28、 to the toilet washroom 口语：上厕所 to do ones duty answer the call of nature go somewhere to go to Egypt to pick a flower 语法的问题： People working in big company are supposed to be able to use computer. 在working前加who are company变复数，或in a/the big company 单数可数名词不能单独存在，应该加限定词或者变复数，限定词中主要是冠词 There is an eviden
29、ce that advertising profoundly affects human being the world over. profoundly means deeply affect 影响； influence 影响 二者都是及物动词 effect, influence, impact 可数名词，影响 on 对 have, exert, bring about 产生，施加，带来 A person with broad and profound knowledge can has a better life than the person who does not. can have
30、 Nobody has bigger eyes than Zhao Wei. His life is better than mine. the person 可以改成 a person 把who does not去掉，改成withoutJudgements made in most of the book are believable. A large amount of people go abroad to learn advanced knowledge. a large amount of 不能修饰可数名词，应用a large number of； learn knowledge不对
31、，学习知识应该用acquire obtain gain increase accumulate develop The majority of Chinese are fond of watching television. majority 大多数，后面加of，一定要接名词复数 反义词：minority minority nationality 少数民族Dinosaurs have extincted. extinct 形容词 修改方法：Dinosaurs are extinct.或Dinosaurs have been extinct. die out 灭绝 英汉语区别：逻辑性，表达方式，
32、文化的影响 英语逻辑性比汉语逻辑性更强 好着急=好不着急; 好容易=好不容易; 好可怜=好不可怜; 刘翔比所有中国人跑得快。 小芳的辫子比小翠长。 解决就业问题 遥控器一按，图像就来了 汉语表达的特点-曲折,委婉(曲线型思路) 荷花,你愿意死后埋在我家的祖坟里吗? 海霞,让我照顾你一辈子! 虎子哥,瞧你冻的。我给你织了条围巾 英语表达的特点-明确，直接(直线型思路) clearly and directly 小鸟经常换巢穴。为什么大鸟不？ 因为：大鸟不是小鸟？大鸟大？小鸟的适应能力强？小鸟会长大？小鸟经常找不到家？大鸟懒？小鸟在外面有情况？ 正常论述过程： 大鸟体型大-巢穴大-需要大量鸟力,物
33、力和财力-建造不易-不能迅速建一个新巢-不能经常换巢穴 大鸟大：Big birds are big.例如：老王去哪里了？ 今天星期六！ common culture, common background, common information 文化的影响 As stupid as a donkey goose like a drowned rat 落汤鸡 like a peacock among sparrows 鹤立鸡群 as busy as a bee 忙的团团转 as proud as a peacock 骄傲的大公鸡 Money makes the mare go. 有钱能使鬼推磨 m
34、are 母马，母驴 Where there is a will, there is a way. All roads lead to Rome.Practise makes preface. Time and tide wait for no man.六、阅卷人心理分析 4分是最保险的给分有些中国教师花在高考作文试卷上的时间仅为十秒以内。1、论点是否清楚2、文章结构是否合适、完整3、文章中的论证是否完整和充分4、文章的语法和词汇是否有变化最重要的一点：You clearly express your opinion.使用模板永远不会finish egg. 可以背诵文章结构，但不需要背其模板，有
35、些固定句型需要背 评分过程，不只是吸引，而是征服新鲜感-兴趣感-兴奋感-他她爽-给高分-你爽我们的口号3是：要想自己爽, 先让别人爽!一定要多写作文，量变引起质变按照方法写看讲义上提供的范文即可第二章 独立写作攻略一、评分标准1、5分标准Effectively addresses the topic and taskIs well organized and well developed, using clearly appropriate explanations, exemplifications, and/or details结构精当，论证充分，要用解释、例证、细节Displays un
36、ity, progression, and coherence文章要完整统一，有头有尾，文章要体现出层次感，好的衔接Displays consistent facility in the use of language, demonstrating syntactic variety, appropriate word choice, and idiomaticity, though it may have minor lexical or grammatical errors.保证文章中有一定量的句子和短语使用的很漂亮词汇应该有选择地道性，固定用法可以体现出地道性文章允许出现小的词汇和语法方
37、面错误2、4分标准 Addresses the topic and task well, though some points may not be fully elaborated凡是五分标准，所有观点都应该得到充分展开Is generally well organized and well developed, using appropriate and sufficient explanations, exemplifications, and/or detailsDisplays unity, progression, and coherence, though it may cont
38、ain occasional redundancy, digression, or unclear connections 文章中偶尔有一句是废话或跑题或逻辑不清 Displays facility in the use of language, demonstrating syntactic variety and range of vocabulary, though it will probably have occasional noticeable minor errors in structure, word form, or use of idiomatic language t
39、hat do not interfere with meaning词汇量3、3分标准Addresses the topic and task using somewhat developed explanations, exemplifications, and/or detailsDisplays unity, progression, and coherence, though connection of ideas may be occasionally obscuredMay demonstrate inconsistent facility in sentence formation
40、 and word choice that may result in lack of clarity and occasionally obscure meaning4、0分标准merely copies words from the topic, rejects the topic, or is otherwise not connected to the topic, is written in a foreign language, consists of keystroke characters, or is blank.二、题库及机经分析 题型分类 1.比较对比类 25%2.观点选
41、择类 75%3.自主定义类官方指南的题库中有相当大一部分是自主定义类题型分类举例 比较对比类：给出两个观点或者一个观点的两个方面，要求进行比较论述, 并给出个人观点。 核心内容：要求进行比较论述例如：It has been said, “Not everything that is learned is contained in books.” COMPARE knowledge gained from experience with knowledge gained from books. In your opinion, which source is more important? Wh
42、y? 问题是which source，回答不应该是knowledge，而应该是books或experience 由于人生活在一定的时空里，他的时间和精力都是有限的，要通过实践获得知识太慢了，范围太狭窄了，根本不能跟上时代的步伐，不能满足社会对我们的需求，所以我认为，书本是更重要的知识的源泉。虽然这是个知识爆炸的年代，但是真正对我们有用的知识是很少的，我们只需要攫取其中的一部分就可以了，所以我认为，实践获取到的知识刚好全部适合我们本人，是有用的，所以它是更重要的知识的源泉。 虽然那些东西来源于书本，可是最终也是来源于实践的，所以实践才是最终的知识的源泉，所以它也是更重要的知识的源泉。一旦发现托福
43、作文只有唯一答案，一定是审题出错了。 例如：Students at universities often have a choice of places to live. They may choose to live in university dormitories, or they may choose to live in apartments in the community. Compare the advantages of living in university housing with the advantages of living in an apartment in
44、the community. Where would you prefer to live? Give reasons for your preference. 我愿意住校内：1、便于和同学交流、讨论；2、可以向老师请教；3、上课比较方便，不会迟到；4、自习方便，图书馆近；5、做实验方便；6、查阅图书方便；7、听讲座方便；8、买书方便；9、气氛好 总结： 比较对比类的标志词汇： compare discuss than moremostbest 观点选择类 比较对比类必须比较，观点选择类不要求必须比较 观点选择类：给出两个对立观点或者一个观点的对立两方面，要求支持其中一个方面或一个观点.例如：Some people prefer to work for a large company. Others prefer to work for a small company. Which would you prefer? Use specific r
